The thioredoxin system—From science to clinic

Improved tools for biological sequence comparison.

1988 • 11,455 citations

Redox environment of the cell as viewed through the redox state of the glutathione disulfide/glutathione couple

2001 • 4,399 citations

Life with 6000 Genes

1996 • 4,125 citations

Missing Pieces in the NF-κB Puzzle

2002 • 3,560 citations

Protein Oxidation and Aging

1992 • 2,687 citations

Physiological functions of thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase

2000 • 2,440 citations

Effects of selenium supplementation for cancer prevention in patients with carcinoma of the skin. A randomized controlled trial. Nutritional Prevention of Cancer Study Group

1996 • 2,404 citations

Antioxidant and redox regulation of gene transcription

1996 • 1,999 citations

THIOREDOXIN

1985 • 1,885 citations

Effects of Selenium Supplementation for Cancer Prevention in Patients With Carcinoma of the Skin

1996 • 1,807 citations

Thioredoxin and Glutaredoxin Systems

1989 • 1,778 citations

The pathogenic basis of malaria

2002 • 1,750 citations

Chemistry and Biochemistry of Flavoenzymes

2018 • 1,241 citations

Activation of Hypoxia-inducible Transcription Factor Depends Primarily upon Redox-sensitive Stabilization of Its α Subunit

1996 • 1,172 citations

Activation of the OxyR Transcription Factor by Reversible Disulfide Bond Formation

1998 • 1,162 citations

REDOX REGULATION OF CELLULAR ACTIVATION

1997 • 1,121 citations

Principles of protein structure

1980 • 1,094 citations

Principles of Protein Structure

1979 • 1,090 citations

Enzymatic Synthesis of Deoxyribonucleotides

1964 • 917 citations

Redox Regulation of NF-kappa B Activation

1997 • 852 citations

AP-1 transcriptional activity is regulated by a direct association between thioredoxin and Ref-1

1997 • 836 citations

Thiordoxin regulates the DNA binding activity of NF-χB by reduction of a disulphid bond involving cysteine 62

1992 • 825 citations

Calmodulin structure refined at 1.7 Å resolution

1992 • 709 citations

Distinct effects of thioredoxin and antioxidants onthe activation of transcription factors NF-kappa B and AP-1.

1994 • 694 citations

Redox regulation of transcriptional activators

1996 • 690 citations

Rat liver thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase: purification and characterization

1982 • 610 citations

Distinct Roles of Thioredoxin in the Cytoplasm and in the Nucleus

1999 • 597 citations

Peroxiredoxins

2002 • 555 citations

Thioredoxin reductase

2000 • 543 citations

A new selenoprotein from human lung adenocarcinoma cells: purification, properties, and thioredoxin reductase activity.

1996 • 540 citations

Early Embryonic Lethality Caused by Targeted Disruption of the Mouse Thioredoxin Gene

1996 • 529 citations

Human Placenta Thioredoxin Reductase

1998 • 519 citations

Structure and mechanism of mammalian thioredoxin reductase: The active site is a redox-active selenolthiol/selenenylsulfide formed from the conserved cysteine-selenocysteine sequence

2000 • 498 citations

Antioxidant Function of Thioredoxin and Glutaredoxin Systems

2000 • 491 citations

Oxidoreductive regulation of nuclear factor kappa B. Involvement of a cellular reducing catalyst thioredoxin

1993 • 490 citations

Selenocysteine, identified as the penultimate C-terminal residue in human T-cell thioredoxin reductase, corresponds to TGA in the human placental gene.

1996 • 471 citations

Secretion of thioredoxin by normal and neoplastic cells through a leaderless secretory pathway.

1992 • 463 citations

The role of the redox protein thioredoxin in cell growth and cancer

2000 • 443 citations

The Absence of Mitochondrial Thioredoxin 2 Causes Massive Apoptosis, Exencephaly, and Early Embryonic Lethality in Homozygous Mice

2003 • 437 citations

Nuclear transcription factor-κB as a target for cancer drug development

2002 • 437 citations

Thioredoxin-dependent Redox Regulation of p53-mediated p21 Activation

1999 • 433 citations

Thioredoxin structure and mechanism: conformational changes on oxidation of the active-site sulfhydryls to a disulfide

1995 • 430 citations

Essential Role of Selenium in the Catalytic Activities of Mammalian Thioredoxin Reductase Revealed by Characterization of Recombinant Enzymes with Selenocysteine Mutations

2000 • 418 citations

In vitro and in vivo studies of methylseleninic acid: evidence that a monomethylated selenium metabolite is critical for cancer chemoprevention.

2000 • 416 citations

Redox Potentials of Glutaredoxins and Other Thiol-Disulfide Oxidoreductases of the Thioredoxin Superfamily Determined by Direct Protein-Protein Redox Equilibria

1997 • 403 citations

Substitution of the Thioredoxin System for Glutathione Reductase in Drosophila melanogaster

2001 • 394 citations

Cloning and Expression of a Novel Mammalian Thioredoxin

1997 • 391 citations

Crystal structures of reduced, oxidized, and mutated human thioredoxins: evidence for a regulatory homodimer

1996 • 376 citations

S-Nitrosoglutathione Is Cleaved by the Thioredoxin System with Liberation of Glutathione and Redox Regulating Nitric Oxide

1996 • 370 citations

Antigen-presenting dendritic cells provide the reducing extracellular microenvironment required for T lymphocyte activation

2002 • 365 citations

The thioredoxin and glutaredoxin systems are efficient electron donors to human plasma glutathione peroxidase.

1994 • 361 citations

Cellular thiols and reactive oxygen species in drug-induced apoptosis.

2001 • 341 citations

Multiple roles of the tumor suppressor p53

2002 • 335 citations

Thioredoxin reductase

2000 • 335 citations

Metallointercalation Reagents. 2-Hydroxyethanethiolato(2,2′,2″-terpyridine)-platinum(II) Monocation Binds Strongly to DNA By Intercalation

1974 • 334 citations

Reduction of Dehydroascorbate to Ascorbate by the Selenoenzyme Thioredoxin Reductase

1997 • 331 citations

Three-dimensional structure of a mammalian thioredoxin reductase: Implications for mechanism and evolution of a selenocysteine-dependent enzyme

2001 • 331 citations

Redox Regulation of Cell Signaling by Selenocysteine in Mammalian Thioredoxin Reductases

1999 • 327 citations

The catalytic mechanism of glutathione reductase as derived from x-ray diffraction analyses of reaction intermediates.

1983 • 323 citations

Properties and Biological Activities of Thioredoxins

2001 • 317 citations

Preparation and assay of mammalian thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase

1999 • 316 citations

Evidence that the endogenous heat-stable glucocorticoid receptor-activating factor is thioredoxin.

1983 • 309 citations

Selenoprotein oxidoreductase with specificity for thioredoxin and glutathione systems

2001 • 306 citations

Bridge over Troubled Waters

1999 • 294 citations

Bovine thioredoxin system. Purification of thioredoxin reductase from calf liver and thymus and studies of its function in disulfide reduction.

1977 • 294 citations

Evaluation of the in vivo antitumor activity and in vitro cytotoxic properties of auranofin, a coordinated gold compound, in murine tumor models.

1985 • 293 citations

The role of oxidative stress in HIV disease

1995 • 288 citations

Study of Gene Regulation by NF-κB and AP-1 in Response to Reactive Oxygen Intermediates

1997 • 284 citations

Adult T-cell leukemia-derived factor/thioredoxin, produced by both human T-lymphotropic virus type I- and Epstein-Barr virus-transformed lymphocytes, acts as an autocrine growth factor and synergizes with interleukin 1 and interleukin 2.

1990 • 283 citations

Selenoproteins and selenocysteine insertion system in the model plant cell system, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

2002 • 280 citations

Molecular Cloning and Characterization of a Mitochondrial Selenocysteine-containing Thioredoxin Reductase from Rat Liver

1999 • 277 citations

Protein disulfide-isomerase is a substrate for thioredoxin reductase and has thioredoxin-like activity.

1990 • 268 citations

ERp44, a novel endoplasmic reticulum folding assistant of the thioredoxin family

2002 • 266 citations

Mammalian thioredoxin reductase: Oxidation of the C-terminal cysteine/selenocysteine active site forms a thioselenide, and replacement of selenium with sulfur markedly reduces catalytic activity

2000 • 264 citations

High-resolution solution structures of oxidized and reduced Escherichia coli thioredoxin

1994 • 261 citations

Rat and Calf Thioredoxin Reductase Are Homologous to Glutathione Reductase with a Carboxyl-terminal Elongation Containing a Conserved Catalytically Active Penultimate Selenocysteine Residue

1998 • 261 citations

転写因子NF‐κBとAP‐1の活性化に及ぼすチオレドキシンと抗酸化剤の異なった効果

1994 • 259 citations

The Thioredoxin System of the Malaria Parasite Plasmodium falciparum

2000 • 246 citations

High-level expression in Escherichia coli of selenocysteine-containing rat thioredoxin reductase utilizing gene fusions with engineered bacterial-type SECIS elements and co-expression with the selA , selB and selC genes 1 1Edited by M. Gottesman

1999 • 236 citations

Methylarsenicals and Arsinothiols Are Potent Inhibitors of Mouse Liver Thioredoxin Reductase

1999 • 230 citations

Twists in Catalysis: Alternating Conformations of Escherichia coli Thioredoxin Reductase

2000 • 228 citations

The mechanism of thioredoxin reductase from human placenta is similar to the mechanisms of lipoamide dehydrogenase and glutathione reductase and is distinct from the mechanism of thioredoxin reductase from Escherichia coli

1997 • 227 citations

Direct Evidence for Catalase as the Predominant H2O2 -Removing Enzyme in Human Erythrocytes

1997 • 223 citations

Thioredoxin Reductase Activity Is Decreased by Selenium Deficiency

1997 • 220 citations

Crystal Structure of Escherichia coli Thioredoxin Reductase Refined at 2 Å Resolution

1994 • 220 citations

Disulfide‐Reductase Inhibitors as Chemotherapeutic Agents: The Design of Drugs for Trypanosomiasis and Malaria

1995 • 214 citations

Serum thioredoxin levels as a predictor of steatohepatitis in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

2002 • 214 citations

Cloning and sequencing of a human thioredoxin reductase

1995 • 211 citations

Thioredoxin regenerates proteins inactivated by oxidative stress in endothelial cells

1992 • 210 citations

Elevation of plasma thioredoxin levels in HIV-infected individuals

1996 • 209 citations

Selenodiglutathione is a highly efficient oxidant of reduced thioredoxin and a substrate for mammalian thioredoxin reductase.

1992 • 206 citations

Nucleoredoxin, Glutaredoxin, and Thioredoxin Differentially Regulate NF-κB, AP-1, and CREB Activation in HEK293 Cells

2000 • 205 citations

Discovery and characterization of a family of insecticidal neurotoxins with a rare vicinal disulfide bridge

2000 • 200 citations

Selenocysteine confers the biochemical properties characteristic of the type I iodothyronine deiodinase

1991 • 200 citations

Mammalian Thioredoxin Reductase Is Irreversibly Inhibited by Dinitrohalobenzenes by Alkylation of Both the Redox Active Selenocysteine and Its Neighboring Cysteine Residue

1998 • 199 citations

Efficient Reduction of Lipoamide and Lipoic Acid by Mammalian Thioredoxin Reductase

1996 • 195 citations

Human Mitochondrial Thioredoxin

2002 • 193 citations

The Mammalian Cytosolic Selenoenzyme Thioredoxin Reductase Reduces Ubiquinone

2003 • 192 citations

Inactivation of glutathione reductase by 2-chloroethyl nitrosourea-derived isocyanates

1978 • 188 citations

A glutathione reductase mutant of yeast accumulates high levels of oxidized glutathione and requires thioredoxin for growth.

1996 • 188 citations

Widespread expression of thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase in non-small cell lung carcinoma.

2001 • 187 citations

1-Chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene Is an Irreversible Inhibitor of Human Thioredoxin Reductase

1995 • 185 citations

Nanotransducers in cellular redox signaling: modification of thiols by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species

2002 • 183 citations

Human mitochondrial thioredoxin reductase

1999 • 178 citations

Selenocysteine-containing proteins in mammals

1999 • 178 citations

Serum thioredoxin levels as an indicator of oxidative stress in patients with hepatitis C virus infection

2000 • 177 citations

Zinc Binding and Redox Control of p53 Structure and Function

2001 • 176 citations

Thioredoxin reductase, a redox-active selenoprotein, is secreted by normal and neoplastic cells: presence in human plasma.

2000 • 176 citations

Analysis of the inhibition of mammalian thioredoxin, thioredoxin reductase, and glutaredoxin by cis -diamminedichloroplatinum (II) and its major metabolite, the glutathione-platinum complex

2001 • 176 citations

Induction of mitochondrial permeability transition by auranofin, a Gold(I)‐phosphine derivative

2002 • 173 citations

The disulfide redox system of Schistosoma mansoni and the importance of a multifunctional enzyme, thioredoxin glutathione reductase

2002 • 171 citations

Thioredoxin: a redox-regulating cellular cofactor for glucocorticoid hormone action. Cross talk between endocrine control of stress response and cellular antioxidant defense system.

1996 • 170 citations

Rapid Induction of Cell Death by Selenium-compromised Thioredoxin Reductase 1 but Not by the Fully Active Enzyme Containing Selenocysteine

2003 • 169 citations

Electrophilic Prostaglandins and Lipid Aldehydes Repress Redox-sensitive Transcription Factors p53 and Hypoxia-inducible Factor by Impairing the Selenoprotein Thioredoxin Reductase

2003 • 164 citations

Thioredoxin and related proteins in procaryotes

1988 • 161 citations

Overexpressed Human Mitochondrial Thioredoxin Confers Resistance to Oxidant-induced Apoptosis in Human Osteosarcoma Cells

2002 • 159 citations

Proof that the endogenous, heat-stable glucocorticoid receptor-activating factor is thioredoxin.

1985 • 158 citations

Immunohistochemical localization of thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase in adult rats.

1985 • 158 citations

Screening trial with the coordinated gold compound auranofin using mouse lymphocyte leukemia P388.

1981 • 156 citations

The Mitochondrial Thioredoxin System

2000 • 155 citations

Characterization of Sptrx, a Novel Member of the Thioredoxin Family Specifically Expressed in Human Spermatozoa

2001 • 153 citations

Prions: health scare and biological challenge

2001 • 153 citations

Tissue distribution and subcellular localization of bovine thioredoxin determined by radioimmunoassay

1978 • 150 citations

Cloning, Expression, and Characterization of a NovelEscherichia coli Thioredoxin

1997 • 148 citations

Cell growth stimulation by the redox protein thioredoxin occurs by a novel helper mechanism.

1995 • 147 citations

Mechanism and structure of thioredoxin reductase from Escherichia coli

1995 • 147 citations

Trypanothione reductase from Trypanosoma cruzi

1989 • 146 citations

Human Thioredoxin Reductase Is Efficiently Inhibited by (2,2‘:6‘,2‘ ‘-Terpyridine)platinum(II) Complexes. Possible Implications for a Novel Antitumor Strategy

2001 • 142 citations

The predicted amino acid sequence of human thioredoxin is identical to that of the autocrine growth factor human adult T-cell derived factor (ADF): Thioredoxin mRNA is elevated in some human tumors

1994 • 141 citations

Purification of Mitochondrial Thioredoxin Reductase and Its Involvement in the Redox Regulation of Membrane Permeability

1998 • 140 citations

An NADP/thioredoxin system in leaves: Purification and characterization of NADP-thioredoxin reductase and thioredoxin h from spinach

1988 • 136 citations

Thioredoxin or glutaredoxin in Escherichia coli is essential for sulfate reduction but not for deoxyribonucleotide synthesis

1990 • 135 citations

Mechanisms of Inhibition of the Thioredoxin Growth Factor System by Antitumor 2-Imidazolyl Disulfides

1998 • 134 citations

Up-regulation of thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase in human malignant pleural mesothelioma

2001 • 129 citations

NK-lysin, a Disulfide-containing Effector Peptide of T-lymphocytes, Is Reduced and Inactivated by Human Thioredoxin Reductase

1996 • 127 citations

Localization of the thioredoxin system in normal rat kidney

2001 • 125 citations

Possible involvement of thioredoxin reductase as well as thioredoxin in cellular sensitivity to cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II)

1999 • 122 citations

Contrasting Patterns of Regulation of the Antioxidant Selenoproteins, Thioredoxin Reductase, and Glutathione Peroxidase, in Cancer Cells

1998 • 121 citations

Lipoamide Dehydrogenase, Glutathione Reductase, Thioredoxin Reductase, and Thioredoxin

1967 • 121 citations

Peroxiredoxin I expression in human thyroid tumors

1999 • 120 citations

Thioredoxin Facilitates the Induction of Heme Oxygenase-1 in Response to Inflammatory Mediators

2000 • 120 citations

Ascorbate function and metabolism in the human erythrocyte

1998 • 120 citations

The mechanism of action of the nitrosourea anti-tumor drugs on thioredoxin reductase, glutathione reductase and ribonucleotide reductase

1990 • 119 citations

Isomers in Thioredoxins of Spinach Chloroplasts

1981 • 118 citations

The diversity and evolution of thioredoxin reductase: new perspectives

2002 • 118 citations

Expression of the thioredoxin-thioredoxin reductase system in the inflamed joints of patients with rheumatoid arthritis

1999 • 115 citations

Thioredoxin Reductase

1967 • 114 citations

Cloning, sequencing and functional expression of a novel human thioredoxin reductase

1999 • 113 citations

Interaction of Gold(I) with the Active Site of Selenium-Glutathione Peroxidase

1984 • 111 citations

Determination of Thioredoxin Reductase Activity in Rat Liver Supernatant

1997 • 110 citations

Impact of a Selenium Chemoprevention Clinical Trial on Hospital Admissions of HIV-Infected Participants

2002 • 110 citations

(2,2‘:6‘,2‘ ‘-Terpyridine)platinum(II) Complexes Are Irreversible Inhibitors ofTrypanosomacruziTrypanothione Reductase But Not of Human Glutathione Reductase

2000 • 109 citations

Levels of major selenoproteins in T cells decrease during HIV infection and low molecular mass selenium compounds increase

1999 • 108 citations

Cooperative action of antioxidant defense systems in Drosophila

2001 • 106 citations

Thioredoxin Reductase Is Essential for the Survival ofPlasmodium falciparum Erythrocytic Stages

2002 • 106 citations

Identification of a Novel Thioredoxin-related Transmembrane Protein

2001 • 105 citations

Mitochondrial Uptake and Recycling of Ascorbic Acid

2001 • 105 citations

Heterogeneity within Animal Thioredoxin Reductases

2001 • 101 citations

JPDI, a Novel Endoplasmic Reticulum-resident Protein Containing Both a BiP-interacting J-domain and Thioredoxin-like Motifs

2003 • 101 citations

Deletion of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae TRR1 Gene Encoding Thioredoxin Reductase Inhibits p53-dependent Reporter Gene Expression

1998 • 100 citations

Redox regulation of thyroid-transcription factors, Pax-8 and TTF-1, is involved in their increased DNA-binding activities by thyrotropin in rat thyroid FRTL-5 cells.

1996 • 100 citations

AP‐1 DNA‐binding activity is inhibited by selenite and selenodiglutathione

1995 • 99 citations

Effects of selenium and zinc supplementation on nutritional status in patients with cancer of digestive tract

2001 • 98 citations

Subunit Association and DNA Binding Activity of the Heterotrimeric Transcription Factor NF-Y Is Regulated by Cellular Redox

1996 • 97 citations

Purification of human thioredoxin reductase: Properties and characterization by absorption and circular dichroism spectroscopy

1993 • 96 citations

Elevated serum level of thioredoxin in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.

1998 • 94 citations

Diaryl chalcogenides as selective inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase and potential antitumor agents.

1998 • 92 citations

Enzyme-Dependent Ascorbate Recycling in Human Erythrocytes: Role of Thioredoxin Reductase

1998 • 91 citations

The in vitro antimicrobial effect of azelaic acid

1986 • 91 citations

Sptrx‐2, a fusion protein composed of one thioredoxin and three tandemly repeated NDP‐kinase domains is expressed in human testis germ cells

2001 • 91 citations

Differential expression of selenoproteins by human skin cells and protection by selenium from UVB-radiation-induced cell death

1998 • 89 citations

Enzymatic reduction of alloxan by thioredoxin and NADPH-thioredoxin reductase.

1980 • 88 citations

Interaction of a glutathione S‐conjugate with glutathione reductase Kinetic and X‐ray crystallographic studies

1984 • 86 citations

Induction of thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase gene expression in lungs of newborn primates by oxygen

1999 • 86 citations

Thioredoxin Expression and Localization in Human Cell Lines: Detection of Full-Length and Truncated Species

1997 • 84 citations

Human Thioredoxin Homodimers: Regulation by pH, Role of Aspartate 60, and Crystal Structure of the Aspartate 60 → Asparagine Mutant^,

1997 • 83 citations

Mitochondrial and Cytoplasmic Thioredoxin Reductase Variants Encoded by a Single Drosophila Gene Are Both Essential for Viability

2002 • 83 citations

The Preparation and Properties of Gel-Filtered Rabbit-Reticulocyte Lysate Protein-Synthesis Systems

1983 • 83 citations

Free Radical Reduction Mechanisms in Mouse Epidermis Skin Homogenates

1989 • 82 citations

Methylseleninate Is a Substrate Rather Than an Inhibitor of Mammalian Thioredoxin Reductase

2002 • 82 citations

Thioredoxin-2 but Not Thioredoxin-1 Is a Substrate of Thioredoxin Peroxidase-1 from Drosophila melanogaster

2002 • 82 citations

Two resident ER‐proteins, CaBP1 and CaBP2, with thioredoxin domains, are substrates for thioredoxin reductase: comparison with protein disulfide isomerase

1995 • 81 citations

Interleukin Iβ and thioredoxin are secreted through a novel pathway of secretion

1991 • 80 citations

The Thioredoxin System of Helicobacter pylori

2000 • 80 citations

Expression of thioredoxin is enhanced in atherosclerotic plaques and during neointima formation in rat arteries.

1998 • 80 citations

Sources of NADPH and Expression of Mammalian NADP+-specific Isocitrate Dehydrogenases in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

1998 • 78 citations

Function of Thioredoxin Reductase as a Peroxynitrite Reductase Using Selenocystine or Ebselen

1999 • 77 citations

Azelaic acid as a competitive inhibitor of thioredoxin reductase in human melanoma cells

1987 • 77 citations

Thioredoxin increases the proliferation of human B-cell lines through a protein kinase C-dependent mechanism.

1994 • 77 citations

The thioredoxin/thioredoxin reductase redox system and control of cell growth.

1994 • 76 citations

Truncated thioredoxin (Trx80) induces production of interleukin-12 and enhances CD14 expression in human monocytes

2001 • 76 citations

Differential effects of selenium on the growth of mouse mammary cells in vitro

1981 • 76 citations

Localization of Thioredoxin Reductase and Thioredoxin in Normal Human Placenta and Their Protective Effect Against Oxidative Stress

1999 • 76 citations

Thioredoxins: universal, yet specific thiol-disulfide redox cofactors.

1995 • 76 citations

Thioredoxin-Linked Peroxidase from Human Red Blood Cell: Evidence for the Existence of Thioredoxin and Thioredoxin Reductase in Human Red Blood Cell

1995 • 76 citations

Glutathione Peroxidase

1988 • 76 citations

The thioredoxin system of Plasmodium falciparum and other parasites

2002 • 75 citations

Inhibition of human glutathione reductase by the nitrosourea drugs 1,3‐bis(2‐chloroethyl)‐1‐nitrosourea and 1‐(2‐chloroethyl)‐3‐(2‐hydroxyethyl)‐1‐nitrosourea

1988 • 74 citations

A Stable Mixed Disulfide between Thioredoxin Reductase and Its Substrate, Thioredoxin: Preparation and Characterization

1996 • 74 citations

The Dileucine-Based Sorting Motif in HIV-1 Nef Is Not Required for Down-Regulation of Class I MHC

1999 • 73 citations

Drug-resistant human lung cancer cells are more sensitive to selenium cytotoxicity

2002 • 73 citations

Identification and Functional Characterization of Thioredoxin from Trypanosoma brucei brucei

2000 • 73 citations

Evidence that Cysteine, not Selenocysteine, is in the Catalytic Site of Type II Iodothyronine Deiodinase

1991 • 72 citations

A possible mechanism of action for azelaic acid in the human epidermis

1990 • 72 citations

A mutation in a thioredoxin reductase homolog suppresses p53-induced growth inhibition in the fission yeastSchizosaccharomyces pombe

1996 • 71 citations

Selenium and the thioredoxin redox system: effects on cell growth and death.

1997 • 71 citations

Thioredoxin prolongs survival of B-type chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells

2000 • 70 citations

[22] Selenite and selenodiglutathione: Reactions with thioredoxin systems

1995 • 70 citations

Aurothioglucose Inhibits Murine Thioredoxin Reductase Activity In Vivo

1999 • 67 citations

The Mechanism of High M r Thioredoxin Reductase from Drosophila melanogaster

2003 • 66 citations

Protection Against Reperfusion-Induced Arrhythmias by Human Thioredoxin

1996 • 66 citations

A thioredoxin — Thioredoxin reductase system from rat tumor

1967 • 65 citations

Methylseleninic acid, a potent growth inhibitor of synchronized mouse mammary epithelial tumor cells in vitro

2001 • 65 citations

Mechanism-based inhibition of thioredoxin reductase by antitumor quinoid compounds

1992 • 64 citations

The 58 kDa mouse selenoprotein is a BCNU‐sensitive thioredoxin reductase

1997 • 62 citations

Human eosinophil cytotoxicity-enhancing factor. Eosinophil-stimulating and dithiol reductase activities of biosynthetic (recombinant) species with COOH-terminal deletions.

1993 • 62 citations

Opposing regulatory effects of thioredoxin and eosinophil cytotoxicity-enhancing factor on the development of human immunodeficiency virus 1.

1994 • 62 citations

Increased expression of thioredoxin/adult T-cell leukemia-derived factor in cisplatin-resistant human cancer cell lines.

1996 • 61 citations

Characterization of the Active Center of Thioredoxin Reductase

1967 • 61 citations

Redox regulation of thyroid-transcription factors, Pax-8 and TTF-1, is involved in their increased DNA-binding activities by thyrotropin in rat thyroid FRTL-5 cells

1996 • 61 citations

Human Placenta Thioredoxin Reductase: Preparation and Inhibitor Studies

2002 • 61 citations

Liver and kidney necrosis in selenium-deficient rats depleted of glutathione.

1995 • 60 citations

T7-induced DNA polymerase. Requirement for thioredoxin sulfhydryl groups.

1983 • 60 citations

Thioredoxin expression in primary T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and its therapeutic implication.

2001 • 60 citations

Epirubicin and etoposide combination chemotherapy to treat hepatocellular carcinoma patients: a phase II study

1997 • 60 citations

Identification of a 57-Kilodalton Selenoprotein in Human Thyrocytes as Thioredoxin Reductase and Evidence That Its Expression Is Regulated through the Calcium-Phosphoinositol Signaling Pathway¹

1998 • 60 citations

Studies on Thioredoxin Reductase from Escherichia coli B. The Relation of Structure and Function

1968 • 59 citations

Possible Roles of an Adult T-Cell Leukemia (ATL)-Derived Factor/Thioredoxin in the Drug Resistance of ATL to Adriamycin

1997 • 59 citations

The Use of Affinity Chromatography on 2'5' ADP-Sepharose Reveals a Requirement for NADPH, Thioredoxin and Thioredoxin Reductase for the Maintenance of High Protein Synthesis Activity in Rabbit Reticulocyte Lysates

1983 • 58 citations

Redox Modulation of AP-2 DNA Binding Activityin Vitro

1998 • 58 citations

Water-soluble organotellurium compounds inhibit thioredoxin reductase and the growth of human cancer cells.

2000 • 57 citations

Identification of molecules involved in the 'early pregnancy factor' phenomenon

1991 • 57 citations

Recombinant putative glutathione reductase of Plasmodium falciparum exhibits thioredoxin reductase activity

1996 • 57 citations

New inhibitors of the thioredoxin–thioredoxin reductase system based on a naphthoquinone spiroketal natural product lead

2001 • 56 citations

Dysregulation of Adult T-Cell Leukemia-Derived Factor (ADF)/Thioredoxin in HIV Infection: Loss of ADF High-Producer Cells in Lymphoid Tissues of AIDS Patients

1992 • 54 citations

Upregulation of thioredoxin (TRX) expression in giant cell myocarditis in rats

2000 • 52 citations

Inhibition of cellular thioredoxin reductase by diaziquone and doxorubicin. Relationship to the inhibition of cell proliferation and decreased ribonucleotide reductase activity.

1992 • 51 citations

Glutaredoxins catalyze the reduction of glutathione by dihydrolipoamide with high efficiency

2002 • 51 citations

[15] 1,3-Bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea as Thiol-carbamoylating agent in biological Systems

1995 • 51 citations

Inhibition of Human Glutathione Reductase by 10-Arylisoalloxazines: Crystallographic, Kinetic, and Electrochemical Studies

1996 • 51 citations

Thioredoxin reductase is the major selenoprotein expressed in human umbilical-vein endothelial cells and is regulated by protein kinase C

1999 • 50 citations

Evidence for a functional relevance of the selenocysteine residue in mammalian thioredoxin reductase

1997 • 50 citations

Non‐animal origin of animal thioredoxin reductases: Implications for selenocysteine evolution and evolution of protein function through carboxy‐terminal extensions

2003 • 50 citations

Thioredoxin Inhibits Tumor Necrosis Factor- or Interleukin-1-Induced NF-κB Activation at a Level Upstream of NF-κB-Inducing Kinase

2000 • 50 citations

Protective effect of thioredoxin upon NO-mediated cell injury in THP1 monocytic human cells

2000 • 49 citations

Cell line-directed screening assay for inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase signaling as potential anti-cancer drugs.

1997 • 48 citations

The stereospecific suicide inhibition of human melanoma thioredoxin reductase by 13-cis-retinoic acid

1989 • 47 citations

Thermal Denaturation of Escherichia coli Thioredoxin Studied by Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange and Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry: Monitoring a Two-State Protein Unfolding Transition

1998 • 47 citations

A thioredoxin reductase-class of disulphide reductase in the protozoan parasite Giardia duodenalis

1996 • 46 citations

A BOD biosensor based on a microorganism immobilized on an Al2O3 sol–gel matrix

2002 • 46 citations

Immunohistochemical localization of adult T-cell leukaemia-derived factor, a human thioredoxin homologue, in human fetal tissues

1991 • 46 citations

Serum thioredoxin elucidates the significance of serum ferritin as a marker of oxidative stress in chronic liver diseases

2001 • 45 citations

The role of the C‐terminus for catalysis of the large thioredoxin reductase from Plasmodium falciparum

1998 • 45 citations

Characterization and primary structure of a second thioredoxin from the green alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

1991 • 45 citations

cDNA cloning, expression and chromosomal localization of the mouse mitochondrial thioredoxin reductase gene

1999 • 43 citations

The role of calcium in the regulation of free radical reduction by thioredoxin reductase at the surface of the skin

1986 • 43 citations

Identification by differential display PCR of the selenoprotein thioredoxin reductase as a 1α,25(OH)_2‐vitamin D_3‐responsive gene in human osteoblasts — regulation by selenite

1998 • 43 citations

Identification of a 57-Kilodalton Selenoprotein in Human Thyrocytes as Thioredoxin Reductase and Evidence That Its Expression Is Regulated through the Calcium-Phosphoinositol Signaling Pathway

1998 • 42 citations

Developmental Expression of Spermatid-Specific Thioredoxin-1 Protein: Transient Association to the Longitudinal Columns of the Fibrous Sheath During Sperm Tail Formation1

2002 • 42 citations

EF-hands calcium binding regulates the thioredoxin reductase/thioredoxin electron transfer in human keratinocytes

1989 • 42 citations

Calcium-Dependent Oxidation of Thioredoxin during Cellular Growth Initiation

2002 • 40 citations

Unique gene organization of thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase in Mycobacterium leprae

1995 • 40 citations

Human Thioredoxin Reductase Gene Localization to Chromosomal Position 12q23–q24.1 and mRNA Distribution in Human Tissue

1996 • 40 citations

Serum Malondialdehyde in HIV Seropositive Children

1998 • 39 citations

Inhibition of reperfusion injury by human thioredoxin (adult T-cell leukemia-derived factor) in canine lung transplantation

1994 • 39 citations

Formation and properties of mixed disulfides between thioredoxin reductase from Escherichia coli and thioredoxin: Evidence that cysteine‐138 functions to initiate dithiol‐disulfide interchange and to accept the reducing equivalent from reduced flavin

1998 • 38 citations

Possible regulation of the in vitro assembly of bovine brain tubulin by the bovine thioredoxin system

1991 • 38 citations

Prominent expression of the selenoprotein thioredoxin reductase in the medullary rays of the rat kidney and thioredoxin reductase mRNA variants differing at the 5′ untranslated region

2000 • 38 citations

Modulation of p53 dependent gene expression and cell death through thioredoxin-thioredoxin reductase by the Interferon-Retinoid combination

2001 • 38 citations

The Isolation and Primary Structure of a Peptide Containing the Oxidation-Reduction Active Cystine of Escherichia coli Thioredoxin Reductase

1972 • 38 citations

GSH Is Required to Recycle Ascorbic Acid in Cultured Liver Cell Lines

2001 • 37 citations

Successful Immunoglobulin Treatment for Fulminant Myocarditis and Serial Analysis of Serum Thioredoxin. A Case Report.

2002 • 37 citations

Thioredoxin reductase-mediated hydrogen transfer from Escherichia coli thioredoxin-(SH)2 to phage T4 thioredoxin-S2.

1975 • 37 citations

Thioredoxin Reductase Activity in Rat Liver Is Not Affected by Supranutritional Levels of Monomethylated Selenium In Vivo and Is Inhibited Only by High Levels of Selenium In Vitro

2001 • 35 citations

Characterization of Two Thioredoxins in Pig Heart Including a New Mitochondrial Protein

1991 • 34 citations

Vitamin K epoxide and quinone reductase activities

1990 • 34 citations

Deoxyribonucleoside Triphosphate Pools and Growth of Glutathione-Depleted 3T6 Mouse Fibroblasts

1996 • 34 citations

[26] Effects of thioredoxin on activation of transcription factor NF-κB

1995 • 34 citations

Human spermatid‐specific thioredoxin‐1 (Sptrx‐1) is a two‐domain protein with oxidizing activity

2002 • 33 citations

Detection of Membrane Associated Thioredoxin on Human Cell Lines

1997 • 33 citations

Effect of Recombinant Human Adult T Cell Leukemia-Derived Factor on Rat Lung Reperfusion Injury

1994 • 33 citations

Pathogenesis of the joint disease of rheumatoid arthritis

1983 • 33 citations

Purification and Functional Analysis of the Mycobacterium leprae Thioredoxin/Thioredoxin Reductase Hybrid Protein

1995 • 32 citations

Thioredoxin–thioredoxin reductase – a system that has come of age

2000 • 32 citations

FAD analogues as prosthetic groups of human glutathione reductase

1985 • 31 citations

Increased expression of human thioredoxin/adult T cell leukemia–derived factor in Sjögren's syndrome

1996 • 31 citations

Is thioredoxin the physiological vitamin K epoxide reducing agent?

1992 • 31 citations

The activity and purification of membrane-associated thioredoxin reductase from human metastatic melanotic melanoma

1988 • 31 citations

Increased levels of cytosolic thioredoxin reductase activity and mRNA in rat liver nodules

2001 • 30 citations

Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Tat Protein Impairs Selenoglutathione Peroxidase Expression and Activity by a Mechanism Independent of Cellular Selenium Uptake: Consequences on Cellular Resistance to UV-A Radiation

2001 • 30 citations

Enzyme-Monitored Turnover of Escherichia coli Thioredoxin Reductase: Insights for Catalysis

1996 • 30 citations

Redox regulation by thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase

2000 • 30 citations

Cell cycle inhibition of HTLV-I transformed T cell lines by retinoic acid: the possible therapeutic use of thioredoxin reductase inhibitors.

1995 • 30 citations

Site-directed mutagenesis of human thioredoxin. Identification of cysteine 74 as critical to its function in the “early pregnancy factor” system.

1993 • 29 citations

Human thioredoxin attenuates hypoxia-reoxygenation injury of murine endothelial cells in a thiol-free condition

2000 • 29 citations

Selenoprotein expression in endothelial cells from different human vasculature and species

2002 • 29 citations

Superoxide production by dinitrophenyl‐ derivatized thioredoxin reductase ‐ a model for the mechanism and correlation to immunostimulation by dinitrohalobenzenes

1999 • 29 citations

Ultrastructural demonstration of thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase in rat hepatocytes.

1988 • 28 citations

The Amino Acid Sequence of a Peptide Containing the Active Center Disulfide of Thioredoxin Reductase from Escherichia coli

1971 • 28 citations

Anthralin Inhibits Elevated Levels of Thioredoxin Reductase in Psoriasis

1987 • 28 citations

Calcium regulates thioredoxin reductase in human metastatic melanoma

1989 • 27 citations

The Amino Acid Sequence of a Peptide Containing the Active Center Disulfide of Thioredoxin Reductase from Escherichia coli

1970 • 27 citations

Cloning, expression and characterization of mouse spermatid specific thioredoxin-1 gene and protein

2002 • 27 citations

Reversible inhibition of human thioredoxin reductase activity by cytotoxic alkyl 2-imidazolyl disulfide analogues

1994 • 26 citations

Human IgG is substrate for the thioredoxin system: differential cleavage pattern of interchain disulfide bridges in IgG subclasses

1997 • 25 citations

Thioredoxin, a mediator of growth inhibition, maps to 9q31

1995 • 25 citations

Genomic Organization and Identification of a Novel Alternative Splicing Variant of Mouse Mitochondrial Thioredoxin Reductase (TrxR2) Gene

2002 • 25 citations

The Function of Thioredoxin and Glutathione in Deoxyribonucleic Acid Synthesis

1977 • 25 citations

Immunolocalization of thioredoxin and glutaredoxin in mammalian hypophysis

1992 • 25 citations

Thioredoxin, glutaredoxin, and thioredoxin reductase from cultured HeLa cells.

1981 • 25 citations

News and views on thioredoxin reductases

1999 • 24 citations

Different cellular distribution of thioredoxin and subunit M1 of ribonucleotide reductase in rat tissues

1986 • 24 citations

Functional glutaredoxin (thioltransferase) activity in rat brain and liver mitochondria

2002 • 24 citations

Thioredoxin Reductase Activity in Hermansky-Pudlak Syndrome: A Method for Identification of Putative Heterozygotes

1988 • 23 citations

Mutational Analysis of Human Thioredoxin Reductase 1

2002 • 22 citations

Bromination Studies of the 2,3-Dimethylnaphthazarin Core Allowing Easy Access to Naphthazarin Derivatives

2001 • 21 citations

Immunohistochemical localization of thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase in mouse exocrine and endocrine pancreas

1986 • 21 citations

Purification and characterization of yeast thioredoxin reductase

1973 • 21 citations

Inhibition of cellular thioredoxin reductase by diaziquone and doxorubicin

1992 • 21 citations

Inhibition Of Thioredoxin Reductase (E.C. 1.6.4.5.) By Antitumor Quinones

1990 • 20 citations

Thioredoxin reductase from Escherichia coli: Evidence of restriction to a single conformation upon formation of a crosslink between engineered cysteines

1998 • 20 citations

Oxidation-reduction properties of Escherichia coli thioredoxin reductase altered at each active site cysteine residue.

1992 • 20 citations

Thioredoxin converts the Syrian hamster (29-231) recombinant prion protein to an insoluble form

2001 • 19 citations

Nitric oxide-induced reduction of lung cell and whole lung thioredoxin expression is regulated by NF-κB

1999 • 19 citations

Speciation and subcellular location of Se-containing proteins in human liver studied by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and hydride generation-atomic fluorescence spectrometric detection

2001 • 18 citations

Parallel syntheses of disulfide inhibitors of the thioredoxin redox system as potential antitumor agents.

1999 • 18 citations

Computational Analysis of the Thermal Stability in Thioredoxins: A Molecular Dynamics Approach

1998 • 17 citations

Autoantibody to Thioredoxin Reductase in an Ovarian Cancer Patient

1998 • 16 citations

Redox Regulation of Cell Signaling by Thioredoxin Reductases

2002 • 16 citations

Isolation and characterization of different forms of thioredoxins from the green alga Acetabularia mediterranea: Identification of an NADP/thioredoxin system in the extrachloroplastic fraction

1992 • 15 citations

Prominent expression of the selenoprotein thioredoxin reductase in the medullary rays of the rat kidney and thioredoxin reductase mRNA variants differing at the 5′ untranslated region

2000 • 14 citations

The mechanisms of chronicity in hepatitis C virus infection

1998 • 14 citations

Thioredoxin Reductase−Thioredoxin Fusion Enzyme from Mycobacterium leprae: Comparison with the Separately Expressed Thioredoxin Reductase

1998 • 13 citations

A mutation in a thioredoxin reductase homolog suppresses p53-induced growth inhibition in the fission yeast

1996 • 13 citations

On the geometry of leukocyte NADPH‐oxidase, a membrane flavoenzyme

1983 • 13 citations

Protective effect of thioredoxin upon NO-mediated cell injury in THP1 monocytic human cells

2000 • 12 citations

Isolation and identification of selenium-labeled proteins in the mouse kidney.

1996 • 12 citations

Protective role of selenium against the toxicity of multi-drug chemotherapy in patients with ovarian cancer.

2000 • 12 citations

[<sup>3</sup>H]-13-<i>cis</i>-Retinoic Acid Covalently Binds to Thioredoxin Reductase in Human Keratinocytes

1991 • 12 citations

Oxidative DNA base damage in lymphocytes of HIV-infected drug users

1999 • 12 citations

Anthralin inhibits elevated levels of thioredoxin reductase in psoriasis. A new mode of action for this drug

1987 • 11 citations

Bacterial and mammalian thioredoxin systems activate iodothyronine 5′-deiodination

1988 • 11 citations

Serum Malondialdehyde Correlates with Therapeutic Efficiency of High Activity Antiretroviral Therapies (HAART) in HIV-1 Infected Children

2002 • 11 citations

A method to determine the carbamoylating potential of 1-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosoureas.

1987 • 11 citations

The heat-stable cytosolic factor that promotes glucocorticoid receptor binding to DNA is neither thioredoxin nor ribonuclease

1987 • 10 citations

Immunchemotherapie des malignen Melanoms

1998 • 10 citations

Selenium supplementation decreases the pro-oxidant and cardiotoxicity effects of adriamycin in the rat

1996 • 9 citations

Effect of auranofin on cytokine induced secretion of granule proteins from adherent human neutrophils in vitro.

1991 • 7 citations

Effect of Gold(I) Compounds on the Virulence of an Amyocarditic Strain of Coxsackievirus B3

2001 • 6 citations

Thymic interdigitating cells express thioredoxin (TRX/ADF): an immunohistochemical study of 82 thymus and thymoma samples.

1997 • 5 citations

Interleukin-2 Receptor-Inducing Factor(s) in Adult T Cell Leukemia

1987 • 4 citations

Untitled

1997 • 4 citations

Thioredoxin and Protein Nitrotyrosine in Bone Marrow Supernatant from Patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

2002 • 3 citations

Addendum: Amino Acid Composition of Thioredoxin Reductase from Escherichia coli B

1968 • 3 citations

Validity of the 'bioassay' for thioredoxin-reductase activity

1988 • 2 citations

[Adult T-cell leukemia derived factor/human thioredoxin (ADF/hTx)].

1990 • 1 citations