Drug addiction as dopamine-dependent associative learning disorder

A Neural Substrate of Prediction and Reward

1997 • 8,991 citations

The neural basis of drug craving: An incentive-sensitization theory of addiction

1993 • 7,074 citations

Drugs abused by humans preferentially increase synaptic dopamine concentrations in the mesolimbic system of freely moving rats.

1988 • 4,617 citations

What is the role of dopamine in reward: hedonic impact, reward learning, or incentive salience?

1998 • 3,973 citations

A psychomotor stimulant theory of addiction.

1987 • 2,704 citations

The Psychology of Animal Learning

1976 • 2,451 citations

From motivation to action: Functional interface between the limbic system and the motor system

1980 • 2,292 citations

Food reward: Brain substrates of wanting and liking

1996 • 1,831 citations

Two-process learning theory: Relationships between Pavlovian conditioning and instrumental learning.

1967 • 1,474 citations

Integrative activity of the brain

1967 • 1,388 citations

Factors That Predict Individual Vulnerability to Amphetamine Self-Administration

1989 • 1,354 citations

Responses of monkey dopamine neurons to reward and conditioned stimuli during successive steps of learning a delayed response task

1993 • 1,279 citations

New perspectives in basal forebrain organization of special relevance for neuropsychiatric disorders: The striatopallidal, amygdaloid, and corticopetal components of substantia innominata

1988 • 1,209 citations

The taste reactivity test. I. Mimetic responses to gustatory stimuli in neurologically normal rats

1978 • 1,170 citations

Differential Effect of Stress on In Vivo Dopamine Release in Striatum, Nucleus Accumbens, and Medial Frontal Cortex

1989 • 1,107 citations

Effects of nicotine on the nucleus accumbens and similarity to those of addictive drugs

1996 • 1,083 citations

Cannabinoid and Heroin Activation of Mesolimbic Dopamine Transmission by a Common µ ₁ Opioid Receptor Mechanism

1997 • 1,078 citations

Role of unconditioned and conditioned drug effects in the self-administration of opiates and stimulants.

1984 • 1,060 citations

Reinforcement, expectancy, and learning.

1972 • 1,057 citations

Neuroleptics and operant behavior: The anhedonia hypothesis

1982 • 1,021 citations

Opposite effects of mu and kappa opiate agonists on dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens and in the dorsal caudate of freely moving rats.

1988 • 913 citations

Intravenous cocaine, morphine, and amphetamine preferentially increase extracellular dopamine in the "shell" as compared with the "core" of the rat nucleus accumbens.

1995 • 857 citations

Preferential stimulation of dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens of freely moving rats by ethanol.

1986 • 852 citations

The role of dopamine in locomotor activity and learning

1983 • 849 citations

Low doses of ethanol activate dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area

1985 • 788 citations

How adaptive behavior is produced: a perceptual-motivational alternative to response reinforcements

1978 • 735 citations

Nicotine preferentially stimulates dopamine release in the limbic system of freely moving rats

1986 • 693 citations

Pathophysiological Basis of Vulnerability to Drug Abuse: Role of an Interaction Between Stress, Glucocorticoids, and Dopaminergic Neurons

1996 • 671 citations

The role of dopamine in drug abuse viewed from the perspective of its role in motivation

1995 • 632 citations

Food reward and cocaine increase extracellular dopamine in the nucleus accumbens as measured by microdialysis

1988 • 619 citations

Dynamics of Drug Dependence

1973 • 608 citations

The involvement of nucleus accumbens dopamine in appetitive and aversive motivation

1994 • 580 citations

Stress- and pharmacologically-induced behavioral sensitization increases vulnerability to acquisition of amphetamine self-administration

1990 • 574 citations

Amphetamine, cocaine, phencyclidine and nomifensine increase extracellular dopamine concentrations preferentially in the nucleus accumbens of freely moving rats

1989 • 562 citations

A motivational view of learning, performance, and behavior modification.

1974 • 559 citations

Marked inhibition of mesolimbic dopamine release: a common feature of ethanol, morphine, cocaine and amphetamine abstinence in rats

1992 • 525 citations

Behavioral functions of nucleus accumbens dopamine: Empirical and conceptual problems with the anhedonia hypothesis

1997 • 525 citations

Is the short-latency dopamine response too short to signal reward error?

1999 • 514 citations

Postcocaine anhedonia. An animal model of cocaine withdrawal.

1991 • 505 citations

Psychopathology : experimental models

1977 • 488 citations

Classical Conditioning in Drug‐Dependent Humansa

1992 • 473 citations

Differential responsiveness of dopamine transmission to food-stimuli in nucleus accumbens shell/core compartments

1999 • 433 citations

Electrophysiological evidence for excitation of rat ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons by morphine

1984 • 424 citations

Fluctuations in nucleus accumbens dopamine concentration during intravenous cocaine self-administration in rats

1995 • 401 citations

Dopamine in the nucleus accumbens during cocaine self-administration as studied by in vivo microdialysis

1989 • 386 citations

Differential Influence of Associative and Nonassociative Learning Mechanisms on the Responsiveness of Prefrontal and Accumbal Dopamine Transmission to Food Stimuli in Rats FedAd Libitum

1997 • 374 citations

A motivational learning hypothesis of the role of mesolimbic dopamine in compulsive drug use

1998 • 346 citations

Two Types of Conditioned Reflex and a Pseudo Type

1935 • 331 citations

Two Types of Conditioned Reflex: A Reply to Konorski and Miller

1937 • 319 citations

Increase of extracellular dopamine in the prefrontal cortex: a trait of drugs with antidepressant potential?

1994 • 317 citations

Profound decrement of mesolimbic dopaminergic neuronal activity during ethanol withdrawal syndrome in rats: electrophysiological and biochemical evidence.

1993 • 308 citations

Brain microdialysis and its application for the study of animal behaviour

1995 • 285 citations

Complex motor and sensorimotor functions of striatal and accumbens dopamine: involvement in instrumental behavior processes

1992 • 284 citations

Dopamine microdialysis in the nucleus accumbens during acute and chronic morphine, naloxone-precipitated withdrawal and clonidine treatment

1991 • 282 citations

Differences in extracellular dopamine concentrations in the nucleus accumbens during response-dependent and response-independent cocaine administration in the rat

1997 • 282 citations

Preferential stimulation of ventral tegmental area dopaminergic neurons by nicotine

1987 • 275 citations

Contemporary Research in Behavioral Pharmacology

1978 • 273 citations

Opponent process theory of motivation: Neurobiological evidence from studies of opiate dependence

1989 • 264 citations

Latent inhibition of conditioned dopamine release in rat nucleus accumbens

1993 • 264 citations

Differential effects of two ways of devaluing the unconditioned stimulus after Pavlovian appetitive conditioning.

1979 • 257 citations

Effect of dose on cocaine self-administration behavior and dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens

1991 • 226 citations

Depression of Mesolimbic Dopamine Transmission and Sensitization to Morphine During Opiate Abstinence

1992 • 224 citations

SCH 23390 blocks drug-conditioned place-preference and place-aversion: anhedonia (lack of reward) or apathy (lack of motivation) after dopamine-receptor blockade?

1989 • 211 citations

Effect of sympathomimetic amines on the synaptosomal transport of noradrenaline, dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine

1977 • 204 citations

“Perestroika” in the basal forebrain: Opening the border between neurology and psychiatry

1991 • 204 citations

High Dose Pimozide Does Not Block Amphetamine-Induced Euphoria in Normal Volunteers

1997 • 197 citations

A dopamine‐μ₁ opioid link in the rat ventral tegmentum shared by palatable food (Fonzies) and non‐psychostimulant drugs of abuse

1998 • 195 citations

Opponent Process Model and Psychostimulant Addiction

1997 • 191 citations

Elevations of nucleus accumbens dopamine and DOPAC levels during intravenous heroin self‐administration

1995 • 188 citations

Pimozide-induced extinction in rats: Stimulus control of responding rules out motor deficit

1979 • 186 citations

A conditioned stimulus decreases extracellular dopamine in the nucleus accumbens after the development of a learned taste aversion

1991 • 184 citations

Reciprocal changes in dopamine responsiveness in the nucleus accumbens shell and core and in the dorsal caudate–putamen in rats sensitized to morphine

1999 • 183 citations

PERIPHERAL AND SYSTEMIC ACTIONS OF FOOD IN THE CALORIC REGULATION OF INTAKE

1969 • 179 citations

Catecholamines and self-stimulation: Reward and performance effects dissociated

1978 • 175 citations

Drug- and behavior-associated changes in dopamine-related electrochemical signals during intravenous cocaine self-administration in rats

1994 • 173 citations

The anhedonia hypothesis: Mark III

1985 • 169 citations

Contribution of Blockade of the Noradrenaline Carrier to the Increase of Extracellular Dopamine in the Rat Prefrontal Cortex by Amphetamine and Cocaine

1997 • 169 citations

Profound decrease of mesolimbic dopaminergic neuronal activity in morphine withdrawn rats.

1995 • 167 citations

Decreased resistance to extinction after haloperidol: Implications for the role of dopamine in reinforcement

1979 • 166 citations

Scheduled eating increases dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens of food-deprived rats as assessed with on-line brain dialysis

1988 • 166 citations

Behavior-Relevant Changes in Nucleus Accumbens Dopamine Transmission Elicited by Food Reinforcement: An Electrochemical Study in Rat

1996 • 163 citations

Acute administration of nicotine increases the in vivo extracellular levels of dopamine, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and ascorbic acid preferentially in the nucleus accumbens of the rat: Comparison with caudate-putamen

1990 • 162 citations

Reinstatement of drug-seeking behavior produced by heroin-predictive environmental stimuli

1997 • 155 citations

Profound depression of mesolimbic dopamine release after morphine withdrawal in dependent rats

1991 • 155 citations

Increased extracellular dopamine in the nucleus accumbens of the rat during associative learning of neutral stimuli

1998 • 153 citations

Pimozide Does Not Shift Palatability: Separation of Anhedonia from Sensorimotor Suppression by Taste Reactivity

1997 • 152 citations

Differences in Dopamine Clearance and Diffusion in Rat Striatum and Nucleus Accumbens Following Systemic Cocaine Administration

1992 • 152 citations

Dopamine and preparatory behavior: I. Effects of pimozide.

1987 • 142 citations

Electrochemical monitoring of extracellular dopamine in nucleus accumbens of rats lever-pressing for food

1994 • 140 citations

Animal models of drug withdrawal symptoms

1990 • 139 citations

On the preferential release of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens by amphetamine: further evidence obtained by vertically implanted concentric dialysis probes

1993 • 126 citations

Dopamine Overflow in the Nucleus Accumbens during Extinction and Reinstatement of Cocaine Self-Administration Behavior

1996 • 126 citations

Motivational Control of Instrumental Action

1995 • 122 citations

Dopamine and preparatory behavior: I. Effects of pimozide.

1987 • 120 citations

Differential effects of amphetamine and dopamine uptake blockers (cocaine, nomifensine) on caudate and accumbens dialysate dopamine and 3-methoxytyramine.

1992 • 120 citations

Dopamine, neuroleptics and reinforced behavior

1989 • 118 citations

Does pimozide block the reinforcing effect of brain stimulation?

1982 • 117 citations

The effect of pimozide on the establishment of conditioned reinforcement

1980 • 115 citations

Drug‐ and behavior‐associated changes in dopamine‐related electrochemical signals during intravenous heroin self‐administration in rats

1993 • 113 citations

The potentiation of conditioned reinforcement by psychomotor stimulant drugs. A Test of Hill's Hypothesis

1975 • 111 citations

Subjective responses to d-amphetamine alone and after pimozide pretreatment in normal, healthy volunteers

1996 • 110 citations

Effects of pimozide on lever pressing behavior maintained on an intermittent reinforcement schedule

1980 • 110 citations

Stimuli associated with drug injections as events that control behavior.

1975 • 110 citations

Drugs as Reinforcers

1978 • 102 citations

Amphetamine-induced neurochemical and locomotor responses are expressed differentially across the anteroposterior axis of the core and shell subterritories of the nucleus accumbens

1998 • 102 citations

Conditioned changes in dopamine oxidation currents in the nucleus accumbens of rats by stimuli paired with self‐administration or yoked‐administration of d‐amphetamine

1998 • 101 citations

D1 receptor blockade stereospecifically impairs the acquisition of drug-conditioned place preference and place aversion

1994 • 97 citations

Dopamine ligands and the stimulus effects of amphetamine: animal models versus human laboratory data

1997 • 93 citations

Non-psychostimulant drugs of abuse and anxiogenic drugs activate with differential selectivity dopamine transmission in the nucleus accumbens and in the medial prefrontal cortex of the rat

1996 • 91 citations

Double dissociation of the behavioural effects of R (+) 7-OH-DPAT infusions in the central and basolateral amygdala nuclei upon Pavlovian and instrumental conditioned appetitive behaviours

1998 • 88 citations

Conditioned dopamine release: Dependence uponN-methyl-d-aspartate receptors

1995 • 87 citations

Drugs of abuse: biochemical surrogates of specific aspects of natural reward?

1993 • 86 citations

Haloperidol differentially affects reinforcement and motivational processes in rats running an alley for intravenous heroin

1995 • 83 citations

Functional heterogeneity in dopamine release and in the expression of Fos‐like proteins within the rat striatal complex

1999 • 82 citations

Plasma levels and symptom complaints in patients maintained on daily dosage of methadone hydrochloride

1975 • 81 citations

Fluctuations in nucleus accumbens dopamine during cocaine self-administration behavior: An in vivo electrochemical study

1995 • 81 citations

Classically conditioned responses in opioid and cocaine dependence: A role in relapse?

1988 • 80 citations

Haloperidol blocks the response-reinstating effects of food reward: A methodology for separating neuroleptic effects on reinforcement and motor processes

1988 • 77 citations

Does amphetamine preferentially increase the extracellular concentration of dopamine in the mesolimbic system of freely moving rats?

1990 • 75 citations

The use of plasma levels to optimize methadone maintenance treatment

1992 • 74 citations

Relationship between self-reported drug effects and their reinforcing effects: studies with stimulant drugs.

1989 • 69 citations

Enhanced stimulus-reward learning by intra-amygdala administration of a D 3 dopamine receptor agonist

1997 • 65 citations

Effects of haloperidol in a response-reinstatement model of heroin relapse

1996 • 61 citations

Haloperidol prevents the reinstatement of amphetamine-rewarded runway responding in rats

1990 • 60 citations

The effects of pimozide during pairing on the transfer of classical conditioning to an operant discrimination

1981 • 58 citations

Intracerebral Microdialysis in the Study of Physiology and Behaviour

1993 • 57 citations

Enhanced acquisition of discriminative approach following intra-amygdala d -amphetamine

1997 • 56 citations

The use of extinction to investigate the nature of neuroleptic-induced avoidance deficits

1980 • 55 citations

The relation between dopamine oxidation currents in the nucleus accumbens and conditioned increases in motor activity in rats following repeated administration of d‐amphetamine or cocaine

1998 • 55 citations

Increase of extracellular dopamine in the medial prefrontal cortex during spontaneous and naloxone-precipitated opiate abstinence

1995 • 51 citations

A lateral hypothalamic D1 dopaminergic mechanism in conditioned taste aversion

1996 • 50 citations

Psychostimulant drugs increase glucose utilization in the shell of the rat nucleus accumbens

1994 • 50 citations

Conditioned incentive properties of a food-paired conditioned stimulus remain intact during dopamine receptor blockade.

1991 • 43 citations

Conditioned incentive properties of a food-paired conditioned stimulus remain intact during dopamine receptor blockade.

1991 • 42 citations

Delayed occurrence of enhanced striatal preprodynorphin gene expression in behaviorally sensitized rats: differential long-term effects of intermittent and chronic morphine administration

1996 • 42 citations

Pimozide prevents the response-reinstating effects of water reinforcement in rats

1990 • 38 citations

Serum levels of methadone in maintenance clients who persist in illicit drug use

1990 • 36 citations

Intravenous morphine increases glucose utilization in the shell of the rat nucleus accumbens

1996 • 27 citations

Relationship between self-reported drug effects and their reinforcing effects: Studies with stimulant drugs.

1989 • 24 citations

Patterns of Craving and Pharmacokinetics in Long-Term Opiate Addicts in Methadone Maintenance Therapy

1996 • 13 citations