The Dopamine Hypothesis of Drug Addiction: Hypodopaminergic State

A Neural Substrate of Prediction and Reward

1997 • 8,991 citations

The neural basis of drug craving: An incentive-sensitization theory of addiction

1993 • 7,074 citations

Goodman and Gilman's the Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics

1986 • 6,964 citations

Drugs abused by humans preferentially increase synaptic dopamine concentrations in the mesolimbic system of freely moving rats.

1988 • 4,617 citations

Predictive Reward Signal of Dopamine Neurons

1998 • 4,446 citations

What is the role of dopamine in reward: hedonic impact, reward learning, or incentive salience?

1998 • 3,973 citations

Stereotaxic Mapping of the Monoamine Pathways in the Rat Brain*

1971 • 3,816 citations

Positive reinforcement produced by electrical stimulation of septal area and other regions of rat brain.

1954 • 3,047 citations

The self-medication hypothesis of addictive disorders: focus on heroin and cocaine dependence

1985 • 2,357 citations

FUNCTIONAL SIGNIFICANCE OF CELL SIZE IN SPINAL MOTONEURONS

1965 • 2,210 citations

Cocaine Receptors on Dopamine Transporters Are Related to Self-Administration of Cocaine

1987 • 2,189 citations

Drugs of abuse: anatomy, pharmacology and function of reward pathways

1992 • 2,091 citations

Dopamine transmission in the initiation and expression of drug- and stress-induced sensitization of motor activity

1991 • 2,025 citations

The molecular logic of endocannabinoid signalling

2003 • 1,898 citations

Molecular basis of long-term plasticity underlying addiction

2001 • 1,831 citations

Goodman and Gilman's the Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics

2002 • 1,776 citations

Opioids excite dopamine neurons by hyperpolarization of local interneurons

1992 • 1,585 citations

[Drug addiction and drug abuse].

1969 • 1,466 citations

The control of firing pattern in nigral dopamine neurons: burst firing

1984 • 1,326 citations

Molecular and Cellular Basis of Addiction

1997 • 1,324 citations

Acetylcholine receptors containing the β2 subunit are involved in the reinforcing properties of nicotine

1998 • 1,304 citations

Progressive ratio schedules in drug self-administration studies in rats: a method to evaluate reinforcing efficacy

1996 • 1,301 citations

Addiction and the brain: The neurobiology of compulsion and its persistence

2001 • 1,284 citations

Dopaminergic neurons: effect of antipsychotic drugs and amphetamine on single cell activity.

1973 • 1,272 citations

Measuring reward with the conditioned place preference paradigm: a comprehensive review of drug effects, recent progress and new issues

1998 • 1,247 citations

PSD-95 Involvement in Maturation of Excitatory Synapses

2000 • 1,238 citations

Neurobehavioural mechanisms of reward and motivation

1996 • 1,177 citations

The organization of the ascending catecholamine neuron systems in the rat brain as revealed by the glyoxylic acid fluorescence method.

1974 • 1,130 citations

Dissociable Deficits in the Decision-Making Cognition of Chronic Amphetamine Abusers, Opiate Abusers, Patients with Focal Damage to Prefrontal Cortex, and Tryptophan-Depleted Normal Volunteers Evidence for Monoaminergic Mechanisms

1999 • 1,094 citations

Evidence for Addiction-like Behavior in the Rat

2004 • 1,089 citations

Single cocaine exposure in vivo induces long-term potentiation in dopamine neurons

2001 • 1,084 citations

Neurobiology of addiction

1996 • 1,082 citations

Cannabinoid and Heroin Activation of Mesolimbic Dopamine Transmission by a Common µ ₁ Opioid Receptor Mechanism

1997 • 1,078 citations

EXCITABILITY AND INHIBITIBILITY OF MOTONEURONS OF DIFFERENT SIZES

1965 • 1,077 citations

Dopamine in drug abuse and addiction: results from imaging studies and treatment implications

2004 • 1,059 citations

Distribution of alpha2, alpha3, alpha4, and beta2 neuronal nicotinic receptor subunit mRNAs in the central nervous system: A hybridization histochemical study in the rat

1989 • 1,049 citations

Ventral tegmental (A10) system: neurobiology. 1. Anatomy and connectivity

1987 • 1,003 citations

Neuropsychopharmacology: The Fifth Generation of Progress

2002 • 990 citations

The dopamine hypothesis of reward: past and current status

1999 • 981 citations

Nucleus accumbens shell and core dopamine: differential role in behavior and addiction

2002 • 957 citations

Cholinergic systems in mammalian brain and spinal cord

1991 • 942 citations

Intracellular and extracellular electrophysiology of nigral dopaminergic neurons—1. Identification and characterization

1983 • 925 citations

Substance Abuse: A Comprehensive Textbook

1992 • 890 citations

Projections from the Rat Prefrontal Cortex to the Ventral Tegmental Area: Target Specificity in the Synaptic Associations with Mesoaccumbens and Mesocortical Neurons

2000 • 872 citations

μ-Opioid receptor desensitization by β-arrestin-2 determines morphine tolerance but not dependence

2000 • 869 citations

Tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive boutons in synaptic contact with identified striatonigral neurons, with particular reference to dendritic spines

1984 • 866 citations

A cellular mechanism of reward-related learning

2001 • 863 citations

Intravenous cocaine, morphine, and amphetamine preferentially increase extracellular dopamine in the "shell" as compared with the "core" of the rat nucleus accumbens.

1995 • 857 citations

The control of firing pattern in nigral dopamine neurons: single spike firing

1984 • 856 citations

Prefrontal cortical efferents in the rat synapse on unlabeled neuronal targets of catecholamine terminals in the nucleus accumbens septi and on dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area

1992 • 832 citations

Amphetamine: Effects on Catecholamine Systems and Behavior

1993 • 826 citations

Self-administration of psychoactive substances by the monkey

1969 • 807 citations

Low doses of ethanol activate dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area

1985 • 788 citations

Uniform Inhibition of Dopamine Neurons in the Ventral Tegmental Area by Aversive Stimuli

2004 • 778 citations

Addictive Drugs and Brain Stimulation Reward

1996 • 777 citations

Nicotine activates and desensitizes midbrain dopamine neurons

1997 • 762 citations

Regulation of Cocaine Reward by CREB

1998 • 762 citations

Neuropsychopharmacology : The Fifth Generation of Progress

2002 • 738 citations

Morphology and electrophysiological properties of immunocytochemically identified rat dopamine neurons recorded in vitro

1989 • 734 citations

Alterations in the morphology of dendrites and dendritic spines in the nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex following repeated treatment with amphetamine or cocaine

1999 • 722 citations

Substance Abuse: A Comprehensive Textbook

1998 • 721 citations

Long-Term Potentiation of Excitatory Inputs to Brain Reward Areas by Nicotine

2000 • 715 citations

Persistent Structural Modifications in Nucleus Accumbens and Prefrontal Cortex Neurons Produced by Previous Experience with Amphetamine

1997 • 712 citations

Synaptic Mechanisms Underlie Nicotine-Induced Excitability of Brain Reward Areas

2002 • 685 citations

Two types of neurone in the rat ventral tegmental area and their synaptic inputs.

1992 • 682 citations

Dramatic decreases in brain reward function during nicotine withdrawal

1998 • 676 citations

Nonlinear relationship between impulse flow and dopamine released by rat midbrain dopaminergic neurons as studied by in vivo electrochemistry

1988 • 663 citations

Relationship between subjective effects of cocaine and dopamine transporter occupancy

1997 • 653 citations

Self-inhibition by Dopaminergic Neurons

1975 • 645 citations

Neuroleptic-Induced "Anhedonia" in Rats: Pimozide Blocks Reward Quality of Food

1978 • 643 citations

Synaptic plasticity and dynamic modulation of the postsynaptic membrane

2000 • 640 citations

Experimental Morphine Addiction: Method for Automatic Intravenous Injections in Unrestrained Rats

1962 • 638 citations

Expression of the transcription factor ΔFosB in the brain controls sensitivity to cocaine

1999 • 630 citations

Localization of monoamines in the lower brain stem

1964 • 628 citations

Historical Perspective

2008 • 623 citations

Regulation of gene expression and cocaine reward by CREB and ΔFosB

2003 • 623 citations

Inactivity Produces Increases in Neurotransmitter Release and Synapse Size

2001 • 620 citations

Food reward and cocaine increase extracellular dopamine in the nucleus accumbens as measured by microdialysis

1988 • 619 citations

In Vivo Measurement of Dopamine and Its Metabolites by Intracerebral Dialysis: Changes After d‐Amphetamine

1983 • 615 citations

Neural Mechanisms of Drug Reinforcementa

1992 • 610 citations

Decreases in Dopamine Receptors but not in Dopamine Transporters in Alcoholics

1996 • 603 citations

ΔFosB: A sustained molecular switch for addiction

2001 • 591 citations

Drug addiction as dopamine-dependent associative learning disorder

1999 • 585 citations

Chronic ethanol consumption:from neuroadaptation to neurodegeneration

1998 • 581 citations

Alcohol promotes dopamine release in the human nucleus accumbens

2003 • 563 citations

Amphetamine, cocaine, phencyclidine and nomifensine increase extracellular dopamine concentrations preferentially in the nucleus accumbens of freely moving rats

1989 • 562 citations

Induction of a long-lasting AP-1 complex composed of altered Fos-like proteins in brain by chronic cocaine and other chronic treatments

1994 • 549 citations

Reinforcing and locomotor stimulant effects of cocaine are absent in mGluR5 null mutant mice

2001 • 548 citations

Dopamine ?Autoreceptors?: Pharmacological characterization by microiontophoretic single cell recording studies

1977 • 544 citations

Importance of unpredictability for reward responses in primate dopamine neurons

1994 • 543 citations

A general role for adaptations in G-proteins and the cyclic AMP system in mediating the chronic actions of morphine and cocaine on neuronal function

1991 • 538 citations

Increased Lever Pressing for Amphetamine After Pimozide in Rats: Implications for a Dopamine Theory of Reward

1975 • 536 citations

Afferent connections of the laterodorsal and the pedunculopontine tegmental nuclei in the rat: A retro‐ and antero‐grade transport and immunohistochemical study

1992 • 535 citations

Cocaine and Amphetamine Increase Extracellular Dopamine in the Nucleus Accumbens of Mice Lacking the Dopamine Transporter Gene

2001 • 531 citations

Autoradiographic evidence for nicotine receptors on nigrostriatal and mesolimbic dopaminergic neurons

1985 • 527 citations

Marked inhibition of mesolimbic dopamine release: a common feature of ethanol, morphine, cocaine and amphetamine abstinence in rats

1992 • 525 citations

Behavioral functions of nucleus accumbens dopamine: Empirical and conceptual problems with the anhedonia hypothesis

1997 • 525 citations

Motivational properties of kappa and mu opioid receptor agonists studied with place and taste preference conditioning

1985 • 516 citations

Neuronal localization of cannabinoid receptors in the basal ganglia of the rat

1991 • 515 citations

Dopamine-dependent plasticity of corticostriatal synapses

2002 • 509 citations

Ethanol increases the firing rate of dopamine neurons of the rat ventral tegmental area in vitro

1990 • 507 citations

Postcocaine anhedonia. An animal model of cocaine withdrawal.

1991 • 505 citations

Intracranial self-administration of morphine into the ventral tegmental area in rats

1981 • 497 citations

Cortical Dopaminergic Involvement in Cocaine Reinforcement

1983 • 491 citations

Blockade of cocaine reinforcement in rats with the dopamine receptor blocker pimozide, but not with the noradrenergic blockers phentolamine or phenoxybenzamine.

1977 • 490 citations

Self Administration of and Behavioral Dependence on Drugs

1969 • 489 citations

Morphine-induced activation of A10 dopamine neurons in the rat

1983 • 485 citations

Burst firing in midbrain dopaminergic neurons

1997 • 482 citations

Dopamine in dendrites of substantia nigra neurons: suggestions for a role in dendritic terminals

1975 • 482 citations

Dopamine: generalization and bonuses

2002 • 479 citations

Effects of chronic exposure to cocaine are regulated by the neuronal protein Cdk5

2001 • 475 citations

Endocannabinoids Mediate Presynaptic Inhibition of Glutamatergic Transmission in Rat Ventral Tegmental Area Dopamine Neurons through Activation of CB1 Receptors

2004 • 466 citations

Regulation of immediate early gene expression and AP-1 binding in the rat nucleus accumbens by chronic cocaine.

1992 • 466 citations

Ethanol Self-Administration Restores Withdrawal-Associated Deficiencies in Accumbal Dopamine and 5-Hydroxytryptamine Release in Dependent Rats

1996 • 455 citations

Trans-striatal dialysis coupled to reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection: a new method for the study of the in vivo release of endogenous dopamine and metabolites

1984 • 454 citations

Postsynaptic organisation and regulation of excitatory synapses

2000 • 452 citations

Multiple Ionic Conductances of the Human Dopamine Transporter: The Actions of Dopamine and Psychostimulants

1997 • 448 citations

Historical review: Molecular and cellular mechanisms of opiate and cocaine addiction

2004 • 429 citations

Electrophysiological evidence for excitation of rat ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons by morphine

1984 • 424 citations

Cocaine-reinforced behavior in rats: effects of reinforcement magnitude and fixed-ratio size.

1968 • 418 citations

I_hChannels Contribute to the Different Functional Properties of Identified Dopaminergic Subpopulations in the Midbrain

2002 • 414 citations

Compulsive Drug‐Seeking Behavior and Relapse

2001 • 412 citations

Association of Methylphenidate-Induced Craving With Changes in Right Striato-orbitofrontal Metabolism in Cocaine Abusers: Implications in Addiction

1999 • 410 citations

Molecular Neurobiology of Addiction

2001 • 406 citations

Reinforcing effects of psychostimulants in humans are associated with increases in brain dopamine and occupancy of D(2) receptors.

1999 • 403 citations

Cocaine self-administration alters the morphology of dendrites and dendritic spines in the nucleus accumbens and neocortex

2001 • 401 citations

Progressive-ratio schedules of drug delivery in the analysis of drug self-administration: a review

1998 • 401 citations

Nicotinic effects on the firing pattern of midbrain dopamine neurons

1986 • 399 citations

Functional Role of the Nigro‐Neostriatal Dopamine Neurons*)

1966 • 394 citations

Electrophysiological Characterization of GABAergic Neurons in the Ventral Tegmental Area

1998 • 387 citations

Gene Expression in Human Alcoholism: Microarray Analysis of Frontal Cortex

2000 • 382 citations

LTP mechanisms: from silence to four-lane traffic

2000 • 382 citations

Limbic-Striatal Memory Systems and Drug Addiction

2002 • 381 citations

Serotonin axon terminals in the ventral tegmental area of the rat: fine structure and synaptic input to dopaminergic neurons

1987 • 374 citations

Self-injection of amphetamine directly into the brain

1983 • 373 citations

Distribution of pontomesencephalic cholinergic neurons projecting to substantia nigra differs significantly from those projecting to ventral tegmental area

1995 • 371 citations

Attenuation of intravenous amphetamine reinforcement by central dopamine blockade in rats

1976 • 371 citations

Cannabinoids excite dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmentum and substantia nigra

1997 • 366 citations

Cannabinoids activate mesolimbic dopamine neurons by an action on cannabinoid CB1 receptors

1998 • 363 citations

Identification of a human src homology 2-containing protein-tyrosine-phosphatase: a putative homolog of Drosophila corkscrew.

1992 • 359 citations

GABAA receptor-mediated inhibition of rat substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons by pars reticulata projection neurons

1995 • 356 citations

Tonic Activation of NMDA Receptors Causes Spontaneous Burst Discharge of Rat Midbrain Dopamine Neurons In Vivo

1993 • 350 citations

Dopamine neurons of the monkey midbrain: contingencies of responses to active touch during self-initiated arm movements

1990 • 350 citations

Decreased brain reward produced by ethanol withdrawal.

1995 • 349 citations

Self-administration behavior is maintained by the psychoactive ingredient of marijuana in squirrel monkeys

2000 • 344 citations

Common Neural Substrates for the Addictive Properties of Nicotine and Cocaine

1997 • 344 citations

Persistent Behavior at High Rates Maintained by Intravenous Self-Administration of Nicotine

1981 • 341 citations

On the potassium conductance increase activated by GABAB and dopamine D2 receptors in rat substantia nigra neurones.

1988 • 336 citations

Reinforcing effects of morphine microinjection into the ventral tegmental area

1980 • 334 citations

GABA-containing neurons in the ventral tegmental area project to the nucleus accumbens in rat brain

1995 • 326 citations

Involvement of cAMP-Dependent Protein Kinase in the Nucleus Accumbens in Cocaine Self-Administration and Relapse of Cocaine-Seeking Behavior

1998 • 325 citations

The projection of the lateral geniculate nucleus to area 17 of the rat cerebral cortex. I. General description

1976 • 324 citations

Nucleus accumbens and amygdala are possible substrates for the aversive stimulus effects of opiate withdrawal

1990 • 317 citations

Regulation of dopamine release by impulse flow and by autoreceptors as studied by in vivo voltammetry in the rat striatum

1985 • 317 citations

Basal extracellular dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens are decreased during cocaine withdrawal after unlimited-access self-administration

1992 • 314 citations

The Role of NMDA Receptors in Information Processing

1993 • 313 citations

Electrophysiological effects of cocaine in the mesoaccumbens dopamine system: studies in the ventral tegmental area

1988 • 313 citations

Evidence for the absence of impulse-regulating somatodendritic and synthesis-modulating nerve terminal autoreceptors on subpopulations of mesocortical dopamine neurons

1984 • 312 citations

Morphine self-administration, food-reinforced, and avoidance behaviors in rhesus monkeys

1964 • 310 citations

Profound decrement of mesolimbic dopaminergic neuronal activity during ethanol withdrawal syndrome in rats: electrophysiological and biochemical evidence.

1993 • 308 citations

Self-administration of d-amphetamine by rats

1968 • 303 citations

Imaging studies on the role of dopamine in cocaine reinforcement and addiction in humans

1999 • 297 citations

Divergence between samples of chimpanzee and human DNA sequences is 5%, counting indels

2002 • 297 citations

Drugs and Reinforcement Mechanisms: A Critical Review of the Catecholamine Theory

1978 • 293 citations

Noradrenergic modulation of midbrain dopamine cell firing elicited by stimulation of the locus coeruleus in the rat

1993 • 292 citations

Nicotinic excitation of rat ventral tegmental neurones in vitro studied by intracellular recording

1989 • 291 citations

Muscarinic cholinergic receptor subtypes in the human brain. II. Quantitative autoradiographic studies

1986 • 288 citations

Activation of Ventral Tegmental Area Cells by the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis: A Novel Excitatory Amino Acid Input to Midbrain Dopamine Neurons

2002 • 286 citations

Dopamine D2 Receptor Availability in Opiate-Dependent Subjects before and after Naloxone-Precipitated Withdrawal

1997 • 286 citations

Brain microdialysis and its application for the study of animal behaviour

1995 • 285 citations

Dopamine microdialysis in the nucleus accumbens during acute and chronic morphine, naloxone-precipitated withdrawal and clonidine treatment

1991 • 282 citations

Transient changes in mesolimbic dopamine and their association with ‘reward’

2002 • 282 citations

Ethanol preferentially stimulates dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens of freely moving rats

1985 • 279 citations

Increased Probability of GABA Release during Withdrawal from Morphine

1997 • 279 citations

Chronic morphine induces visible changes in the morphology of mesolimbic dopamine neurons.

1996 • 276 citations

Preferential stimulation of ventral tegmental area dopaminergic neurons by nicotine

1987 • 275 citations

Relative sensitivity to naloxone of multiple indices of opiate withdrawal: a quantitative dose-response analysis.

1994 • 275 citations

Network-Level Changes in Expression of Inducible Fos–Jun Proteins in the Striatum during Chronic Cocaine Treatment and Withdrawal

1996 • 274 citations

Altered Cortical Synaptic Morphology and Impaired Memory Consolidation in Forebrain- Specific Dominant-Negative PAK Transgenic Mice

2004 • 272 citations

ADVANCES IN BEHAVIORAL BIOLOGY

1972 • 271 citations

Striatal D2 dopamine receptor binding characteristics in vivo in patients with alcohol dependence

1994 • 268 citations

Glutamatergic inputs from the pedunculopontine nucleus to midbrain dopaminergic neurons in primates:Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin anterograde labeling combined with postembedding glutamate and GABA immunohistochemistry

1996 • 267 citations

Basal extracellular dopamine is decreased in the rat nucleus accumbens during abstinence from chronic cocaine

1991 • 265 citations

Morphine alters the structure of neurons in the nucleus accumbens and neocortex of rats

1999 • 265 citations

Under Siege: The Brain on Opiates

1996 • 263 citations

Structural Synaptic Modifications Associated with Hippocampal LTP and Behavioral Learning

2000 • 261 citations

Cortical Regulation of Subcortical Dopamine Release: Mediation via the Ventral Tegmental Area

1995 • 260 citations

Food Deprivation Increases Oral and Intravenous Drug Intake in Rats

1979 • 260 citations

Cannabinoid Transmission and Reward-Related Events

1998 • 259 citations

Intracranial self-stimulation in relation to the ascending dopaminergic systems of the midbrain: A moveable electrode mapping study

1980 • 258 citations

Motivational Effects of Cannabinoids Are Mediated by μ-Opioid and κ-Opioid Receptors

2002 • 257 citations

Reciprocal changes in prefrontal and limbic dopamine responsiveness to aversive and rewarding stimuli after chronic mild stress: implications for the psychobiology of depression

1999 • 250 citations

5-hydroxytryptamine1B receptors block the GABAB synaptic potential in rat dopamine neurons

1992 • 247 citations

Prefrontal Cortex Stimulation Induces 2-Arachidonoyl-Glycerol-Mediated Suppression of Excitation in Dopamine Neurons

2004 • 245 citations

Principles of drug abuse liability assessment in laboratory animals

2003 • 244 citations

Electrophysiological and immunocytochemical characterization of GABA and dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra of the rat

1997 • 242 citations

NMDA receptors amplify calcium influx into dendritic spines during associative pre- and postsynaptic activation

1998 • 238 citations

Progression of Changes in Dopamine Transporter Binding Site Density as a Result of Cocaine Self-Administration in Rhesus Monkeys

2001 • 238 citations

Cocaine-induced proliferation of dendritic spines in nucleus accumbens is dependent on the activity of cyclin-dependent kinase-5

2003 • 237 citations

Conditioned place preference induced by Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol: comparison with cocaine, morphine, and food reward

1995 • 233 citations

Afferent modulation of dopamine neuron firing patterns

1999 • 232 citations

Excitotoxin lesions suggest an aspartatergic projection from rat medial prefrontal cortex to ventral tegmental area

1985 • 231 citations

Learning Mechanisms in Addiction: Synaptic Plasticity in the Ventral Tegmental Area as a Result of Exposure to Drugs of Abuse

2004 • 230 citations

Neuroleptic-induced attenuation of brain stimulation reward in rats.

1978 • 229 citations

Intracellular and extracellular electrophysiology of nigral dopaminergic neurons—2. Action potential generating mechanisms and morphological correlates

1983 • 227 citations

Decreased intracranial self-stimulation after neuroleptics or 6-hydroxydopamine: Evidence for mediation by motor deficits rather than by reduced reward

1976 • 227 citations

The dendritic spine: a multifunctional integrative unit

1996 • 227 citations

Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol excites rat VTA dopamine neurons through activation of cannabinoid CB1 but not opioid receptors

1997 • 227 citations

A Common Mechanism Mediates Long-Term Changes in Synaptic Transmission after Chronic Cocaine and Morphine

1996 • 224 citations

Synaptic inputs to GABAA and GABAB receptors originate from discrete afferent neurons

1992 • 220 citations

Bupropion enhances brain reward function and reverses the affective and somatic aspects of nicotine withdrawal in the rat

2003 • 219 citations

Reinstatement of heroin and cocaine self-administration behavior in the rat by intracerebral application of morphine in the ventral tegmental area

1984 • 219 citations

Neural and psychological mechanisms underlying appetitive learning: links to drug addiction

2004 • 216 citations

Self-administration of ?9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) by drug naive squirrel monkeys

2003 • 215 citations

Reward and somatic changes during precipitated nicotine withdrawal in rats: centrally and peripherally mediated effects.

2000 • 213 citations

Comparable behavior maintained under fixed-ratio and second-order schedules of food presentation, cocaine injection or d-amphetamine injection in the squirrel monkey.

1973 • 213 citations

Nifedipine‐ and omega‐conotoxin‐sensitive Ca2+ conductances in guinea‐pig substantia nigra pars compacta neurones.

1993 • 213 citations

Hedonic valence, dopamine and motivation.

1996 • 212 citations

Properties of the Hyperpolarization‐activated Cation Current l_h in Rat Midbrain Dopaminergic Neurons

1995 • 210 citations

Muscarinic cholinergic receptor subtypes in the rat brain. I. Quantitative autoradiographic studies

1986 • 209 citations

A behavioural model to reveal place preference to Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol in mice

2000 • 209 citations

Genes and addiction

2000 • 208 citations

Regional and Cellular Mapping of cAMP Response Element-Mediated Transcription during Naltrexone-Precipitated Morphine Withdrawal

2002 • 207 citations

Induction of chronic Fos-related antigens in rat brain by chronic morphine administration.

1996 • 206 citations

Facilitation of brain stimulation reward byΔ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol

1988 • 205 citations

The role of withdrawal in heroin addiction: enhances reward or promotes avoidance?

2001 • 204 citations

Intracellular and extracellular electrophysiology of nigral dopaminergic neurons—3. Evidence for electrotonic coupling

1983 • 204 citations

Nicotine and food induced dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens of the rat: Putative role of α7 nicotinic receptors in the ventral tegmental area

1998 • 203 citations

An electrophysiological characterization of ventral tegmental area dopaminergic neurons during differential pavlovian fear conditioning in the awake rabbit

1999 • 202 citations

Reduced dopamine output in the nucleus accumbens but not in the medial prefrontal cortex in rats displaying a mecamylamine-precipitated nicotine withdrawal syndrome

1998 • 201 citations

Three-dimensional structure of dendritic spines in the rat neostriatum

1983 • 197 citations

Action of drugs of abuse on brain reward systems: An update with specific attention to opiates

1982 • 194 citations

Withdrawal from chronic amphetamine induces Depressive-Like behavioral effects in rodents

2003 • 193 citations

Cocaine inhibits GABA release in the VTA through endogenous 5-HT

1994 • 191 citations

Mesolimbic dopaminergic decline after cannabinoid withdrawal

1998 • 189 citations

Neurofilament proteins and the mesolimbic dopamine system: common regulation by chronic morphine and chronic cocaine in the rat ventral tegmental area

1992 • 189 citations

Long-lasting potentiation of GABAergic synapses in dopamine neurons after a single in vivo ethanol exposure.

2002 • 188 citations

Drug Self-Administration by Laboratory Animals: Control by Schedules of Reinforcement

1978 • 188 citations

Presence of avian pancreatic polypeptide-like immunoreactivity in catecholamine and methionine-enkephalin-containing neurones within the central nervous system

1981 • 186 citations

Cocaine increases extracellular dopamine in rat nucleus accumbens and ventral tegmental area as shown by in vivo microdialysis

1989 • 183 citations

Microanatomy of dendritic spines: emerging principles of synaptic pathology in psychiatric and neurological disease

2004 • 179 citations

Rewarding brain stimulation: Role of tegmental cholinergic neurons that activate dopamine neurons.

1993 • 179 citations

Major attenuation of food reward with performance-sparing doses of pimozide in the rat.

1978 • 178 citations

Sensory stimuli alter discharge rate of dopamine (DA) neurons: evidence for two functional types of DA cells in the substantia nigra

1980 • 176 citations

Sexual Behavior and Sex-Associated Environmental Cues Activate the Mesolimbic System in Male Rats

2003 • 173 citations

A comparison of nicotine and cocaine self-administration in the dog: fixed-ratio and progressive-ratio schedules of intravenous drug infusion.

1983 • 167 citations

Profound decrease of mesolimbic dopaminergic neuronal activity in morphine withdrawn rats.

1995 • 167 citations

Potent Regulation of Midbrain Dopamine Neurons by the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis

2001 • 167 citations

Fluoxetine Combined with a Serotonin-1A Receptor Antagonist Reversed Reward Deficits Observed during Nicotine and Amphetamine Withdrawal in Rats

2001 • 166 citations

Genetic polymorphism in ethanol metabolism: acetaldehyde contribution to alcohol abuse and alcoholism

2004 • 165 citations

Self-administration of optical isomers of amphetamine and methylamphetamine by rats.

1973 • 165 citations

Blockade of morphine reward through the activation of κ-opioid receptors in mice

1993 • 164 citations

Long-Lasting Potentiation of GABAergic Synapses in Dopamine Neurons after a SingleIn VivoEthanol Exposure

2002 • 164 citations

Acetaldehyde Increases Dopaminergic Neuronal Activity in the VTA

2003 • 163 citations

A subset of ventral tegmental area neurons is inhibited by dopamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine and opioids

1997 • 162 citations

Apamin-sensitive Ca2+-activated K+ channels regulate pacemaker activity in nigral dopamine neurons

1996 • 160 citations

The Phasic Reward Signal of Primate Dopamine Neurons

1997 • 159 citations

Intracranial Self-stimulation Thresholds

1979 • 159 citations

Muscarine depolarizes rat substantia nigra zona compacta and ventral tegmental neurons in vitro through M1-like receptors.

1990 • 156 citations

Profound depression of mesolimbic dopamine release after morphine withdrawal in dependent rats

1991 • 155 citations

Low doses of ethanol inhibit the firing of neurons in the substantia nigra, pars reticulata: a GABAergic effect?

1985 • 155 citations

Dual Effects of d-Amphetamine on Dopamine Neurons Mediated by Dopamine and Nondopamine Receptors

2000 • 153 citations

Nicotine sensitization increases dendritic length and spine density in the nucleus accumbens and cingulate cortex

2001 • 152 citations

Endogenous cannabinoids as an aversive or counter-rewarding system in the rat

1997 • 152 citations

Conditioned place preference induced by the cannabinoid agonist CP 55,940: interaction with the opioid system

2001 • 152 citations

Presynaptic Regulation of Glutamate Release in the Ventral Tegmental Area During Morphine Withdrawal

1999 • 152 citations

Neuronal activity preceding self-initiated or externally timed arm movements in area 6 of monkey cortex

1987 • 152 citations

Amphetamine Blocks Long-Term Synaptic Depression in the Ventral Tegmental Area

2000 • 151 citations

PET study of competition between intravenous cocaine and [11C]raclopride at dopamine receptors in human subjects

1997 • 151 citations

Local cooling of pre‐frontal cortex induces pacemaker‐like firing of dopamine neurons in rat ventral tegmental area in vivo

1989 • 151 citations

The reinforcing effects of acetaldehyde in the posterior ventral tegmental area of alcohol-preferring rats

2002 • 149 citations

Effects of cocaine and related drugs in nonhuman primates. II. Stimulant effects on schedule-controlled behavior.

1989 • 149 citations

Rewarding brain stimulation: Role of tegmental cholinergic neurons that activate dopamine neurons.

1993 • 149 citations

Ultrastructural localization of tyrosine hydroxylase in the rat ventral tegmental area: relationship between immunolabeling density and neuronal associations

1990 • 146 citations

Extinction of conditioned eyelid responses requires the anterior lobe of cerebellar cortex

1995 • 145 citations

Increased Density of Multiple-Head Dendritic Spines on Medium-Sized Spiny Neurons of the Striatum in Rats Reared in a Complex Environment

1996 • 145 citations

Extracellular dopamine and neurotensin in rat prefrontal cortex in vivo: effects of median forebrain bundle stimulation frequency, stimulation pattern, and dopamine autoreceptors

1991 • 145 citations

Glutamate receptor subtypes mediate excitatory synaptic currents of dopamine neurons in midbrain slices

1991 • 145 citations

Nicotine potentiation of brain stimulation reward reversed by DHβE and SCH 23390, but not by eticlopride, LY 314582 or MPEP in rats

2002 • 144 citations

The Effects of Ethanol on Dopaminergic Neurons of the Ventral Tegmental Area Studied with Intracellular Recording in Brain Slices

1998 • 143 citations

Group II Metabotropic and α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole Propionate (AMPA)/Kainate Glutamate Receptors Regulate the Deficit in Brain Reward Function Associated with Nicotine Withdrawal in Rats

2003 • 142 citations

Impact of Self-Administered Cocaine and Cocaine Cues on Extracellular Dopamine in Mesolimbic and Sensorimotor Striatum in Rhesus Monkeys

2000 • 141 citations

Induction of nuclear factor‐κB in nucleus accumbens by chronic cocaine administration

2001 • 141 citations

Effects of nicotine and mecamylamine-induced withdrawal on extracellular dopamine and acetylcholine in the rat nucleus accumbens

2001 • 141 citations

Regulation of delta FosB and FosB-like proteins by electroconvulsive seizure and cocaine treatments.

1995 • 139 citations

Actions of 5-hydroxytryptamine on ventral tegmental area neurons of the rat in vitro

1994 • 138 citations

The primate locus coeruleus and effects of clonidine on opiate withdrawal.

1982 • 137 citations

Cholinergic axon terminals in the ventral tegmental area target a subpopulation of neurons expressing low levels of the dopamine transporter

1999 • 135 citations

What We Have Learned about Addiction from Animal Models of Drug Self‐Administration

2000 • 135 citations

Increased Anxiety‐Like Behavior and Ethanol Self‐Administration in Dependent Rats: Reversal via Corticotropin‐Releasing Factor‐2 Receptor Activation

2004 • 132 citations

Mesolimbic dopaminergic reduction outlasts ethanol withdrawal syndrome: Evidence of protracted abstinence

1996 • 131 citations

Increase in meso-prefrontal dopaminergic activity after stimulation of CB1 receptors by cannabinoids

1998 • 130 citations

Neuroanatomical boundaries of the reward-relevant opiate-receptor field in the ventral tegmental area as mapped by the conditioned place preference method in rats

1987 • 130 citations

Effect of cocaine self-administration on dopamine D2 receptors in rhesus monkeys

1998 • 128 citations

Self administration of nicotine with and without a food delivery schedule

1977 • 127 citations

Lasting reduction in mesolimbic dopamine neuronal activity after morphine withdrawal

1999 • 126 citations

Actions of cocaine on rat dopaminergic neurones in vitro

1990 • 126 citations

Apparent synaptic dopamine deficiency induced by withdrawal from chronic cocaine treatment

1991 • 126 citations

Clonidine modulates dopamine cell firing in rat ventral tegmental area

1989 • 126 citations

M5 muscarinic receptors are needed for slow activation of dopamine neurons and for rewarding brain stimulation

2001 • 123 citations

Cannabinoids inhibit excitatory neurotransmission in the substantia nigra pars reticulata

2000 • 123 citations

Synaptic innervation of midbrain dopaminergic neurons by glutamate-enriched terminals in the squirrel monkey

1996 • 123 citations

Burst firing of mesencephalic dopamine neurons is inhibited by somatodendritic application of kynurenate

1991 • 122 citations

Effects of repeated injections of cocaine on catecholamine receptor binding sites, dopamine transporter binding sites and behavior in rhesus monkey

1992 • 122 citations

THE REINFORCING PROPERTY OF ETHANOL IN THE RHESUS MONKEY: I. INITIATION, MAINTENANCE AND TERMINATION OF INTRAVENOUS ETHANOL‐REINFORCED RESPONDING*†

1973 • 118 citations

Intracranial self-stimulation in relation to the ascending noradrenergic fiber systems of the pontine tegmentum and caudal midbrain: A moveable electrode mapping study

1979 • 118 citations

Withdrawal from chronic amphetamine elevates baseline intracranial self-stimulation thresholds

1995 • 117 citations

GABA B receptor-mediated modulation of the firing pattern of ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons in vivo

2002 • 117 citations

Wiring and volume transmission in the central nervous system: the concept of closed and open synapses

1996 • 116 citations

Calcium Dynamics Underlying Pacemaker-Like and Burst Firing Oscillations in Midbrain Dopaminergic Neurons: A Computational Study

1999 • 115 citations

A comparison of morphine‐induced locomotor activity and mesolimbic dopamine release in C57BL6, 129Sv and DBA2 mice

2001 • 115 citations

Increased ethanol excitation of dopaminergic neurons of the ventral tegmental area after chronic ethanol treatment.

2002 • 114 citations

Alpha₁‐adrenergic Effects on Dopamine Neurons Recorded Intracellularly in the Rat Midbrain Slice

1995 • 114 citations

Effects of chronic Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol on rat midbrain dopamine neurons: an electrophysiological assessment

2000 • 114 citations

Noradrenergic Inhibition of Midbrain Dopamine Neurons

2004 • 112 citations

Different mechanisms for dopaminergic excitation induced by opiates and cannabinoids in the rat midbrain

2000 • 112 citations

Apamin increases NMDA-induced burst-firing of rat mesencephalic dopamine neurons

1993 • 111 citations

The neuronal organization of the supracapsular part of the stria terminalis in the rat: The dorsal component of the extended amygdala

1998 • 111 citations

The dopamine transporter and cocaine medication development: drug self-administration in nonhuman primates.

2001 • 111 citations

Opiate antagonists suppress ACTH1–24-induced excessive grooming in the rat

1976 • 109 citations

Is the motivational effect of opiate withdrawal reflected by common somatic indices of precipitated withdrawal? A place conditioning study in the rat

1987 • 108 citations

Chronic Cocaine Administration Increases CNS Tyrosine Hydroxylase Enzyme Activity and mRNA Levels and Tryptophan Hydroxylase Enzyme Activity Levels

1993 • 107 citations

The Reward Signal of Midbrain Dopamine Neurons

1999 • 107 citations

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors reduce the spontaneous activity of dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area

1998 • 107 citations

Acetylcholine Release in Ventral Tegmental Area by Hypothalamic Self-Stimulation, Eating, and Drinking

2000 • 106 citations

Autoradiographic localization of ?-aminobutyric acidA receptors within the ventral tegmental area

1992 • 106 citations

Acetylation of cAMP-responsive Element-binding Protein (CREB) by CREB-binding Protein Enhances CREB-dependent Transcription

2003 • 105 citations

Alcohol Withdrawal in Rats Is Associated with a Marked Fall in Extraneuronal Dopamine

1992 • 104 citations

Volume versus wiring transmission in the brain: A new theoretical frame for neuropsychopharmacology

1995 • 104 citations

Evidence for the presence of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors in the ventral tegmental area of the rat: an electrophysiological in vitro study

1990 • 103 citations

Impulse activity of midbrain dopamine neurons modulates drug-seeking behavior

2003 • 103 citations

Effects of repeated withdrawal from continuous amphetamine administration on brain reward function in rats

2000 • 103 citations

Amphetamine-induced neurochemical and locomotor responses are expressed differentially across the anteroposterior axis of the core and shell subterritories of the nucleus accumbens

1998 • 102 citations

Amphetamine Depresses Excitatory Synaptic Transmission via Serotonin Receptors in the Ventral Tegmental Area

1999 • 102 citations

Autoradiographic distribution of high affinity muscarinic and nicotinic cholinergic receptors labeled with [3H]acetylcholine in rat brain

1986 • 101 citations

Neurobiology of addiction and implications for treatment

2003 • 101 citations

Increased Ethanol Excitation of Dopaminergic Neurons of the Ventral Tegmental Area After Chronic Ethanol Treatment

2002 • 100 citations

Pimozide attenuates lever pressing for water reinforcement in rats

1981 • 97 citations

Role for dopamine in the behavioral functions of the prefrontal corticostriatal system: implications for mental disorders and psychotropic drug action

2000 • 97 citations

Differential effects of withdrawal from chronic amphetamine or fluoxetine administration on brain stimulation reward in the rat - interactions between the two drugs

1999 • 96 citations

Intrinsic membrane properties and synaptic inputs regulating the firing activity of the dopamine neurons

2002 • 96 citations

Neuroleptic attenuation of intracranial self-stimulation: Reward or performance deficits?

1978 • 95 citations

Acute and Chronic Dopamine Dynamics in a Nonhuman Primate Model of Recreational Cocaine Use

2000 • 95 citations

The substantia nigra as a site of synaptic integration of functionally diverse information arising from the ventral pallidum and the globus pallidus in the rat

1996 • 92 citations

A primate model of polydrug abuse: cocaine and heroin combinations.

1995 • 92 citations

Regulation of CRE‐mediated transcription in mouse brain by amphetamine

2003 • 92 citations

Altered frontal cortical dopaminergic transmission in monkeys after subchronic phencyclidine exposure: involvement in frontostriatal cognitive deficits

1999 • 91 citations

Attention and memory in illicit amphetamine users: comparison with non-drug-using controls

1998 • 90 citations

Dependence of mesolimbic dopamine transmission on Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol

1999 • 89 citations

Enduring Effects of Chronic Ethanol in the CNS: Basis for Alcoholism

2003 • 88 citations

Concentration-dependent actions of stimulated dopamine release on neuronal activity in rat striatum

1990 • 87 citations

Electrophysiological evidence for the existence of NMDA and non‐NMDA receptors on rat ventral tegmental dopamine neurons

1993 • 87 citations

Drug Dependence as a Disorder of Neural Plasticity: Focus on Dopamine and Glutamate

2001 • 86 citations

A Two-Separate-Motivational-Systems Hypothesis of Opioid Addiction

1998 • 86 citations

A comparison of the effects of nicotine on dopamine and non-dopamine neurons in the rat ventral tegmental area: an in vitro electrophysiological study

2000 • 85 citations

Dopamine controls the firing pattern of dopamine neurons via a network feedback mechanism

2003 • 85 citations

The electrophysiological actions of dopamine and dopaminergic drugs on neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta and ventral tegmental area

1992 • 85 citations

Postnatal rat nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons exhibit five types of potassium conductances

1990 • 82 citations

NICOTINE SELF‐ADMINISTRATION IN MONKEYS*

1967 • 81 citations

Perforated synapses on double-headed dendritic spines: a possible structural substrate of synaptic plasticity

1989 • 81 citations

Changes in striatal D2-receptor density following chronic treatment with amphetamine as assessed with pet in nonhuman primates

1999 • 80 citations

Neurochemical changes following kainic acid lesions of the nucleus accumbens: Implications for a gabaergic accumbal-ventral tegmental pathway

1978 • 78 citations

Long-term potentiation: Persisting problems and recent results

1988 • 78 citations

The excitatory amino acid antagonist kynurenate induces pacemaker‐like firing of dopamine neurons in rat ventral tegmental area in vivo

1998 • 78 citations

Mice lacking tropomodulin-2 show enhanced long-term potentiation, hyperactivity, and deficits in learning and memory

2003 • 77 citations

Bromocriptine reverses the elevation in intracranial self-stimulation thresholds observed in a rat model of cocaine withdrawal.

1992 • 77 citations

Pharmacological reduction of small conductance calcium-activated potassium current (SK) potentiates the excitatory effect of ethanol on ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons.

1999 • 77 citations

Parallel strain-dependent effect of amphetamine on locomotor activity and dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens: an in vivo study in mice

1997 • 76 citations

Ascending afferent regulation of rat midbrain dopamine neurons

1993 • 76 citations

Dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic projections to amygdala from substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area

1983 • 76 citations

Ethanol Stimulates cAMP-Responsive Element (CRE)-Mediated Transcription via CRE-Binding Protein and cAMP-Dependent Protein Kinase

2002 • 75 citations

Effects of cocaine on dopamine in subregions of the rat prefrontal cortex and their efferents to subterritories of the nucleus accumbens

1999 • 75 citations

Acute withdrawal after repeated ethanol treatment reduces the number of spontaneously active dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area

1993 • 73 citations

Brain-Stimulation Reward Thresholds Raised by an Antisense Oligonucleotide for the M5 Muscarinic Receptor Infused near Dopamine Cells

2000 • 73 citations

Morphine withdrawal‐induced abnormalities in the VTA: confocal laser scanning microscopy

2003 • 72 citations

Changes in response rates and reinforcement thresholds for intracranial self-stimulation during morphine withdrawal

1986 • 72 citations

The reinforcing property of ethanol in the rhesus monkey

1978 • 72 citations

Drinking of Ethanol by Rhesus Monkeys: Experimental Strategies for Establishing Ethanol as a Reinforcer

1977 • 72 citations

Formalin- and carrageenan-induced inflammation attenuates place preferences produced by morphine, methamphetamine and cocaine

1996 • 72 citations

The organization of primary afferents in the subnucleus caudalis of the trigeminal: A light and electron microscopic study of degeneration

1970 • 71 citations

Neuromorphological background of cannabis addiction

2003 • 71 citations

Oral drug self-administration: an overview of laboratory animal studies

2001 • 70 citations

Repeated exposure to amphetamine disrupts dopaminergic modulation of excitatory synaptic plasticity and neurotransmission in nucleus accumbens

2003 • 69 citations

Activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors induces an inward current in rat dopamine mesencephalic neurons

1993 • 69 citations

Maintenance of behavior by ketamine and related compounds in rhesus monkeys with different self-administration histories.

1981 • 69 citations

Decreased Presynaptic Sensitivity to Adenosine after Cocaine Withdrawal

1998 • 68 citations

Dopamine responsiveness to drugs of abuse: A shell‐core investigation in the nucleus accumbens of the mouse

2003 • 68 citations

Cocaine effects in the ventral tegmental area: Evidence for an indirect dopaminergic mechanism of action

1990 • 68 citations

RESPONSES OF MOTONEURONS OF DIFFERENT SIZES TO GRADED STIMULATION OF SUPRASPINAL CENTERS OF THE BRAIN

1965 • 67 citations

GABAA receptor stimulation blocks NMDA-induced bursting of dopaminergic neurons in vitro by decreasing input resistance

1999 • 67 citations

A tethering system for intravenous and intragastric drug administration in the baboon

1982 • 66 citations

Chemical Interactions in Methamphetamine Reinforcement

1968 • 66 citations

Two substrates for medial forebrain bundle self-stimulation: Myelinated axons and dopamine axons

1989 • 65 citations

Alterations in mesolimbic dopamine function during the abstinence period following chronic ethanol consumption

2001 • 64 citations

Effect of cocaine self-administration on striatal dopamine D1 receptors in rhesus monkeys

1998 • 63 citations

Modulation of opioidergic system on mecamylamine-precipitated nicotine-withdrawal aversion in rats

2000 • 63 citations

Decreased activity of rat A10 dopamine neurons following withdrawal from repeated cocaine

1992 • 61 citations

A Slow Excitatory Postsynaptic Current Mediated by G‐protein‐coupled Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors in Rat Ventral Tegmental Dopamine Neurons

1997 • 60 citations

Differential cannabinoid-induced electrophysiological effects in rat ventral tegmentum

2003 • 59 citations

Intracerebral self-administration of amphetamine by rhesus monkeys

1981 • 59 citations

Chapter 17 Neurotransmitter receptors and ionic conductances regulating the activity of neurones in substantia nigra pars compacta and ventral tegmental area

1993 • 59 citations

Intravenous alcohol self-administration in the rat

1974 • 59 citations

Chronic morphine impairs axoplasmic transport in the rat mesolimbic dopamine system

1993 • 58 citations

l-Glutamate excitation of A10 dopamine neurons is preferentially mediated by activation of NMDA receptors: extra- and intracellular electrophysiological studies in brain slices

1993 • 58 citations

Sharing gene expression data: an array of options

2001 • 58 citations

Chronic ethanol administration alters activity in ventral tegmental area neurons after cessation of withdrawal hyperexcitability

1998 • 57 citations

Effects of serotonin-3 receptor antagonists on the intracranial self-administration of ethanol within the ventral tegmental area of Wistar rats

2003 • 55 citations

LACK OF TOLERANCE TO ETHANOL-INDUCED STIMULATION OF MESOLIMBIC DOPAMINE SYSTEM

1992 • 54 citations

Self-administration of heroin, acetylmethadol, morphine, and methadone in rhesus monkeys

1978 • 53 citations

Marked decrease of A10 dopamine neuronal firing during ethanol withdrawal syndrome in rats

1992 • 53 citations

Effects of abused drugs on thresholds and breaking points of intracranial self-stimulation in rats

1999 • 52 citations

Dopamine D₃ (Auto)receptors Inhibit Dopamine Release in the Frontal Cortex of Freely Moving Rats In Vivo

1996 • 52 citations

Increase of extracellular dopamine in the medial prefrontal cortex during spontaneous and naloxone-precipitated opiate abstinence

1995 • 51 citations

Synaptic regulation of somatodendritic dopamine release by glutamate and GABA differs between substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area

2002 • 51 citations

A single cocaine exposure enhances both opioid reward and aversion through a ventral tegmental area-dependent mechanism

2004 • 50 citations

Conditioned place aversion to the “hangover” phase of acute ethanol administration in the rat

2000 • 50 citations

Dose-dependent effect of ethanol on extracellular dopamine in mesolimbic striatum of awake rhesus monkeys: comparison with cocaine across individuals

2002 • 49 citations

Stimulant self-administration by animals: some comparisons with opiate self-administration.

1970 • 48 citations

Group I metabotropic glutamate receptors activate burst firing in rat midbrain dopaminergic neurons

2002 • 48 citations

The Basal Ganglia V

1996 • 48 citations

Self-administration of CNS stimulants by dog

1975 • 47 citations

Addiction

2003 • 47 citations

Ethanol as a reinforcer: a review of laboratory studies of non-human primates.

1994 • 47 citations

Alterations in Baseline Activity and Quinpirole Sensitivity in Putative Dopamine Neurons in the Substantia Nigra and Ventral Tegmental Area after Withdrawal from Cocaine Pretreatment

1998 • 46 citations

Brain imaging studies in human addicts

2003 • 46 citations

D1–D2 Interaction in Feedback Control of Midbrain Dopamine Neurons

1997 • 46 citations

Methamphetamine self-administration in the cat

1976 • 45 citations

Nicotine self-administration in baboons

1983 • 45 citations

NMDA, kainate, and AMPA depolarize nondopamine neurons in the rat ventral tegmentum

1995 • 44 citations

Effect of ethanol self-administration on choice behavior: Money vs. socializing

1975 • 44 citations

Regulation of tryptophan hydroxylase activity by a cyclic AMP-dependent mechanism in rat striatum

1987 • 43 citations

A preliminary description of acute physical dependence on morphine in the vervet monkey

1983 • 43 citations

Relapse to morphine use in dog

1973 • 43 citations

Evidence for cocaine dependence in monkeys following a prolonged period of exposure

1988 • 41 citations

Decrease of ventral tegmental area dopamine neuronal activity in nicotine withdrawal rats

2004 • 41 citations

Comparative behavioral profile of cocaine and norcocaine in rats and monkeys

1980 • 39 citations

Blockade of SK-Type Ca²⁺-Activated K⁺Channels Uncovers a Ca²⁺-Dependent Slow Afterdepolarization in Nigral Dopamine Neurons

1999 • 39 citations

Cocaine potentiates ethanol-induced excitation of dopaminergic reward neurons in the ventral tegmental area.

2000 • 38 citations

The ability of WAY100,635 to potentiate the neurochemical and functional actions of fluoxetine is enhanced by co-administration of SB224,289, but not BRL15572

2000 • 37 citations

Effects of intravenous cocaine, diethylpropion, d-amphetamine and perphenazine on responding maintained by food delivery and shock avoidance in rhesus monkeys.

1978 • 36 citations

The molecular biology of addictive drugs

1991 • 36 citations

Auditory evoked responses in the cerebrum (field l) and ovoid nucleus of the ring dove

1970 • 36 citations

Metabotropic glutamate receptor-mediated inhibition and excitation of substantia nigra dopamine neurons

1997 • 34 citations

Rewarding and aversive effects of ethanol: interplay of GABA, glutamate and dopamine.

1993 • 34 citations

Psychophysiological Effects of Alcohol‐related Stimuli: II. Enhancement with Alcohol Availability

1989 • 33 citations

Electrophysiological Pharmacology of Mesencephalic Dopaminergic Neurons

2002 • 32 citations

A new progressive ratio schedule for support of morphine self-administration in opiate dependent rats

2003 • 32 citations

Response to alcohol in females with a paternal history of alcoholism

2003 • 32 citations

Intravenous self-administration of morphine by naive mice

1983 • 31 citations

Nicotine withdrawal leads to increased firing rates of midbrain dopamine neurons.

1995 • 29 citations

Neurobiological mechanisms in cocaine and opiate dependence.

1992 • 29 citations

Phencyclidine-analogue self-injection by the baboon

1984 • 29 citations

Intravenous self-administration of phencyclidine and related compounds in the dog.

1982 • 28 citations

Inhibition of acetylcholine outflow from guinea-pig cerebral cortex following locus coeruleus stimulation

1979 • 27 citations

Ethanol withdrawal does not induce a reduction in the number of spontaneously active dopaminergic neurons in the mesolimbic system

1995 • 26 citations

The effect of tonicity, d-mannitol, d-sorbitol, and choline chloride on the water content of mouse brain slices, and on the compartmentation of the space indicated by ‘extracellular space markers’

1970 • 24 citations

The basolateral complex of the amygdala mediates the modulation of intracranial self‐stimulation threshold by drug‐associated cues

2004 • 23 citations

Nicotine withdrawal leads to increased firing rates of midbrain dopamine neurons

1995 • 22 citations

Perceptual and personality correlates of EEG and evoked response measures.

1969 • 21 citations

A non-adrenergic nerve ending containing small granular vesicles in the guinea-pig gut

1979 • 21 citations

An Electrophysiological Analysis of Some Afferent and Efferent Pathways of the Rat Prefrontal Cortex

1983 • 21 citations

CONDITIONED RELEASE OF NEUROTRANSMITTERS AS MEASURED BY MICRODIALYSIS

1992 • 21 citations

Electrophysiological evidence for the presence of ionotropic and metabotropic excitatory amino acid receptors on dopaminergic neurons of the rat mesencephalon: an in vitro study.

1992 • 21 citations

Positron Emission Tomography Studies of Dopamine‐Enhancing Drugs

1999 • 19 citations

Time-dependent changes in the sensitivity of dopamine neurons to low doses of apomorphine following amphetamine infusion

1989 • 19 citations

Mesocortical dopaminergic neurons. 2. Electrophysiological consequences of terminal autoreceptor activation

1989 • 19 citations

A method for chronic intravenous drug administration in squirrel monkeys

1970 • 18 citations

Group I metabotropic glutamate receptor-mediated enhancement of dopamine cell burst firing in rat ventral tegmental area in vitro

2002 • 18 citations

Animal models for the genetic study of human alcohol phenotypes.

2002 • 18 citations

Observations on the weight and length of the central nervous system and of the legs, in bull‐frogs of different sizes

1898 • 17 citations

Altered Activity of Midbrain Dopamine Neurons Following 7-Day Withdrawal from Chronic Cocaine Abuse is Normalized by D2 Receptor Stimulation During the Early Withdrawal Phase

1999 • 17 citations

Aversive properties of opiate withdrawal studied in rats.

1986 • 16 citations

Amphetamine Microinfusion in the Dorso‐Ventral Axis of the Prefrontal Cortex Differentially Modulates Dopamine Neurotransmission in the Shell‐Core Subterritories of the Nucleus Accumbens

1999 • 16 citations

Comparative effects of classical and atypical antipsychotic drugs in combination with a non-amphetamine stimulant on rat brain dopamine metabolism

1981 • 16 citations

A TECHNIQUE FOR SELF‐INJECTION OF DRUGS IN THE STUDY OF REINFORCEMENT¹

1963 • 15 citations

Intravenous preparations for self-administration of drugs by animals.

1975 • 14 citations

Drugs of Abuse and Dopamine Cell Activity

1997 • 14 citations

Intravenous preparations for self-administration of drugs by animals.

1975 • 14 citations

Effects of feeding condition on orally delivered ethanol as a reinforcer for rhesus monkeys

1991 • 13 citations

Tolerance and sensitization to stimulant and depressant effects of nicotine in intracranial self-stimulation in the rat

1993 • 13 citations

Effect of angiotensin on the response to norepinephrine and peri-arterial stimulation of the isolated perfused cat terminal ileum

1973 • 11 citations

Induction of Physical Dependence upon Alcohol in Nonhuman Primates

1975 • 11 citations

Intracranial self-stimulation in mice using a modified hole-board task: Effects of d-amphetamine

1980 • 11 citations

Intravenous self-administration of heroin in the rat: experimental technique and computer analysis.

1972 • 11 citations

Interactions of clonidine and naloxone on schedule-controlled behavior in opioid-naive mice

1989 • 10 citations

Acetylcholine-dopamine balance in striatum: Is it still a target for antiparkinsonian therapy?

1989 • 10 citations

A biological view of drug abuse

1996 • 10 citations

Characterization of a Barium‐sensitive Outward Current following Glutamate Application on Rat Midbrain Dopaminergic Cells

1996 • 9 citations

Discussion

1998 • 8 citations

Effects of levo-alpha-acetylmethadol (LAAM) on morphine self-administration in the rat

1981 • 7 citations

DOPAMINERGIC NEUROTRANSMISSION AND DRUG WITHDRAWAL Relevance to Drug Craving

1996 • 6 citations

The Borneo Coal-Fields

1885 • 5 citations

The Gila Monster

1892 • 4 citations

Cocaine's effects on rate of intracranial self-stimulation

1991 • 4 citations

Epitropism, Apotropism and the Tropaxis

1900 • 3 citations

The local anesthetic activity of proadifen HCl (2-diethylaminoethyl-α,α-diphenylvalerate, HCl)

1970 • 1 citations

Singular Stress-Strain Relations of Rubber

1898 • 1 citations