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Reactive oxygen species, antioxidants, and the mammalian thioredoxin system1 1This review is based on the licentiate thesis “Thioredoxin reductase—interactions with the redox active compounds 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene and lipoic acid” by Jonas Nordberg, 2001, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, ISBN 91-631-1064-4.

Data up to Jan 2025

Published2001
Citations2,603
References313

Total Citations Per Year

Abstract

References (313)

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Gene expression and the thiol redox state

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Structure and mechanism of mammalian thioredoxin reductase: The active site is a redox-active selenolthiol/selenenylsulfide formed from the conserved cysteine-selenocysteine sequence

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Repression of gene expression by oxidative stress

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Role of T‐Cell Derived Cytokines in the Downregulation of Immune Responses in Parasitic and Retroviral Infection

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Selenocysteine, identified as the penultimate C-terminal residue in human T-cell thioredoxin reductase, corresponds to TGA in the human placental gene.

1996 • 471 citations

Secretion of thioredoxin by normal and neoplastic cells through a leaderless secretory pathway.

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Catalase: a tetrameric enzyme with four tightly bound molecules of NADPH.

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Identification of a New Type of Mammalian Peroxiredoxin That Forms an Intramolecular Disulfide as a Reaction Intermediate

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Mice with a Homozygous Null Mutation for the Most Abundant Glutathione Peroxidase, Gpx1, Show Increased Susceptibility to the Oxidative Stress-inducing Agents Paraquat and Hydrogen Peroxide

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Knowing when not to stop: selenocysteine incorporation in eukaryotes

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Nitrosation and oxidation in the regulation of gene expression

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Essential Role of Selenium in the Catalytic Activities of Mammalian Thioredoxin Reductase Revealed by Characterization of Recombinant Enzymes with Selenocysteine Mutations

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Substitution of the Thioredoxin System for Glutathione Reductase in Drosophila melanogaster

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Nuclear factor-κB

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Cloning and Expression of a Novel Mammalian Thioredoxin

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Transcriptional regulation in the immune system: all roads lead to AP-1

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An Iron-containing Superoxide Dismutase from Escherichia coli

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Characterization of three isoforms of mammalian peroxiredoxin that reduce peroxides in the presence of thioredoxin

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Thioredoxin reductase as a pathophysiological factor and drug target

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Anaerobic Microbes: Oxygen Detoxification Without Superoxide Dismutase

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Thioredoxin Peroxidase Is a Novel Inhibitor of Apoptosis with a Mechanism Distinct from That of Bcl-2

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The Role of Oxygen Radicals in Human Disease, with Particular Reference to the Vascular System

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S-Nitrosoglutathione Is Cleaved by the Thioredoxin System with Liberation of Glutathione and Redox Regulating Nitric Oxide

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Endothelial Function in Hypertension

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Selenoprotein synthesis: an expansion of the genetic code

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Dihydrolipoic acid—a universal antioxidant both in the membrane and in the aqueous phase

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The thioredoxin and glutaredoxin systems are efficient electron donors to human plasma glutathione peroxidase.

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α-Lipoic Acid in Liver Metabolism and Disease

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Reduction of Dehydroascorbate to Ascorbate by the Selenoenzyme Thioredoxin Reductase

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Three-dimensional structure of a mammalian thioredoxin reductase: Implications for mechanism and evolution of a selenocysteine-dependent enzyme

2001 • 331 citations

Acute Cadmium Exposure Inactivates Thioltransferase (Glutaredoxin), Inhibits Intracellular Reduction of Protein-glutathionyl-mixed Disulfides, and Initiates Apoptosis

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Redox Regulation of Cell Signaling by Selenocysteine in Mammalian Thioredoxin Reductases

1999 • 327 citations

Preparation and assay of mammalian thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase

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Human Thioredoxin Reductase Directly Reduces Lipid Hydroperoxides by NADPH and Selenocystine Strongly Stimulates the Reaction via Catalytically Generated Selenols

1995 • 315 citations

Selenoprotein oxidoreductase with specificity for thioredoxin and glutathione systems

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Lipoic and Dihydrolipoic Acids as Antioxidants. a Critical Evaluation

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Mechanisms of Protection of Catalase by NADPH

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Hemin-induced Activation of the Thioredoxin Gene by Nrf2

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Transcriptional activation of early‐response genes by hydrogen peroxide in a mouse osteoblastic cell line

1991 • 298 citations

Chemistry and Biochemistry of Flavoenzymes

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Appearance of superoxide anion radical in cerebral extracellular space during increased prostaglandin synthesis in cats.

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Bovine thioredoxin system. Purification of thioredoxin reductase from calf liver and thymus and studies of its function in disulfide reduction.

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Ascorbate: The Most Effective Antioxidant in Human Blood Plasma

1990 • 286 citations

Adult T-cell leukemia-derived factor/thioredoxin, produced by both human T-lymphotropic virus type I- and Epstein-Barr virus-transformed lymphocytes, acts as an autocrine growth factor and synergizes with interleukin 1 and interleukin 2.

1990 • 283 citations

Identification of a specific sperm nuclei selenoenzyme necessary for protamine thiol cross‐linking during sperm maturation

2001 • 276 citations

Distinct effects of glutathione disulphide on the nuclear transcription factors κB and the activator protein‐1

1994 • 274 citations

Protein disulfide-isomerase is a substrate for thioredoxin reductase and has thioredoxin-like activity.

1990 • 268 citations

Mammalian thioredoxin reductase: Oxidation of the C-terminal cysteine/selenocysteine active site forms a thioselenide, and replacement of selenium with sulfur markedly reduces catalytic activity

2000 • 264 citations

Myeloperoxidase

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Rat and Calf Thioredoxin Reductase Are Homologous to Glutathione Reductase with a Carboxyl-terminal Elongation Containing a Conserved Catalytically Active Penultimate Selenocysteine Residue

1998 • 261 citations

転写因子NF‐κBとAP‐1の活性化に及ぼすチオレドキシンと抗酸化剤の異なった効果

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Characterization of free radical generation by xanthine oxidase

1989 • 256 citations

Caspases as key executors of methyl selenium-induced apoptosis (anoikis) of DU-145 prostate cancer cells.

2001 • 255 citations

Adult T cell leukemia-derived factor/human thioredoxin protects endothelial F-2 cell injury caused by activated neutrophils or hydrogen peroxide

1994 • 252 citations

Dendritic cells differently respond to haptens and irritants by their production of cytokines and expression of co‐stimulatory molecules

1997 • 252 citations

The Thioredoxin System of the Malaria Parasite Plasmodium falciparum

2000 • 246 citations

Mitochondrial changes associated with glutathione deficiency

1995 • 246 citations

Selenite is a substrate for calf thymus thioredoxin reductase and thioredoxin and elicits a large non‐stoichiometric oxidation of NADPH in the presence of oxygen

1992 • 244 citations

Cell signaling by reactive nitrogen and oxygen species in atherosclerosis

2000 • 243 citations

Isoforms of mammalian peroxiredoxin that reduce peroxides in presence of thioredoxin

1999 • 237 citations

Mechanisms of Reperfusion Injury

1994 • 234 citations

Regulation of HIV‐1 gene expression

1991 • 234 citations

Haem‐Dependent Activation of Guanylate Cyclase and Cyclic GMP Formation by Endogenous Nitric Oxide: A Unique Transduction Mechanism for Transcellular Signaling

1990 • 230 citations

Methylarsenicals and Arsinothiols Are Potent Inhibitors of Mouse Liver Thioredoxin Reductase

1999 • 230 citations

The mechanism of thioredoxin reductase from human placenta is similar to the mechanisms of lipoamide dehydrogenase and glutathione reductase and is distinct from the mechanism of thioredoxin reductase from Escherichia coli

1997 • 227 citations

Thioredoxin Reductase Activity Is Decreased by Selenium Deficiency

1997 • 220 citations

Glutathione conjugation as a bioactivation reaction

2000 • 216 citations

Targeted Deletion of the Cytosolic Cu/Zn-Superoxide Dismutase Gene (<i>Sod1</i>) Increases Susceptibility to Noise-Induced Hearing Loss

1999 • 212 citations

The participation of coenzyme Q in free radical production and antioxidation

1990 • 210 citations

Elevation of plasma thioredoxin levels in HIV-infected individuals

1996 • 209 citations

Escherichia coli thioredoxin stabilizes complexes of bacteriophage T7 DNA polymerase and primed templates.

1987 • 207 citations

Selenodiglutathione is a highly efficient oxidant of reduced thioredoxin and a substrate for mammalian thioredoxin reductase.

1992 • 206 citations

Is ascorbic acid an antioxidant for the plasma membrane?

1999 • 203 citations

Current Protocols in Toxicology

2001 • 202 citations

Thioredoxin nuclear translocation and interaction with redox factor-1 activates the activator protein-1 transcription factor in response to ionizing radiation.

2000 • 200 citations

Mammalian Thioredoxin Reductase Is Irreversibly Inhibited by Dinitrohalobenzenes by Alkylation of Both the Redox Active Selenocysteine and Its Neighboring Cysteine Residue

1998 • 199 citations

Efficient Reduction of Lipoamide and Lipoic Acid by Mammalian Thioredoxin Reductase

1996 • 195 citations

Reduction of the Ascorbyl Free Radical to Ascorbate by Thioredoxin Reductase

1998 • 186 citations

1-Chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene Is an Irreversible Inhibitor of Human Thioredoxin Reductase

1995 • 185 citations

Structural and Functional Changes in Proteins Induced by Free Radical‐mediated Oxidative Stress and Protective Action of the Antioxidants N‐tert‐Butyl‐α‐phenylnitrone and Vitamin Ea

1998 • 185 citations

Nitric Oxide Reaction with Lipid Peroxyl Radicals Spares α-Tocopherol during Lipid Peroxidation

2000 • 179 citations

Mitochondria in organismal aging and degeneration

1999 • 178 citations

Analysis of the inhibition of mammalian thioredoxin, thioredoxin reductase, and glutaredoxin by cis -diamminedichloroplatinum (II) and its major metabolite, the glutathione-platinum complex

2001 • 176 citations

Radiation induction of immediate early genes: Effectors of the radiation-stress response

1994 • 174 citations

Repression of gene expression by oxidative stress

1999 • 169 citations

Mouse Peroxiredoxin V Is a Thioredoxin Peroxidase That Inhibits p53-Induced Apoptosis

2000 • 168 citations

Preferential role for NF-kappa B/Rel signaling in the type 1 but not type 2 T cell-dependent immune response in vivo.

1999 • 167 citations

Inducible NO synthase: role in cellular signalling

1999 • 166 citations

Thioredoxin as a potent costimulus of cytokine expression.

1996 • 166 citations

Thiol–disulfide exchange is involved in the catalytic mechanism of peptide methionine sulfoxide reductase

2000 • 164 citations

Thioredoxin and related proteins in procaryotes

1988 • 161 citations

Arsenicals Inhibit Thioredoxin Reductase in Cultured Rat Hepatocytes

2001 • 160 citations

On the Role of Vitamin C and Other Antioxidants in Atherogenesis and Vascular Dysfunction

1999 • 156 citations

The Mitochondrial Thioredoxin System

2000 • 155 citations

Characterization of Sptrx, a Novel Member of the Thioredoxin Family Specifically Expressed in Human Spermatozoa

2001 • 153 citations

Human Keratinocytes Constitutively Express Interleukin-18 and Secrete Biologically Active Interleukin-18 After Treatment with Pro-Inflammatory Mediators and Dinitrochlorobenzene

1999 • 153 citations

Calcium/calmodulin-dependent nitric oxide synthase type I: a biopteroflavoprotein with calcium/calmodulin-independent diaphorase and reductase activities

1992 • 151 citations

Selenium and the thioredoxin and glutaredoxin systems.

1997 • 150 citations

Involvement of thioredoxin in rheumatoid arthritis: its costimulatory roles in the TNF-alpha-induced production of IL-6 and IL-8 from cultured synovial fibroblasts.

1999 • 147 citations

Effect of oxidative DNA damage in promoter elements on transcription factor binding

1999 • 147 citations

Chronic elevation of plasma thioredoxin: Inhibition of chemotaxis and curtailment of life expectancy in AIDS

2001 • 146 citations

α-Lipoic acid reduction by mammalian cells to the dithiol form, and release into the culture medium

1994 • 146 citations

Preferential Role for NF-κB/Rel Signaling in the Type 1 But Not Type 2 T Cell-Dependent Immune Response In Vivo

1999 • 146 citations

A Novel Promoter Sequence Is Involved in the Oxidative Stress-Induced Expression of the Adult T-Cell Leukemia-Derived Factor (ADF)/Human Thioredoxin (Trx) Gene

1996 • 145 citations

Expression and growth-promoting effect of adult t-cell leukemia-derived factor a human thioredoxin homologue in hepatocellular carcinoma

1992 • 145 citations

Elevation of Manganese Superoxide Dismutase Gene Expression by Thioredoxin

1997 • 143 citations

The protein disulphide-isomerase family: unravelling a string of folds

1999 • 142 citations

The predicted amino acid sequence of human thioredoxin is identical to that of the autocrine growth factor human adult T-cell derived factor (ADF): Thioredoxin mRNA is elevated in some human tumors

1994 • 141 citations

Purification of Mitochondrial Thioredoxin Reductase and Its Involvement in the Redox Regulation of Membrane Permeability

1998 • 140 citations

Reaction of the desulfoferrodoxin from Desulfoarculus baarsii with superoxide anion. Evidence for a superoxide reductase activity

2014 • 137 citations

Oxidized LDL and Atherogenesisa

1999 • 136 citations

Measurement of Thioredoxin and Thioredoxin Reductase

2004 • 136 citations

From Cytoprotection to Tumor Suppression: The Multifactorial Role of Peroxiredoxins

1999 • 135 citations

Human Neutrophil Antimicrobial Activity

1988 • 133 citations

Cytosolic and Mitochondrial Systems for NADH- and NADPH-dependent Reduction of α-Lipoic Acid

1997 • 129 citations

NK-lysin, a Disulfide-containing Effector Peptide of T-lymphocytes, Is Reduced and Inactivated by Human Thioredoxin Reductase

1996 • 127 citations

Reaction of the Desulfoferrodoxin from Desulfoarculus baarsii with Superoxide Anion

2000 • 125 citations

Possible involvement of thioredoxin reductase as well as thioredoxin in cellular sensitivity to cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II)

1999 • 122 citations

Involvement of Thioredoxin in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Its Costimulatory Roles in the TNF-α-Induced Production of IL-6 and IL-8 from Cultured Synovial Fibroblasts

1999 • 122 citations

Ascorbate function and metabolism in the human erythrocyte

1998 • 120 citations

Knowing when not to stop: selenocysteine incorporation in eukaryotes

1996 • 119 citations

The mechanism of action of the nitrosourea anti-tumor drugs on thioredoxin reductase, glutathione reductase and ribonucleotide reductase

1990 • 119 citations

Role of thioredoxin reductase in the Yap1p‐dependent response to oxidative stress in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

2001 • 118 citations

Secretion of thioredoxin after in vitro activation of human B cells.

1992 • 116 citations

Induction of ADF/TRX by oxidative stress in keratinocytes and lymphoid cells

1995 • 115 citations

Truncated Thioredoxin Is a Mitogenic Cytokine for Resting Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells and Is Present in Human Plasma

2000 • 113 citations

Modulation of the activity of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells by chemical haptens, a metal allergen, and a staphylococcal superantigen

1999 • 113 citations

Alteration of endogenous glutathione peroxidase, manganese superoxide dismutase, and glutathione transferase activity in cells transfected with a copper-zinc superoxide dismutase expression vector. Explanation for variations in paraquat resistance.

1990 • 112 citations

Activation of the AP-1 transcription factor by inflammatory cytokines of the TNF family.

1999 • 107 citations

A CD4+ T cell line-secreted factor, growth promoting for normal and leukemic B cells, identified as thioredoxin

1995 • 105 citations

ADF, A Growth-Promoting Factor Derived from Adult T Cell Leukemia and Homologous to Thioredoxin: Involvement in Lymphocyte Immortalization by HTLV-I and EBV

1991 • 104 citations

Induction and nuclear translocation of thioredoxin by oxidative damage in the mouse kidney: independence of tubular necrosis and sulfhydryl depletion.

1997 • 103 citations

Heterogeneity within Animal Thioredoxin Reductases

2001 • 101 citations

Superoxide: a two-edged sword

1997 • 97 citations

Glutathione Reductase and Lipoamide Dehydrogenase Have Opposite Stereospecificities for α-Lipoic Acid Enantiomers

1995 • 93 citations

Enzyme-Dependent Ascorbate Recycling in Human Erythrocytes: Role of Thioredoxin Reductase

1998 • 91 citations

Simple chemicals can induce maturation and apoptosis of dendritic cells

1999 • 90 citations

The Core Promoter of Human Thioredoxin Reductase 1

2001 • 90 citations

High rates of thioredoxin secretion correlate with growth arrest in hepatoma cells.

1995 • 89 citations

The NADPH‐Dependent Oxidase of Phagocytes

1999 • 89 citations

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD1) gene mutations

2000 • 89 citations

Dissecting G Protein-coupled Receptor Signaling Pathways with Membrane-permeable Blocking Peptides

2000 • 88 citations

Enzymatic reduction of alloxan by thioredoxin and NADPH-thioredoxin reductase.

1980 • 88 citations

Classification of Chemical Allergens According to Cytokine Secretion Profiles of Murine Lymph Node Cells

1997 • 87 citations

Induction of thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase gene expression in lungs of newborn primates by oxygen

1999 • 86 citations

Nitric oxide-induced inhibition of lung endothelial cell nitric oxide synthase via interaction with allosteric thiols: role of thioredoxin in regulation of catalytic activity.

1996 • 84 citations

Effect of methylated forms of selenium on cell viability and the induction of DNA strand breakage

1992 • 82 citations

Thioredoxin Reductase Mediates Cell Death Effects of the Combination of Beta Interferon and Retinoic Acid

1998 • 82 citations

Two resident ER‐proteins, CaBP1 and CaBP2, with thioredoxin domains, are substrates for thioredoxin reductase: comparison with protein disulfide isomerase

1995 • 81 citations

Solution structure of Escherichia coli glutaredoxin-2 shows similarity to mammalian glutathione-S-transferases

2001 • 80 citations

Mitochondrial thioredoxin reductase in bovine adrenal cortex

1999 • 78 citations

Thioredoxin increases the proliferation of human B-cell lines through a protein kinase C-dependent mechanism.

1994 • 77 citations

Truncated thioredoxin (Trx80) induces production of interleukin-12 and enhances CD14 expression in human monocytes

2001 • 76 citations

Expression of Selenoproteins in Various Rat and Human Tissues and Cell Lines

1997 • 75 citations

Implications of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Expression and Enzyme Activity

2000 • 72 citations

Dinitrochlorobenzene Therapy for Alopecia Areata

1978 • 72 citations

The Chemistry and Function of Lipoic Acid

1957 • 72 citations

Cellular thioredoxin reductase activity is regulated by selenium.

1997 • 72 citations

The Caenorhabditis elegans Homologue of Thioredoxin Reductase Contains a Selenocysteine Insertion Sequence (SECIS) Element That Differs from Mammalian SECIS Elements but Directs Selenocysteine Incorporation

1999 • 71 citations

AhpF Can Be Dissected into Two Functional Units: Tandem Repeats of Two Thioredoxin-like Folds in the N-Terminus Mediate Electron Transfer from the Thioredoxin Reductase-like C-Terminus to AhpC

2000 • 71 citations

Reduction of ubiquinone by lipoamide dehydrogenase

2001 • 70 citations

Reduction and transport of lipoic acid by human erythrocytes

1995 • 69 citations

Oxidative stress induces adult T cell leukemia derived factor/thioredoxin in the rat retina.

1994 • 67 citations

Aurothioglucose Inhibits Murine Thioredoxin Reductase Activity In Vivo

1999 • 67 citations

Protection Against Reperfusion-Induced Arrhythmias by Human Thioredoxin

1996 • 66 citations

CD40 function in nonhematopoietic cells. Nuclear factor kappa B mobilization and induction of IL-6 production.

1995 • 62 citations

Diminished Contact Sensitivity Response in Vitiliginous Skin

1984 • 59 citations

Water-soluble organotellurium compounds inhibit thioredoxin reductase and the growth of human cancer cells.

2000 • 57 citations

Delayed-type hypersensitivity skin testing. A review.

1983 • 56 citations

Enhanced expression of IL‐8 in normal human keratinocytes and human keratinocyte cell line HaCaT in vitro after stimulation with contact sensitizers., tolerogens and irritants

1994 • 55 citations

Loss of DNA-membrane interactions and cessation of DNA synthesis in myeloperoxidase-treated Escherichia coli.

1990 • 54 citations

GRP78, HSP72/73, and cJun Stress Protein Levels in Lung Epithelial Cells Exposed to Asbestos, Cadmium, or H 2 O 2

1998 • 52 citations

Inhibition of cellular thioredoxin reductase by diaziquone and doxorubicin. Relationship to the inhibition of cell proliferation and decreased ribonucleotide reductase activity.

1992 • 51 citations

Possible functional impairment of Langerhans' cells in vitiliginous skin. Reduced ability to elicit dinitrochlorobenzene contact sensitivity reaction and decreased stimulatory effect in the allogeneic mixed skin cell lymphocyte culture reaction

1987 • 51 citations

Oxidative stress regulates the expression and activity of transcription factor activator protein-1 in rat conceptus.

1997 • 51 citations

Evidence for a functional relevance of the selenocysteine residue in mammalian thioredoxin reductase

1997 • 50 citations

Secretion of 10-kDa and 12-kDa Thioredoxin Species from Blood Monocytes and Transformed Leukocytes

2000 • 50 citations

The stereospecific suicide inhibition of human melanoma thioredoxin reductase by 13-cis-retinoic acid

1989 • 47 citations

Treatment of the Common Wart by Induced Allergic Inflammation

1980 • 47 citations

Human eosinophil cytotoxicity-enhancing factor. II. Multiple forms synthesized by U937 cells and their relationship to thioredoxin/adult T cell leukemia-derived factor.

1991 • 46 citations

A Research Trail Over Half a Century

1995 • 45 citations

Superoxide Reductase as a Unique Defense System against Superoxide Stress in the Microaerophile Treponema pallidum

2000 • 44 citations

Thioredoxin overexpression prevents NO-induced reduction of NO synthase activity in lung endothelial cells

1998 • 43 citations

Iron release from ferritin and its sensitivity to superoxide ions differs among vertebrates

1994 • 43 citations

cDNA cloning, expression and chromosomal localization of the mouse mitochondrial thioredoxin reductase gene

1999 • 43 citations

Mechanism of Production of Toxic Oxygen Radicals by Granulocytes and Macrophages and their Function in the Inflammatory Process

1985 • 43 citations

Regulation of Interferon and Retinoic Acid-induced Cell Death Activation through Thioredoxin Reductase

2001 • 42 citations

HPLC-methods for determination of lipoic acid and its reduced form in human plasma.

1992 • 39 citations

Prominent expression of the selenoprotein thioredoxin reductase in the medullary rays of the rat kidney and thioredoxin reductase mRNA variants differing at the 5′ untranslated region

2000 • 38 citations

The mutual sparing effects of selenium and vitamin E in animal nutrition may be further explained by the discovery that mammalian thioredoxin reductase is a selenoenzyme.

1995 • 38 citations

Interaction of α-Lipoic acid enantiomers and homologues with the enzyme components of the mammalian pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

1995 • 34 citations

Vitamin C recycling and function in human monocytic U-937 cells

1999 • 33 citations

Cytokine Production by CD4+ and CD8+ T Cells in Mice following Primary Exposure to Chemical Allergens: Evidence for Functional Differentiation of T Lymphocytes in vivo

1998 • 33 citations

Pilot study of topical dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) in human immunodeficiency virus infection

1993 • 33 citations

Antioxidants and lipoprotein metabolism

1999 • 32 citations

Signals involved in the early TH1 /TH2 polarization of an immune response depending on the type of antigen

1999 • 31 citations

Increased expression of human thioredoxin/adult T cell leukemia–derived factor in Sjögren's syndrome

1996 • 31 citations

Nitric Oxide and Low-Density Lipoprotein Oxidation

1998 • 30 citations

Differential induction of cutaneous TNF-$alpha; and IL-6 by topically applied chemicals

1997 • 29 citations

Superoxide production by dinitrophenyl‐ derivatized thioredoxin reductase ‐ a model for the mechanism and correlation to immunostimulation by dinitrohalobenzenes

1999 • 29 citations

Lens-Specific Regulation of the Thioredoxin-1 Gene, but Not Thioredoxin-2, upon in Vivo Photochemical Oxidative Stress in the Emory Mouse

1999 • 29 citations

Kinetic study of the reaction of vitamin C with vitamin E radicals (tocopheroxyls) in solution

1989 • 27 citations

Clinical and immunologic evaluation of HIV-infected patients treated with dinitrochlorobenzene

1994 • 27 citations

The effect of active oxygen generated by xanthine/xanthine oxidase on genes and signal transduction in mouse epidermal JB6 cells

1995 • 26 citations

News and views on thioredoxin reductases

1999 • 24 citations

Biochemical responses of skin to allergenic and non-allergenic nitrohalobenzenes

1992 • 24 citations

TOPICAL IMMUNOTHERAPY IN DERMATOLOGY

1999 • 22 citations

Dendritic cells and dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB): a new treatment approach to AIDS

1991 • 21 citations

Inhibition of cellular thioredoxin reductase by diaziquone and doxorubicin

1992 • 21 citations

Inhibition Of Thioredoxin Reductase (E.C. 1.6.4.5.) By Antitumor Quinones

1990 • 20 citations

Induction of Interleukin-12/p40 by Superantigens in Macrophages Is Mediated by Activation of Nuclear Factor-κB

2000 • 20 citations

The mechanisms and evaluation of chemically induced allergy

1992 • 18 citations

Dinitrochlorobenzene therapy for alopecia areata

1978 • 18 citations

Topical Immune Modulation with Dinitrochlorobenzene in HIV Disease: A Controlled Trial from Brazil

1997 • 17 citations

Trafficking of neutrophils across airway epithelium is dependent upon both thioredoxin- and pertussis toxin-sensitive signaling mechanisms

2000 • 16 citations

Prominent expression of the selenoprotein thioredoxin reductase in the medullary rays of the rat kidney and thioredoxin reductase mRNA variants differing at the 5′ untranslated region

2000 • 14 citations

Analysis of interleukin 12 protein production and mRNA expression in mice exposed topically to chemical allergens

1999 • 13 citations

Delayed-type hypersensitivity skin testing. A review

1983 • 13 citations

Diminished contact sensitivity response in vitiliginous skin

1984 • 7 citations

Epidermal Cytokine mRNA Expression Induced by Hapten Differs from that Induced by Primary Irritant in Human Skin Organ Culture System

1998 • 5 citations

Deleted Work

1955 • 0 citations

Cited By (0)

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Reactive oxygen species, antioxidants, and the mammalian thioredoxin system1 1This review… (2001) – Free Radical Biology and Medicine | Metascience Observatory Explorer