The Pharmacology of T Cell Apoptosis

Apoptosis: A Basic Biological Phenomenon with Wideranging Implications in Tissue Kinetics

1972 • 15,349 citations

p53 Mutations in Human Cancers

1991 • 8,133 citations

Bcl-2 heterodimerizes in vivo with a conserved homolog, Bax, that accelerates programed cell death

1993 • 6,009 citations

Mice deficient for p53 are developmentally normal but susceptible to spontaneous tumours

1992 • 4,648 citations

Glucocorticoid-induced thymocyte apoptosis is associated with endogenous endonuclease activation

1980 • 4,591 citations

Bcl-2 is an inner mitochondrial membrane protein that blocks programmed cell death

1990 • 3,817 citations

Bcl-2 functions in an antioxidant pathway to prevent apoptosis

1993 • 3,465 citations

Bcl-2 gene promotes haemopoietic cell survival and cooperates with c-myc to immortalize pre-B cells

1988 • 3,194 citations

bcl-x, a bcl-2-related gene that functions as a dominant regulator of apoptotic cell death

1993 • 3,111 citations

Induction of apoptosis in fibroblasts by c-myc protein

1992 • 2,977 citations

Lymphoproliferation disorder in mice explained by defects in Fas antigen that mediates apoptosis

1992 • 2,932 citations

p53 is required for radiation-induced apoptosis in mouse thymocytes

1993 • 2,911 citations

The polypeptide encoded by the cDNA for human cell surface antigen Fas can mediate apoptosis

1991 • 2,815 citations

Molecular cloning and expression of the fas ligand, a novel member of the tumor necrosis factor family

1993 • 2,546 citations

Thymocyte apoptosis induced by p53-dependent and independent pathways

1993 • 2,322 citations

Oxidative stress as a mediator of apoptosis

1994 • 2,210 citations

Wild-type p53 induces apoptosis of myeloid leukaemic cells that is inhibited by interleukin-6

1991 • 2,127 citations

The Staphylococcal Enterotoxins and Their Relatives

1990 • 1,914 citations

A Cell Culture Model for T Lymphocyte Clonal Anergy

1990 • 1,894 citations

Wild-type p53 is a cell cycle checkpoint determinant following irradiation.

1992 • 1,877 citations

Induction by Antigen of Intrathymic Apoptosis of CD4 ⁺ CD8 ⁺ TCR ^lo Thymocytes in Vivo

1990 • 1,781 citations

Monoclonal Antibody-Mediated Tumor Regression by Induction of Apoptosis

1989 • 1,739 citations

A Theory of Self-Nonself Discrimination

1970 • 1,700 citations

Bcl-2 inhibition of neural death: decreased generation of reactive oxygen species

1993 • 1,692 citations

Bcl-2-deficient mice demonstrate fulminant lymphoid apoptosis, polycystic kidneys, and hypopigmented hair

1993 • 1,638 citations

Generalized lymphoproliferative disease in mice, caused by a point mutation in the fas ligand

1994 • 1,549 citations

Oncoprotein MDM2 conceals the activation domain of tumour suppressor p53

1993 • 1,445 citations

Glucocorticoid activation of a calcium-dependent endonuclease in thymocyte nuclei leads to cell death.

1984 • 1,441 citations

A cell-killing monoclonal antibody (anti-Fas) to a cell surface antigen co-downregulated with the receptor of tumor necrosis factor.

1989 • 1,436 citations

Induction of apoptosis in fibroblasts by IL-1β-converting enzyme, a mammalian homolog of the C. elegans cell death gene ced-3

1993 • 1,387 citations

BCL2 protein is topographically restricted in tissues characterized by apoptotic cell death.

1991 • 1,301 citations

bcl-2-Immunoglobulin transgenic mice demonstrate extended B cell survival and follicular lymphoproliferation

1989 • 1,252 citations

bcl-2 inhibits multiple forms of apoptosis but not negative selection in thymocytes

1991 • 1,223 citations

An alternative pathway of T-cell activation: A functional role for the 50 kd T11 sheep erythrocyte receptor protein

1984 • 1,132 citations

Protection from Fas-Mediated Apoptosis by a Soluble Form of the Fas Molecule

1994 • 1,120 citations

Apoptosis and Programmed Cell Death in Immunity

1992 • 1,105 citations

The Vβ-specific superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin B: Stimulation of mature T cells and clonal deletion in neonatal mice

1989 • 1,095 citations

bcl-2 transgene inhibits T cell death and perturbs thymic self-censorship

1991 • 1,090 citations

Self-tolerance eliminates T cells specific for Mls-modified products of the major histocompatibility complex

1988 • 1,036 citations

Corticosteroids and Lymphoid Cells

1972 • 1,030 citations

lnterleukin-2 programs mouse αβ T lymphocytes for apoptosis

1991 • 1,027 citations

Phagocyte recognition of cells undergoing apoptosis

1993 • 1,000 citations

Apoptotic cell death induced by c-myc is inhibited by bcl-2

1992 • 981 citations

Apoptosis

1993 • 972 citations

Limited heterogeneity of T cell receptors from lymphocytes mediating autoimmune encephalomyelitis allows specific immune intervention

1988 • 940 citations

Programmed Death of T Cells in HIV-1 Infection

1992 • 932 citations

Deregulated Bcl-2 gene expression selectively prolongs survival of growth factor-deprived hemopoietic cell lines.

1990 • 926 citations

Gene induction by gamma-irradiation leads to DNA fragmentation in lymphocytes.

1987 • 923 citations

Molecular regulation of apoptosis: Genetic controls on cell death

1993 • 923 citations

Novel primitive lymphoid tumours induced in transgenic mice by cooperation between myc and bcl-2

1990 • 910 citations

Activation-induced death by apoptosis in CD4+ T cells from human immunodeficiency virus-infected asymptomatic individuals.

1992 • 907 citations

Extrathymic tolerance of mature T cells: Clonal elimination as a consequence of immunity

1990 • 904 citations

Enforced BCL2 expression in B-lymphoid cells prolongs antibody responses and elicits autoimmune disease.

1991 • 876 citations

Induction of apoptosis by wild-type p53 in a human colon tumor-derived cell line.

1992 • 871 citations

Cytotoxic lymphocytes require granzyme B for the rapid induction of DNA fragmentation and apoptosis in allogeneic target cells

1994 • 844 citations

Fas involvement in Ca(2+)-independent T cell-mediated cytotoxicity.

1993 • 801 citations

Induction of nuclear accumulation of the tumor-suppressor protein p53 by DNA-damaging agents.

1993 • 770 citations

Cooperative interaction between c-myc and bcl-2 proto-oncogenes

1992 • 766 citations

Role for c-myc in Activation-Induced Apoptotic Cell Death in T Cell Hybridomas

1992 • 705 citations

Crosslinking CD4 by human immunodeficiency virus gp120 primes T cells for activation-induced apoptosis.

1992 • 689 citations

Transgenic mice that express a myelin basic protein-specific T cell receptor develop spontaneous autoimmunity

1993 • 688 citations

Key morphological features of apoptosis may occur in the absence of internucleosomal DNA fragmentation

1992 • 685 citations

Characterization of a murine monoclonal antibody specific for an allotypic determinant on T cell antigen receptor.

1985 • 676 citations

Programmed cell death and extrathymic reduction of Vβ8+CD4+ T cells in mice tolerant to Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B

1991 • 675 citations

Peripheral Selection of the T Cell Repertoire

1991 • 666 citations

bcl-2 inhibits death of central neural cells induced by multiple agents.

1993 • 631 citations

Toward an understanding of the molecular mechanisms of physiological cell death.

1993 • 623 citations

Superantigens and Their Potential Role in Human Disease

1993 • 620 citations

Endogenous endonuclease-induced DNA fragmentation: an early event in cell-mediated cytolysis.

1983 • 616 citations

T cell-mediated lethal shock triggered in mice by the superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin B: critical role of tumor necrosis factor.

1992 • 595 citations

Programmed Cell Death in the Immune System

1991 • 575 citations

Requirement for the orphan steroid receptor Nur77 in apoptosis of T-cell hybridomas

1994 • 571 citations

Premature p34 ^cdc2 Activation Required for Apoptosis

1994 • 568 citations

Restricted use of T cell receptor V genes in murine autoimmune encephalomyelitis raises possibilities for antibody therapy

1988 • 555 citations

Apoptotic signals delivered through the T-cell receptor of a T-cell hybrid require the immediate–early gene nur77

1994 • 551 citations

Glucocorticoids activate a suicide process in thymocytes through an elevation of cytosolic Ca2+ concentration

1989 • 549 citations

Calcium‐activated DNA fragmentation kills immature thymocytes

1989 • 533 citations

T Cell Deletion in High Antigen Dose Therapy of Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

1994 • 530 citations

Fas transduces activation signals in normal human T lymphocytes.

1993 • 521 citations

Elimination of self-reactive B lymphocytes proceeds in two stages: Arrested development and cell death

1993 • 514 citations

Differential expression of apoptosis-related Fas antigen on lymphocyte subpopulations in human peripheral blood.

1992 • 510 citations

Aberrant transcription caused by the insertion of an early transposable element in an intron of the Fas antigen gene of lpr mice.

1993 • 506 citations

Induction of apoptosis (programmed cell death) in human leukemic HL-60 cells by inhibition of RNA or protein synthesis.

1990 • 489 citations

bcl-2 gene transfer increases relative resistance of S49.1 and WEHI7.2 lymphoid cells to cell death and DNA fragmentation induced by glucocorticoids and multiple chemotherapeutic drugs.

1992 • 487 citations

Cell Death Mechanisms and the Immune System

1991 • 459 citations

Nuclear events of apoptosis in vitro in cell-free mitotic extracts: a model system for analysis of the active phase of apoptosis.

1993 • 452 citations

Cell death by apoptosis and its protective role against disease

1992 • 439 citations

Apoptosis as a mechanism of cell death in cultured T lymphoblasts acutely infected with HIV-1.

1991 • 432 citations

Dexamethasone-induced apoptosis involves cleavage of DNA to large fragments prior to internucleosomal fragmentation.

1993 • 419 citations

Mitochondrial respiratory chain inhibitors induce apoptosis

1994 • 403 citations

Expression and involvement of c-fos and c-jun protooncogenes in programmed cell death induced by growth factor deprivation in lymphoid cell lines.

1992 • 401 citations

Programmed cell death, apoptosis and killer genes

1993 • 396 citations

Topoisomerase II-reactive chemotherapeutic drugs induce apoptosis in thymocytes.

1991 • 392 citations

DNA fragmentation and cell death is selectively triggered in activated human lymphocytes by Fas antigen engagement

1992 • 392 citations

Why do female adders copulate so frequently?

1992 • 388 citations

A natural killer cell granule protein that induces DNA fragmentation and apoptosis.

1992 • 379 citations

Death of mature T cells by separate ligation of CD4 and the T-cell receptor for antigen

1990 • 375 citations

Photodynamic therapy induces rapid cell death by apoptosis in L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells.

1991 • 372 citations

Interferon gamma plays a critical role in induced cell death of effector T cell: a possible third mechanism of self-tolerance.

1990 • 372 citations

The cytopathic effect of hiv is associated with apoptosis

1991 • 358 citations

Effects of Cyclosporine A on T Cell Development and Clonal Deletion

1988 • 354 citations

Ultrastructural localization of bcl-2 protein.

1992 • 351 citations

Extracellular ATP as a trigger for apoptosis or programmed cell death.

1991 • 342 citations

Induction of activation-driven death (apoptosis) in activated but not resting peripheral blood T cells.

1993 • 341 citations

A maternally inherited superantigen encoded by a mammary tumour virus

1991 • 335 citations

Clonal expansion precedes anergy and death of V_β8⁺ peripheral T cells responding to staphylococcal enterotoxin B in vivo

1991 • 330 citations

Selective Depletion in HIV Infection of T Cells that Bear Specific T Cell Receptor V _β Sequences

1991 • 322 citations

Expression of bcl-2 in fetal tissues suggests a role in morphogenesis.

1993 • 320 citations

Programmed T lymphocyte death. Cell activation- and steroid-induced pathways are mutually antagonistic.

1990 • 319 citations

Mutants of Pertussis Toxin Suitable for Vaccine Development

1989 • 318 citations

Programmed Cell Death in AIDS-Related HIV and SIV Infections

1993 • 316 citations

Regulation of apoptosis in vitro in mature murine spleen T cells.

1993 • 313 citations

Selective anergy of V beta 8+,CD4+ T cells in Staphylococcus enterotoxin B-primed mice.

1990 • 312 citations

Developmental regulation of the Bcl-2 protein and susceptibility to cell death in B lymphocytes.

1994 • 305 citations

Differential regulation of human monocyte programmed cell death (apoptosis) by chemotactic factors and pro-inflammatory cytokines.

1991 • 294 citations

Transgenic Models of Tumor Development

1991 • 289 citations

bcl-2 inhibits apoptosis of neutrophils but not their engulfment by macrophages.

1994 • 288 citations

Autoimmune disease in mice due to integration of an endogenous retrovirus in an apoptosis gene.

1993 • 287 citations

Abnormal differentiation of thymocytes in mice treated with cyclosporin A

1988 • 281 citations

Calcium-activated DNA Fragmentation in Rat Liver Nuclei

1989 • 281 citations

Inhibition of DNA Fragmentation in Thymocytes and Isolated Thymocyte Nuclei by Agents That Stimulate Protein Kinase C

1989 • 276 citations

Genetic susceptibility to post-thymectomy autoimmune diseases in mice

1981 • 265 citations

Agents that elevate cAMP stimulate DNA fragmentation in thymocytes.

1990 • 265 citations

Bcl-2 associates with the ras-related protein R-rasp23

1993 • 259 citations

Reduced life span of anergic self-reactive B cells in a double-transgenic model.

1994 • 256 citations

Receptor-stimulated death pathway is opened by antigen in mature T cells.

1991 • 255 citations

Propriocidal apoptosis of mature T lymphocytes occurs at S phase of the cell cycle

1993 • 252 citations

Microfilament-disrupting agents prevent the formation of apoptotic bodies in tumor cells undergoing apoptosis.

1992 • 250 citations

Clonal deletion of immature CD4+8+ thymocytes in suspension culture by extrathymic antigen-presenting cells

1991 • 249 citations

Inhibition of activation-induced death in T cell hybridomas by thiol antioxidants: oxidative stress as a mediator of apoptosis

1994 • 245 citations

Accelerated apoptosis in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from human immunodeficiency virus type-1 infected patients and in CD4 cross-linked PBMCs from normal individuals

1993 • 242 citations

Activation of a suicide process of thymocytes through DNA fragmentation by calcium ionophores and phorbol esters.

1989 • 242 citations

Profound deletion of mature T cells in vivo by chronic exposure to exogenous superantigen.

1993 • 241 citations

Analysis of the membrane potential of rat‐ and mouse‐liver mitochondria by flow cytometry and possible applications

1990 • 241 citations

Anti‐immunoglobulins induce death by apoptosis in WEHI‐231 B lymphoma cells

1990 • 239 citations

Ionophore-induced apoptosis: Role of DNA fragmentation and calcium fluxes

1991 • 235 citations

Novel path to apoptosis: small transmembrane pores created by staphylococcal alpha-toxin in T lymphocytes evoke internucleosomal DNA degradation

1994 • 234 citations

Programmed death of autoreactive thymocytes

1990 • 224 citations

Circadian rhythm and light regulate opsin mRNA in rod photoreceptors

1989 • 218 citations

Bcl-2: a repressor of lymphocyte death

1992 • 217 citations

Peripheral Clonal Elimination of Functional T Cells

1990 • 213 citations

The progressive differentiation of primed T cells is associated with an increasing susceptibility to apoptosis

1994 • 210 citations

Chicken anemia virus causes apoptosis of thymocytes after in vivo infection and of cell lines after in vitro infection

1992 • 208 citations

Apoptotic cell death of primed CD45RO+ T lymphocytes in Epstein-Barr virus-induced infectious mononucleosis

1992 • 205 citations

Lipid hydroperoxides induce apoptosis in T cells displaying a HIV-associated glutathione peroxidase deficiency.

1994 • 205 citations

Activation-induced cell death in T cell hybridomas is due to apoptosis. Morphologic aspects and DNA fragmentation.

1990 • 201 citations

Increased membrane permeability of apoptotic thymocytes: A flow cytometric study

1993 • 200 citations

Location of cAMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Type I with the TCR-CD3 Complex

1994 • 200 citations

Rescue of thymocytes and T cell hybridomas from glucocorticoid‐induced apoptosis by stimulation via the T cell receptor/CD3 complex: a possible in vitro model for positive selection of the T cell repertoire

1991 • 199 citations

Protease inhibitors selectively block T cell receptor-triggered programmed cell death in a murine T cell hybridoma and activated peripheral T cells.

1993 • 198 citations

Accelerated apoptosis in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from human immunodeficiency virus type-1 infected patients and in CD4 cross-linked PBMCs from normal individuals

1993 • 197 citations

Programmed Cell Death of T Cells Signaled by the T Cell Receptor and the α₃Domain of Class I MH

1991 • 196 citations

INDUCTION OF GRAFT-VERSUS-HOST DISEASE AFTER AUTOLOGOUS BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION

1989 • 196 citations

Chimeric homeobox gene E2A-PBX1 induces proliferation, apoptosis, and malignant lymphomas in transgenic mice

1993 • 196 citations

Immunoendocrine Communication via the Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis in Autoimmune Diseases*

1993 • 196 citations

Autocrine production of extracellular catalase prevents apoptosis of the human CEM T-cell line in serum-free medium.

1993 • 187 citations

Induction of target cell DNA release by the cytotoxic T lymphocyte granule protease granzyme A.

1989 • 186 citations

Antigen-induced apoptosis in developing t cells: a mechanism for negative selection of the t cell receptor repertoire*

1989 • 186 citations

The differentiation of T lymphocytes

1974 • 185 citations

Abnormal T-cell subset proportions in vitamin-A-deficient children

1993 • 182 citations

Spermine prevents endonuclease activation and apoptosis in thymocytes*1

1991 • 181 citations

Cyclosporin A and FK506: molecular mechanisms of immunosuppression and probes for transplantation biology

1993 • 181 citations

Inhibition of thymocyte apoptosis and negative antigenic selection in bcl-2 transgenic mice.

1992 • 181 citations

T cell receptor/CD3-signaling induces death by apoptosis in human T cell receptor gamma delta + T cells.

1991 • 167 citations

Bcl-2 prevents death of factor-deprived cells but fails to prevent apoptosis in targets of cell mediated killing

1992 • 165 citations

IL-4 and IL-2 selectively rescue Th cell subsets from glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis.

1992 • 165 citations

Prevention and treatment of murine experimental allergic encephalomyelitis with T cell receptor V beta-specific antibodies.

1990 • 164 citations

Glucocorticoid-mediated control of the activation and clonal deletion of peripheral T cells in vivo.

1993 • 163 citations

Oral antilymphocyte activity and induction of apoptosis by 2-chloro-2'-arabino-fluoro-2'-deoxyadenosine.

1992 • 162 citations

The apoptosis endonucleases: cleaning up after cell death?

1994 • 160 citations

Hyperthermia Induces Apoptosis in Thymocytes

1991 • 158 citations

IL-2 protects T lymphocytes from glucocorticoid-induced DNA fragmentation and cell death.

1989 • 158 citations

Bcl-2 expression promotes B- but not T-lymphoid development in scid mice

1994 • 157 citations

IL-4 enhances programmed cell death (apoptosis) in stimulated human monocytes.

1992 • 156 citations

Selection of the T cell receptor repertoire in Lpr mice.

1993 • 155 citations

Superantigen implicated in dependence of HIV-1 replication in T cells on TCR V β expression

1992 • 152 citations

Religation of the T cell receptor after primary activation of mature T cells inhibits proliferation and induces apoptotic cell death.

1993 • 152 citations

Thymic depletion and peripheral activation of class I major histocompatibility complex-restricted T cells by soluble peptide in T-cell receptor transgenic mice.

1992 • 149 citations

Programmed cell death by bcl-2-dependent and independent mechanisms in B lymphoma cells.

1993 • 147 citations

Positive and negative selection of T cells in T-cellreceptor transgenic mice expressing a bcl-2 transgene.

1994 • 147 citations

Membrane topology of the Bcl-2 proto-oncogenic protein demonstrated in vitro.

1990 • 147 citations

Programmed cell death of T lymphocytes during acute viral infection: a mechanism for virus-induced immune deficiency

1993 • 147 citations

Autoimmune gld mutation uncouples suicide and cytokine/proliferation pathways in activated, mature T cells

1993 • 146 citations

Neonatal Thymectomy Results in a Repertoire Enriched in T Cells Deleted in Adult Thymus

1989 • 146 citations

Apoptosis and DNA fragmentation precede TNF‐induced cytolysis in U937 cells

1992 • 146 citations

Correction of accelerated autoimmune disease by early replacement of the mutated lpr gene with the normal Fas apoptosis gene in the T cells of transgenic MRL-lpr/lpr mice.

1994 • 145 citations

Oxidative stress and apoptosis in HIV infection: a role for plant-derived metabolites with synergistic antioxidant activity

1994 • 140 citations

Apoptosis: Suicide,execution or murder?

1993 • 138 citations

Retinoids are important cofactors in T cell activation.

1992 • 131 citations

APO-1-induced apoptosis of leukemia cells from patients with adult T- cell leukemia

1993 • 131 citations

Retinoic acids inhibit activation-induced apoptosis in T cell hybridomas and thymocytes.

1992 • 129 citations

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat protein protects lymphoid, epithelial, and neuronal cell lines from death by apoptosis.

1993 • 128 citations

Loss of normal thymic repertoire selection and persistence of autoreactive T cells in graft vs host disease.

1994 • 128 citations

Interleukin 1 inhibits T cell receptor-mediated apoptosis in immature thymocytes.

1990 • 125 citations

Studies of T cell deletion and T cell anergy following in vivo administration of SEB to normal and lupus-prone mice.

1993 • 125 citations

Ubiquitin pathway involvement in human lymphocyte gamma-irradiation-induced apoptosis.

1993 • 124 citations

9-cis-retinoic acid inhibits activation-driven T-cell apoptosis: implications for retinoid X receptor involvement in thymocyte development.

1993 • 124 citations

IL-10 inhibits apoptotic cell death in human T cells starved of IL-2

1993 • 123 citations

Expression of a Pim-1 transgene accelerates lymphoproliferation and inhibits apoptosis in lpr/lpr mice.

1993 • 121 citations

Lymphoma regression induced by monoclonal anti-idiotypic antibodies correlates with their ability to induce Ig signal transduction and is not prevented by tumor expression of high levels of bcl-2 protein

1994 • 121 citations

Calcium ion concentrations and DNA fragmentation in target cell destruction by murine cloned cytotoxic T lymphocytes.

1988 • 120 citations

Programmed cell death (apoptosis) is induced rapidly and with positive cooperativity by activation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate‐kinase I in a myeloid leukemia cell line

1991 • 120 citations

Characterization of the T cell receptor repertoire causing collagen arthritis in mice.

1993 • 119 citations

Cyclosporine-induced autoimmunity. Conditions for expressing disease, requirement for intact thymus, and potency estimates of autoimmune lymphocytes in drug-treated rats.

1986 • 118 citations

Expression of an mdr gene is associated with a new form of resistance to dexamethasone-induced apoptosis.

1993 • 116 citations

The bcl-2 gene product inhibits clonal deletion of self-reactive B lymphocytes in the periphery but not in the bone marrow.

1993 • 115 citations

Cyclosporin A-induced autoimmune disease in mice.

1993 • 115 citations

Apoptosis induced by oxysterols in murine lymphoma cells and in normal thymocytes.

1993 • 115 citations

Distribution and kinetics of superantigen-induced cytokine gene expression in mouse spleen.

1993 • 115 citations

CD3‐mediated apoptosis of human medullary thymocytes and activated peripheral T cells: Respective roles of interleukin‐1, interleukin‐2, interferon‐γ and accessory cells

1993 • 113 citations

Immune functions of tumor necrosis factor. I. Tumor necrosis factor induces apoptosis of mouse thymocytes and can also stimulate or inhibit IL-6-induced proliferation depending on the concentration of mitogenic costimulation.

1993 • 113 citations

Expression of a mutant Gi2 alpha subunit inhibits ATP and thrombin stimulation of cytoplasmic phospholipase A2-mediated arachidonic acid release independent of Ca2+ and mitogen-activated protein kinase regulation.

1994 • 112 citations

In vivo responses of CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ cells to bacterial superantigens

1992 • 109 citations

Role of proteolysis in apoptosis: involvement of serine proteases in internucleosomal DNA fragmentation in immature thymocytes

1993 • 109 citations

Effect of bcl-2 proto-oncogene expression on cellular sensitivity to tumor necrosis factor-mediated cytotoxicity.

1993 • 109 citations

Antioxidants Modulate Induction of Programmed Endothelial Cell Death (Apoptosis) by Endotoxin

1994 • 107 citations

Chronic elevation of plasma corticosterone causes reductions in the number of cycling cells of the B lineage in murine bone marrow and induces apoptosis.

1993 • 105 citations

Lymphoma models for B cell activation and tolerance. X. Anti-mu-mediated growth arrest and apoptosis of murine B cell lymphomas is prevented by the stabilization of myc.

1994 • 104 citations

Correlation of calcineurin phosphatase activity and programmed cell death in murine T cell hybridomas

1992 • 101 citations

T cell receptor-mediated DNA fragmentation and cell death in T cell hybridomas.

1990 • 98 citations

Costimulation with integrin ligands intercellular adhesion molecule-1 or vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 augments activation-induced death of antigen-specific CD4+ T lymphocytes.

1993 • 98 citations

Separate metabolic pathways leading to DNA fragmentation and apoptotic chromatin condensation.

1994 • 98 citations

Protein kinase-C involvement in thymocyte apoptosis induced by hydrocortisone

1990 • 98 citations

Apoptosis as a Mechanism of Tributyltin Cytotoxicity to Thymocytes: Relationship of Apoptotic Markers to Biochemical and Cellular Effects

1993 • 97 citations

IL-2 protects against anti-CD3-induced cell death in human medullary thymocytes.

1990 • 96 citations

Cognate peptides induce self-destruction of CD8+ cytolytic T lymphocytes.

1990 • 96 citations

Physiological programmed cell death in thymocytes is induced by physical stress (exercise)

1993 • 96 citations

Thymic Requirement for Clonal Deletion During T Cell Development

1989 • 95 citations

Specific protein dephosphorylation in apoptosis induced by ionizing radiation and heat shock in human lymphoid tumor lines.

1992 • 95 citations

Environmental signals influencing expression of the IFN-gamma receptor on human T cells control whether IFN-gamma promotes proliferation or apoptosis.

1994 • 94 citations

Genetic analysis of immune dysfunction in non‐obese diabetic (NOD) mice: Mapping of a susceptibility locus close to the Bcl‐2 gene correlates with increased resistance of NOD T cells to apoptosis induction

1994 • 92 citations

Memory T cells are anergic to the superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin B.

1992 • 92 citations

Regulation of T lymphocyte apoptosis. Signals for the antagonism between activation- and glucocorticoid-induced death.

1991 • 91 citations

Induction of endonuclease-mediated apoptosis in tumor cells by C-nitroso-substituted ligands of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase.

1992 • 89 citations

Inhibitors of tyrosine phosphorylation induce apoptosis in human leukemic cell lines.

1993 • 88 citations

CD4⁺8⁻ help prevents rapid deletion of CD8⁺ cells after a transient response to antigen

1993 • 88 citations

Non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice display enhanced immune responses and prolonged survival of lymphoid cells

1994 • 88 citations

Effects of cycloheximide on B-chronic lymphocytic leukaemic and normal lymphocytes in vitro: induction of apoptosis

1991 • 87 citations

Interleukin-4 protects double-negative and CD4 single-positive thymocytes from dexamethasone-induced apoptosis

1993 • 86 citations

Inhibitors of proteases prevent endonucleolysis accompanying apoptotic death of HL-60 leukemic cells and normal thymocytes.

1992 • 86 citations

The effect of the immunosuppressant FK‐506 on alternate pathways of T cell activation

1991 • 82 citations

Killing of immature CD4⁺CD8⁺ thymocytes in vivo by anti‐CD3 or 5′‐(N‐ethyl)‐carboxamido‐adenosine is blocked by glucocorticoid receptor antagonist RU‐486

1993 • 79 citations

CD4⁺CD8⁺ thymocytes are susceptible to DNA fragmentation induced by phorbol ester, calcium ionophore and anti‐CD3 antibody

1990 • 78 citations

Dexamethasone induces apoptosis in mouse natural killer cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes.

1994 • 77 citations

Susceptibility to cytotoxic T lymphocyte-induced apoptosis is a function of the proliferative status of the target.

1994 • 77 citations

HIV Gene Expression Enhances T Cell Susceptibility to Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Apoptosis

1993 • 77 citations

The T cell receptor repertoire of CD4-8+ thymocytes is altered by overexpression of the BCL-2 protooncogene in the thymus.

1994 • 76 citations

Peripheral T cell activation and deletion induced by transfer of lymphocyte subsets expressing endogenous or exogenous mouse mammary tumor virus.

1993 • 75 citations

Reduction of lupus nephritis in MRL/lpr mice by a bacterial superantigen treatment.

1991 • 75 citations

Absence of bcl-2 expression by activated CD45RO+ T lymphocytes in acute infectious mononucleosis supporting their susceptibility to programmed cell death

1993 • 74 citations

Pharmacological inhibition of programmed lymphocyte death

1994 • 74 citations

Analysis of the T-cell receptor beta-chainvariable-region (V beta) repertoire in monozygotic twins discordant for humanimmunodeficiency virus: evidence for perturbations of specific V beta segmentsin CD4+ T cells of the virus-positive twins.

1994 • 73 citations

Differential sensitivity to the induction of apoptosis by cisplatin in proliferating and quiescent immature rat thymocytes is independent of the levels of drug accumulation and DNA adduct formation.

1994 • 72 citations

Clonal anergy to staphylococcal enterotoxin B in vivo: selective effects on T cell subsets and lymphokines

1993 • 72 citations

Acquired immunological tolerance of foreign cells is impaired by recombinant interleukin 2 or vitamin A acetate.

1985 • 72 citations

Thy-1 triggers mouse thymocyte apoptosis through a bcl-2-resistant mechanism.

1994 • 72 citations

Peripheral T‐Cell Reactivity to Bacterial Superantigens in vivo: The Response/Anergy Paradox

1993 • 71 citations

Accelerated programmed cell death of MRL-lpr/lpr T lymphocytes.

1992 • 71 citations

Effects of the immunomodulator LS 2616 on growth and metastasis of the murine B16-F10 melanoma.

1986 • 71 citations

An immune suppressive factor derived from esophageal squamous carcinoma induces apoptosis in normal and transformed cells of lymphoid lineage.

1993 • 71 citations

Expansion and clonal deletion of peripheral T cells induced by bacterial superantigen is independent of the interleukin‐2 pathway

1992 • 70 citations

Evidence of synergy between Thy-1 and CD3/TCR complex in signal delivery to murine thymocytes for cell death.

1991 • 69 citations

Microinjected Catalytic Subunit of cAMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Induces Apoptosis in Myeloid Leukemia (IPC-81) Cells

1993 • 69 citations

T cell deletion follows chronic antigen specific T cell activation in vivo

1993 • 68 citations

Clonal deletion as direct consequence of an in vivo T cell response to bacterial superantigen

1993 • 68 citations

Cognate peptide-induced destruction of CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes is due to fratricide.

1993 • 68 citations

Site-specific alterations in the B oligomer that affect receptor-binding activities and mitogenicity of pertussis toxin.

1993 • 67 citations

Identification of a transitional preapoptotic population of thymocytes

1993 • 66 citations

Linomide, a novel immunomodulator that prevents death in four models of septic shock

1993 • 65 citations

Immunoregulation by cytokines.

1993 • 65 citations

Staphylococcal-enterotoxin-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity

1991 • 65 citations

Cyclosporin A inhibits positive selection and delays negative selection in alpha beta TCR transgenic mice.

1994 • 64 citations

STIMULATION OF NK CELL, T CELL, AND MONOCYTE FUNCTIONS BY THE NOVEL IMMUNOMODULATOR LINOMIDE AFTER AUTOLOGOUS BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION

1992 • 64 citations

Heat shock induces apoptosis in mouse thymocytes and protects them from glucocorticoid-induced cell death

1992 • 64 citations

Induction of immature thymocyte proliferation after castration of normal male mice.

1994 • 64 citations

Uninfected haematopoietic progenitor (CD34+) cells purified from the bone marrow of AIDS patients are committed to apoptotic cell death in culture

1993 • 63 citations

Life and death of a superantigen-reactive human CD4⁺ T cell clone: staphylococcal enterotoxins induce death by apoptosis but simultaneously trigger a proliferative response in the presence of HLA-DR⁺ antigen-presenting cells

1992 • 63 citations

Differential activation of antigen-stimulated suicide and cytokine production pathways in CD4+ T cells is regulated by the antigen-presenting cell.

1993 • 62 citations

Thymic CD45 tyrosine phosphatase regulates apoptosis and MHC-restricted negative selection.

1994 • 62 citations

Internucleosomal Deoxyribonucleic Acid Cleavage Activity in Apoptotic Thymocytes: Detection and Endocrine Regulation*

1991 • 61 citations

Cyclic AMP potentiates glucocorticoid‐induced endogenous endonuclease activation in thymocytes ¹

1993 • 59 citations

Peripheral T lymphocyte depletion by apoptosis after CD4 ligationin vivo: selective loss of CD44− and ‘activating’ memory T cells

1994 • 58 citations

Protein or RNA synthesis inhibition induces apoptosis of mature human CD4+ T cell blasts

1993 • 58 citations

Involvement of protein kinase C-_ɛ in glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis in thymocytes

1994 • 57 citations

Mechanisms of photochemotherapy-induced apoptotic cell death in lymphoid cells

1991 • 56 citations

Role of DNA fragmentation in T cell activation-induced apoptosis in vitro and in vivo.

1994 • 55 citations

Compartmentalization of the Peripheral Immune System

1993 • 55 citations

Differential in vivo effects of a superantigen and an antibody targeted to the same T cell receptor. Activation-induced cell death vs passive macrophage-dependent deletion.

1994 • 55 citations

Modulation of thymocyte apoptosis by isoproterenol and prostaglandin E2

1991 • 54 citations

Adjuvant action of cholera toxin and pertussis toxin in the induction of IgA antibody response to orally administered antigen

1993 • 54 citations

Thymic and peripheral apoptosis of antigen‐specific T cells might cooperate in establishing self tolerance

1993 • 54 citations

A characteristic Mls-1a response precedes Mls-1a anergy in vivo.

1991 • 53 citations

Cyclosporin A markedly enhances superantigen-induced peripheral T cell deletion and inhibits anergy induction.

1992 • 52 citations

Identification of a transitional preapoptotic population of thymocytes.

1993 • 52 citations

Role of Protein Kinase-C in Thymocyte Apoptosis Induced by Irradiation

1992 • 52 citations

Activation with superantigens induces programmed death in antigen‐primed CD4⁺ class II⁺ major histocompatibility complex T lymphocytes via a CD11a/CD18‐dependent mechanism

1993 • 51 citations

Triggering via the alternative CD2 pathway induces apoptosis in activated human T lymphocytes

1993 • 51 citations

Sensitivity of T cells to anti‐CD3‐stimulated suicide is independent of functional phenotype

1992 • 51 citations

Effects of the novel immunomodulator LS 2616 on the delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction to Bordetella pertussis in the rat

1986 • 50 citations

Cell-specific regulation of apoptosis by designed enediynes.

1993 • 50 citations

T cell-T cell killing is induced by specific epitopes: evidence for an apoptotic mechanism.

1991 • 50 citations

Peripheral tolerance through clonal deletion of mature CD4⁻CD8⁺ T cells

1992 • 49 citations

Apoptosis is induced in cells with cytolytic potential by L-leucyl-L-leucine methyl ester.

1992 • 48 citations

T‐Cell Receptor Vβ Repertoire Expression in Murine Models of SLE

1990 • 48 citations

In vivo induction of apoptosis in immature thymocytes by staphylococcal enterotoxin B.

1992 • 48 citations

Dihydrotestosterone and estradiol deplete corticosensitive thymocytes lacking in receptors for these hormones.

1982 • 46 citations

Ultraviolet B-induced DNA fragmentation (apoptosis) in activated T-lymphocytes and Jurkat cells is augmented by inhibition of RNA and protein synthesis.

1992 • 45 citations

Signal Transduction Pathways Involved in B‐Cell Induction

1993 • 45 citations

Alternative Pathways of Apoptosis Induced by Methylprednisolone and Valinomycin Analyzed by Flow Cytometry

1993 • 44 citations

Apoptosis of murine BW 5147 thymoma cells induced by cold shock

1992 • 44 citations

Linomide inhibits programmed cell death of peripheral T cells in vivo

1994 • 44 citations

Glucocorticoid Independence of Acute Thymic Involution Induced by Lymphotoxin and Estrogen

1994 • 43 citations

Differential effects of the immunosuppressive macrolides FK-506 and rapamycin on activation-induced T-cell apoptosis

1991 • 43 citations

Negative selection of thymocytes. A novel polymerase chain reaction-based molecular analysis detects requirements for macromolecular synthesis.

1992 • 42 citations

Apoptosis of activated CD8+/CD57+ T cells is induced by some combinations of anti-CD2 mAb.

1993 • 42 citations

Early mobilization of Ca2+ is not required for glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis in thymocytes.

1993 • 39 citations

Interleukin-2 Induces Apoptosis in Mouse Thymocytes

1993 • 39 citations

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate promotes cell survival and retards apoptosis in a factor-dependent bone marrow-derived cell line.

1993 • 36 citations

Effect of cyclosporin A on lymphopoiesis. I. Absence of mature T cells in thymus and periphery of bone marrow transplanted mice treated with cyclosporin A.

1989 • 35 citations

Murine retrovirus-induced depletion of T cells is mediated through activation-induced death by apoptosis

1994 • 34 citations

Pertussis toxin analog with reduced enzymatic and biological activities is a protective immunogen

1990 • 34 citations

Induction of apoptosis in childhood acute leukemia by chemotherapeutic agents: Failure to detect evidence of apoptosis in vivo

1994 • 33 citations

Murine AIDS superantigen reactivity of the T cells bearing V beta 5 T cell antigen receptor.

1992 • 33 citations

Inhibition of mouse mammary tumor virus-induced T cell responses in vivo by antibodies to an open reading frame protein.

1992 • 31 citations

Teniposide induces nuclear but not mitochondrial DNA degradation.

1992 • 31 citations

Linomide, a new immunomodulatory drug, shows different effects on homologous versus heterologous collagen-induced arthritis in rats.

1989 • 29 citations

Influenza peptide-induced self-lysis and down-regulation of cloned cytotoxic T cells.

1990 • 29 citations

Demonstration of large-scale migration of cortical thymocytes to peripheral lymphoid tissues in cyclosporin A-treated rats.

1993 • 29 citations

Thymocyte Activation and Death: a Mechanism for Molding the T Cell Repertoire

1991 • 28 citations

ABOLITION OF THE EFFECT OF CYCLOSPORINE ON RAT CARDIAC ALLOGRAFT REJECTION BY THE NEW IMMUNOMODULATOR LS-2616 (LINOMIDE)

1989 • 28 citations

Anti‐CD3‐induced cell death in T cell hybridomas: mitochondrial failure and DNA fragmentation are distinct events

1991 • 27 citations

Cell Death Protection by 3-Aminobenzamide and Other Poly(ADP-Ribose)polymerase Inhibitors: Different Effects on Human Natural Killer and Lymphokine-Activated Killer Cell Activities

1994 • 27 citations

Immunological Self‐Tolerance: An Analysis Employing Cytokines or Cytokine Receptors Encoded by Transgenes or a Recombinant Vaccinia Virus

1991 • 27 citations

A Single Injection of Staphylococcus aureus Enterotoxin B Reduces Autoimmunity in MRL/lpr Mice

1994 • 27 citations

Attenuation of autoimmune disease and lymphocyte accumulation in MRL/lpr mice by treatment with anti‐Vβ8 antibodies

1992 • 26 citations

Superantigen-induced peripheral tolerance inhibits T cell responses to immunogenic peptides in TCR (beta-chain) transgenic mice.

1993 • 26 citations

Fibroblast-derived factors preserve viability in vitro of mononuclear cells isolated from subjects with HIV-1 infection

1993 • 26 citations

Physiological cell death in B lymphocytes: I. Differential susceptibility of WEHI-231 sublines to anti-lg inducedphysiological cell death and lack of correlation with bcl-2 expression

1994 • 26 citations

Pertussis toxin inhibits activation-induced cell death of human thymocytes, pre-B leukemia cells and monocytes.

1994 • 25 citations

TCR cross-linking induces CTL death via internal action of TNF.

1994 • 25 citations

Human T-cell development in SCID-hu mice: staphylococcal enterotoxins induce specific clonal deletions, proliferation, and anergy

1992 • 25 citations

Hydroxyurea induces apoptosis and regular DNA fragmentation in a Burkitt's lymphoma cell line

1992 • 25 citations

Peripheral clonal deletion of superantigen‐reactive T cells is enhanced by cortisone

1993 • 24 citations

Mitogenic CD2 monoclonal antibody pairs predispose peripheral T cells to undergo apoptosis on interaction with a third CD2 monoclonal antibody.

1994 • 24 citations

Experimental autoimmune posterior uveitis accompanied by epitheloid cell accumulations (EAPU). A new type of experimental ocular disease induced by immunization with PEP-65, a pigment epithelial polypeptide preparation

1992 • 24 citations

Induction of unresponsiveness to the superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin B: cyclosporin A resistant split unresponsiveness unfolds in vivo without preceding clonal expansion

1993 • 23 citations

Effects of cognate peptides on cytolytic and proliferative activities of cloned cytotoxic T lymphocytes

1992 • 23 citations

Activation-Dependent Apoptosis in CD4+ T Cells during Murine AIDS

1993 • 23 citations

TELOMERIC ASSOCIATION OF CHROMOSOMES IS AN EARLY MANIFESTATION OF PROGRAMMED CELL-DEATH

1994 • 22 citations

Lack of selective Vβ deletion in peripheral CD4⁺ T cells of human immunodeficiency virus‐infected infants

1993 • 22 citations

Poly-(ADP-ribose) polymerase partially contributes to target cell death triggered by cytolytic T lymphocytes.

1992 • 22 citations

Pertussis toxin interferes with superantigen-induced deletion of peripheral T cells without affecting T cell activation in vivo. Inhibition of deletion and associated programmed cell death depends on ADP-ribosyltransferase activity.

1994 • 21 citations

Inhibition of murine T cell activation by cholera toxin B subunit is not mediated through the phosphatidylinositol second messenger system.

1993 • 21 citations

Modification of Emerging Repertoires by Immunosuppression in Immunodeficient Mice Results in Autoimmunity

1986 • 21 citations

Cyclosporin A renders target cells resistant to immune cytolysis

1991 • 20 citations

Interaction of pertussis toxin with human T lymphocytes

1992 • 20 citations

The combined assessment of cellular apoptosis, mitochondrial function and proliferative response to pokeweed mitogen has prognostic value in SIV infection

1993 • 20 citations

Cholera toxin inhibits T cell receptor signaling by covalent modification of the CD3-zeta subunit.

1993 • 19 citations

Retinoic acid‐induced apoptosis and regression of a refractory Epstein‐Barr virus‐containing T cell lymphoma expressing multidrug‐resistance phenotypes

1993 • 19 citations

Inhibition of cytotoxic T lymphocyte-induced target cell DNA fragmentation, but not lysis, by inhibitors of DNA topoisomerases I and II.

1992 • 18 citations

T cell anergy is programmed early after exposure to bacterial superantigen in vivo

1993 • 18 citations

1-ß-d-arabinosylcytosine and 5-azacytidine induce internucleosomal DNA fragmentation and cell death in thymocytes

1992 • 17 citations

Lack of evidence for a superantigen in lymphocytes from HIV-discordant monozygotic twins

1994 • 17 citations

Evidence for programmed cell death of self‐reactive γδ T cell receptor‐positive thymocytes

1993 • 16 citations

An in vitro model for cyclosporin A-induced interference of intrathymic clonal elimination.

1990 • 16 citations

Striking similarities between HIV-1 Env protein and the apoptosis mediating cell surface antigen Fas. Role in the pathogenesis of AIDS

1993 • 15 citations

3-aminobenzamide protects the mouse thymocytes in vitro from dexamethasone-mediated apoptotic cell death and cytolysis without changing DNA strand breakage

1993 • 15 citations

Cellular pertussis vaccine containing a Bordetella pertussis strain that produces a nontoxic pertussis toxin molecule

1992 • 14 citations

Inhibition of DNA repair with aphidicolin enhances sensitivity of targets to tumor necrosis factor.

1993 • 14 citations

Tissue distribution of Mtv-7-like exogenous retroviral transcripts and clonal deletion of V_β6+ T cells in MIs-1^b BALB/c mice

1993 • 13 citations

EFFECT OF CYCLOSPORINE ON T LYMPHOCYTE DEVELOPMENT: RELATIONSHIP TO SYNGENEIC GRAFT-VERSUS-HOST DISEASE

1991 • 13 citations

Differential response of human thymus cells to CD2 antibodies: fragmentation of DNA of CD45RO+ and proliferation of CD45RO- subsets.

1992 • 13 citations

T-cell maturation and clonal deletion in cyclosporine-induced autoimmunity

1991 • 12 citations

Superantigen-like properties of an antibody bispecific for MHC class II molecules and the V beta domain of the T cell antigen receptor.

1994 • 12 citations

Effects of immunomodulating treatment on autoimmune sialadenitis in MRL/Mp-lpr/lpr mice

1988 • 12 citations

In vivo and in vitro Death of Mature T Cells Induced by Separate Signals to CD4 and αβTCR

1992 • 10 citations

Augmentation of phorbol ester-induced T cell proliferation by agents which raise intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate

1992 • 6 citations

Can self/nonself discrimination be explained entirely by clonal deletion?

1992 • 6 citations