Immune function of microglia

A Toll-like receptor recognizes bacterial DNA

2000 • 6,348 citations

Inflammation and Alzheimer's disease

2000 • 4,315 citations

Microglia: a sensor for pathological events in the CNS

1996 • 4,309 citations

Chemokines

2000 • 3,773 citations

The expanding universe of T-cell subsets: Th1, Th2 and more

1996 • 3,710 citations

CD95's deadly mission in the immune system

2000 • 1,714 citations

Cytokines Induce the Development of Functionally Heterogeneous T Helper Cell Subsets

1998 • 1,569 citations

Corpse clearance defines the meaning of cell death

2000 • 1,528 citations

Innate immune recognition: mechanisms and pathways

2000 • 1,451 citations

CD40-CD40 ligand

2000 • 1,376 citations

Role for neuronally derived fractalkine in mediating interactions between neurons and CX3CR1-expressing microglia

1998 • 1,118 citations

Microglia: Intrinsic immuneffector cell of the brain

1995 • 1,099 citations

Reactive microgliosis

1999 • 1,048 citations

Expression of specific chemokines and chemokine receptors in the central nervous system of multiple sclerosis patients

1999 • 999 citations

Down-Regulation of the Macrophage Lineage Through Interaction with OX2 (CD200)

2000 • 983 citations

The adhesion molecule and cytokine profile of multiple sclerosis lesions

1995 • 761 citations

Cytokines in inflammatory brain lesions: helpful and harmful

1996 • 727 citations

On the cellular source and function of interleukin 6 produced in the central nervous system in viral diseases

1989 • 692 citations

Other Functions, Other Genes

1999 • 686 citations

The role of microglia and macrophages in the pathophysiology of the CNS

1999 • 677 citations

Cervical lymphatics, the blood-brain barrier and the immunoreactivity of the brain: a new view

1992 • 653 citations

Antigen presentation and tumor cytotoxicity by interferon‐γ‐treated microglial cells

1987 • 648 citations

Normal adult ramified microglia separated from other central nervous system macrophages by flow cytometric sorting. Phenotypic differences defined and direct ex vivo antigen presentation to myelin basic protein-reactive CD4+ T cells compared.

1995 • 622 citations

Activated Macrophages and Microglia Induce Dopaminergic Sprouting in the Injured Striatum and Express Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor

1999 • 569 citations

Microglia as effector cells in brain damage and repair: focus on prostanoids and nitric oxide

1998 • 568 citations

IL-10 Is Critical in the Regulation of Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis as Demonstrated by Studies of IL-10- and IL-4-Deficient and Transgenic Mice

1998 • 558 citations

Understanding dendritic cell and T‐lymphocyte traffic through the analysis of chemokine receptor expression

2000 • 526 citations

CD40-CD40 ligand interactions in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis.

1996 • 492 citations

Ischemic Preconditioning and Brain Tolerance: Temporal Histological and Functional Outcomes, Protein Synthesis Requirement, and Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist and Early Gene Expression

1998 • 488 citations

Expression of costimulatory molecules B7-1 (CD80), B7-2 (CD86), and interleukin 12 cytokine in multiple sclerosis lesions.

1995 • 473 citations

Extracellular ATP Triggers Tumor Necrosis Factor‐α Release from Rat Microglia

2000 • 438 citations

Requirement for CD40 Ligand in Costimulation Induction, T Cell Activation, and Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis

1996 • 425 citations

Brain microglia constitutively express β-2 integrins

1990 • 423 citations

The IL-1 receptor/toll-like receptor superfamily: crucial receptors for inflammation and host defense

2000 • 396 citations

Regulation of T-cell responses by CNS antigen-presenting cells: different roles for microglia and astrocytes

2000 • 393 citations

Lymphoid/Neuronal Cell Surface OX2 Glycoprotein Recognizes a Novel Receptor on Macrophages Implicated in the Control of Their Function

2000 • 386 citations

Cytokine Actions in the Central Nervous System

1998 • 373 citations

Microglial Activation Resulting from CD40-CD40L Interaction After β-Amyloid Stimulation

1999 • 356 citations

Bone marrow derived elements and resident microglia in brain inflammation

1993 • 352 citations

Brain-immune connection: Immuno-regulatory properties of CNS-resident cells

2000 • 349 citations

Characterization of Fractalkine in Rat Brain Cells: Migratory and Activation Signals for CX3CR-1-Expressing Microglia

1999 • 345 citations

Mature microglia resemble immature antigen-presenting cells

1998 • 339 citations

CR3: a general purpose adhesion-recognition receptor essential for innate immunity

2000 • 326 citations

Oligodendrocyte Apoptosis and Primary Demyelination Induced by Local TNF/p55TNF Receptor Signaling in the Central Nervous System of Transgenic Mice

1998 • 317 citations

Distribution and phenotype of dendritic cells and resident tissue macrophages in the dura mater, leptomeninges, and choroid plexus of the rat brain as demonstrated in wholemount preparations

1999 • 313 citations

Microglia and Macrophages Are the Major Source of Tumor Necrosis Factor in Permanent Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion in Mice

2000 • 310 citations

IL-6-deficient mice resist myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-induced autoimmune encephalomyelitis

1998 • 307 citations

Brain macrophages: on the role of pericytes and perivascular cells

1999 • 303 citations

Microglia are the major cell type expressing MHC class II in human white matter

1987 • 302 citations

Adhesion molecule expression and regulation on cells of the central nervous system

1999 • 295 citations

Chemokine and chemokine receptor expression in the central nervous system

1999 • 293 citations

Neurotrophins inhibit major histocompatibility class II inducibility of microglia: Involvement of the p75 neurotrophin receptor

1998 • 283 citations

Mannose Receptor and Its Putative Ligands in Normal Murine Lymphoid and Nonlymphoid Organs: In Situ Expression of Mannose Receptor by Selected Macrophages, Endothelial Cells, Perivascular Microglia, and Mesangial Cells, but not Dendritic Cells

1999 • 281 citations

The Inhibitory Effects of Transforming Growth Factor-Beta-1 (TGF-β1) in Autoimmune Diseases

2000 • 276 citations

A revised view of the central nervous system microenvironment and major histocompatibility complex class II antigen presentation

1998 • 276 citations

Microglia Are More Efficient Than Astrocytes in Antigen Processing and in Th1 But Not Th2 Cell Activation

1998 • 275 citations

Microglia induce CD4 T lymphocyte final effector function and death.

1996 • 266 citations

IL-12 production by central nervous system microglia is inhibited by astrocytes.

1997 • 263 citations

Tumor necrosis factor: a master-regulator of leukocyte movement

2000 • 242 citations

Intrathecal application of interferon gamma. Progressive appearance of MHC antigens within the rat nervous system.

1990 • 240 citations

Critical Influences of the Cytokine Orchestration on the Outcome of Myelin Antigen‐Specific T‐Cell Autoimmunity in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis and Multiple Sclerosis

1995 • 239 citations

Central nervous system perivascular cells are immunoregulatory cells that connect the CNS with the peripheral immune system

2001 • 238 citations

The central nervous system as an immunocompetent organ: role of glial cells in antigen presentation.

1996 • 230 citations

FasL (CD95L, Apo1L) is expressed in the normal rat and human brain: Evidence for the existence of an immunological brain barrier

1999 • 222 citations

Role of the peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐γ (PPAR‐γ) and its natural ligand 15‐deoxy‐Δ^12,14‐prostaglandin J₂in the regulation of microglial functions

2000 • 220 citations

Comparison of phenotypic and functional properties of immediately ex vivo and cultured human adult microglia

1996 • 217 citations

Neuroprotective role of IL-4 against activated microglia.

1993 • 214 citations

Expression of the β-chemokine receptors CCR2, CCR3 and CCR5 in multiple sclerosis central nervous system tissue

2000 • 209 citations

Differential expression, cytokine modulation, and specific functions of type-1 and type-2 tumor necrosis factor receptors in rat glia

1997 • 206 citations

Differential Production of and Migratory Response to Chemokines by Human Microglia and Astrocytes

1997 • 206 citations

The Costimulatory Molecule B7 is Expressed on Human Microglia in Culture and in Multiple Sclerosis Acute Lesions

1995 • 205 citations

Role of microglial-derived tumor necrosis factor in mediating CD14 transcription and nuclear factor kappa B activity in the brain during endotoxemia.

2000 • 205 citations

Role of CD14 in Cellular Recognition of Bacterial Lipopolysaccharides

1999 • 201 citations

Critical Roles of Toll-Like Receptors in Host Defense

2000 • 196 citations

The Chemokine Fractalkine Inhibits Fas-Mediated Cell Death of Brain Microglia

2000 • 190 citations

Chemokines and chemokine receptors in CNS pathology

1999 • 189 citations

CD28/CTLA-4 and CD80/CD86 families

1999 • 186 citations

Surveillance, Intervention and Cytotoxicity: Is There a Protective Role of Microglia?

1994 • 185 citations

Treatment of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis with Genetically Modified Memory T Cells

1997 • 180 citations

Cytokine production in the central nervous system of Lewis rats with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: dynamics of mRNA expression for interleukin-10, interleukin-12, cytolysin, tumor necrosis factor α and tumor necrosis factor β

1995 • 179 citations

Endotoxin and Cytokine Regulation of Toll-like Receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR4 Gene Expression in Murine Liver and Hepatocytes

2000 • 176 citations

Phagocytic Clearance of Apoptotic Neurons by Microglia/Brain Macrophages In Vitro

2000 • 174 citations

Complement anaphylatoxin receptors on neurons: new tricks for old receptors?

1999 • 174 citations

IL-18 Directs Autoreactive T Cells and Promotes Autodestruction in the Central Nervous System Via Induction of IFN-γ by NK Cells

2000 • 173 citations

Cytokine regulation of CC and CXC chemokine expression by human astrocytes

1999 • 171 citations

Chemokines induce migration and changes in actin polymerization in adult rat brain microglia and a human fetal microglial cell line in vitro

1999 • 171 citations

Role of Microglial-Derived Tumor Necrosis Factor in Mediating CD14 Transcription and Nuclear Factor κ B Activity in the Brain during Endotoxemia

2000 • 170 citations

Chemokine and Chemokine-Receptor Expression in Human Glial Elements

2000 • 169 citations

Antigen presentation in the central nervous system. The inhibitory effect of IL-10 on MHC class II expression and production of cytokines depends on the inducing signals and the type of cell analyzed.

1994 • 168 citations

Reactive microglia in multiple sclerosis lesions have an increased expression of receptors for the Fc part of IgG

1994 • 167 citations

Cytokine induction of MIP-1 alpha and MIP-1 beta in human fetal microglia.

1998 • 166 citations

CD14 receptor-mediated uptake of nonopsonized Mycobacterium tuberculosis by human microglia

1995 • 166 citations

Macrophage phagocytosis of myelin in vitro determined by flow cytometry: phagocytosis is mediated by CR3 and induces production of tumor necrosis factor-α and nitric oxide

1996 • 164 citations

Melanocortin peptides inhibit production of proinflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide by activated microglia

1998 • 159 citations

Macrophage and microglial responses to cytokines in vitro: Phagocytic activity, proteolytic enzyme release, and free radical production

1998 • 159 citations

Involvement of STAT-1 and Ets Family Members in Interferon-γ Induction of CD40 Transcription in Microglia/Macrophages

2000 • 157 citations

Class II transactivator and class II MHC gene expression in microglia: modulation by the cytokines TGF-β, IL-4, IL-13 and IL-10

1999 • 156 citations

Macrophage lectins in host defence

2000 • 155 citations

Murine Microglial Cells Produce and Respond to Interleukin‐18

1999 • 153 citations

Functional Maturation of Adult Mouse Resting Microglia into an APC Is Promoted by Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor and Interaction with Th1 Cells

2000 • 152 citations

Molecular mechanisms of microglial activation. A. Implications for regeneration and neurodegenerative diseases.

1996 • 149 citations

T-Cell Apoptosis in Inflammatory Brain Lesions

1998 • 146 citations

Neuronal Control of MHC Class II Inducibility in Rat Astrocytes and Microglia

1996 • 145 citations

TNF-α and IFN-γ render microglia sensitive to Fas ligand-induced apoptosis by induction of Fas expression and down-regulation of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL

1998 • 144 citations

Cytokine Induction of MIP-1α and MIP-1β in Human Fetal Microglia

1998 • 143 citations

Increased severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, chronic macrophage/microglial reactivity, and demyelination in transgenic mice producing tumor necrosis factor‐α in the central nervous system

1997 • 142 citations

Both adenosine A1- and A2-receptors are required to stimulate microglial proliferation.

1996 • 140 citations

Protective effect of the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) on experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in rats

1995 • 136 citations

Central Nervous System Microglial Cell Activation and Proliferation Follows Direct Interaction with Tissue-Infiltrating T Cell Blasts

1998 • 135 citations

Cell death during autoimmune demyelination: effector but not target cells are eliminated by apoptosis.

1997 • 134 citations

Endogenous presentation of self myelin epitopes by CNS-resident APCs in Theiler’s virus–infected mice

1999 • 134 citations

Transcription factor NF-κB is activated in microglia during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

1994 • 133 citations

Regulation of prostanoid synthesis in microglial cells and effects of prostaglandin E2 on microglial functions

1998 • 132 citations

Apoptosis of inflammatory cells in immune control of the nervous system: Role of glia

2001 • 131 citations

Expression of Transforming Growth Factor (TGF)-β1, -β2, and -β3 Isoforms and TGF-β Type I and Type II Receptors in Multiple Sclerosis Lesions and Human Adult Astrocyte Cultures

1999 • 130 citations

Opposite effects of interferon-γ and prostaglandin E2 on tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-10 production in microglia: A regulatory loop controlling microglia pro- and anti-inflammatory activities

1999 • 128 citations

Neurotrophins and the anti-inflammatory agents interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-10, IL-11 and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) down-regulate T cell costimulatory molecules B7 and CD40 on cultured rat microglia

1999 • 126 citations

Vasoactive intestinal peptide and pituitary adenylyl cyclase-activating polypeptide inhibit tumor necrosis factor-alpha production in injured spinal cord and in activated microglia via a cAMP-dependent pathway.

2000 • 126 citations

Inhibition of endotoxin-induced nitric oxide synthase production in microglial cells by the presence of astroglial cells: A role for transforming growth factor ?

1997 • 124 citations

Modulation of interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor expression by ?-adrenergic agonists in mouse ameboid microglial cells

1991 • 122 citations

Neuronal FasL Induces Cell Death of Encephalitogenic T Lymphocytes

2000 • 122 citations

Receptor-mediated phagocytosis of myelin by macrophages and microglia: Effect of opsonization and receptor blocking agents

1996 • 121 citations

Immunology of the Nervous System

1998 • 121 citations

Upregulation of the macrophage scavenger receptor in response to different forms of injury in the CNS

1994 • 120 citations

Relative efficiency of microglia, astrocytes, dendritic cells and B cells in naive CD4+ T cell priming and Th1/Th2 cell restimulation

1999 • 118 citations

Activation of adult human derived microglia by myelin phagocytosis in vitro

1994 • 112 citations

Lipopolysaccharide-induced IL-12 expression in the central nervous system and cultured astrocytes and microglia.

1997 • 112 citations

In situ demonstration of proliferating cells in the rat central nervous system during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Evidence suggesting that most infiltrating T cells do not proliferate in the target organ.

1992 • 112 citations

Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide and Pituitary Adenylyl Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide Inhibit Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Production in Injured Spinal Cord and in Activated Microglia via a cAMP-Dependent Pathway

2000 • 112 citations

Microglia induce myelin basic protein-specific T cell anergy or T cell activation, according to their state of activation

1999 • 111 citations

Transcription Factor NF-kB and Inhibitor kBα are Localized in Macrophages in Active Multiple Sclerosis Lesions

1998 • 110 citations

Microglial Activation by Components of Gram-Positive and -Negative Bacteria: Distinct and Common Routes to the Induction of Ion Channels and Cytokines

1999 • 109 citations

The central nervous system environment controls effector CD4⁺ T cell cytokine profile in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis

1997 • 106 citations

Identification of FcγRI, II and III on normal human brain ramified microglia and on microglia in senile plaques in Alzheimer's disease

1993 • 105 citations

Microglia‐derived macrophages in early multiple sclerosis plaques

1996 • 105 citations

Cytokine responses induced by Toxoplasma gondii in astrocytes and microglial cells

1997 • 104 citations

Mouse Brain Microglia Express Interleukin-15 and Its Multimeric Receptor Complex Functionally Coupled to Janus Kinase Activity

1997 • 104 citations

Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha Production by Human Fetal Microglial Cells: Regulation by Other Cytokines

1995 • 102 citations

Soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor inhibits interleukin 12 production by stimulated human adult microglial cells in vitro.

1996 • 100 citations

Astrocyte-Targeted Expression of IL-12 Induces Active Cellular Immune Responses in the Central Nervous System and Modulates Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis

2000 • 96 citations

Induction of Superoxide Anion and Nitric Oxide Production in Cultured Microglia^a

1994 • 94 citations

Microglia stimulate naive T-cell differentiation without stimulating T-cell proliferation

1999 • 92 citations

Anti‐inflammatory effects of prostaglandin E₂ in the central nervous system in response to brain injury and circulating lipopolysaccharide

2001 • 91 citations

Multiple sclerosis Immunomodulatory effects of human astrocytes on T cells

1994 • 88 citations

Role of dendritic cells in the induction and maintenance of autoimmune diseases

1999 • 88 citations

Glia-T cell dialogue

2000 • 86 citations

CD40-CD154 interaction and IFN-gamma are required for IL-12 but not prostaglandin E2 secretion by microglia during antigen presentation to Th1 cells.

1999 • 86 citations

Differential expression of MHC class II molecules by microglia and neoplastic astroglia: relevance for the escape of astrocytoma cells from immune surveillance

1998 • 85 citations

Central Nervous System Delivery of Interleukin 4 by a Nonreplicative Herpes Simplex Type 1 Viral Vector Ameliorates Autoimmune Demyelination

1998 • 85 citations

IFNs Are Critical Regulators of IL-1 Receptor Antagonist and IL-1 Expression in Human Microglia

1998 • 82 citations

Impairment of TNF-Receptor-1 Signaling but not Fas Signaling Diminishes T-Cell Apoptosis in Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Peptide-Induced Chronic Demyelinating Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in Mice

1999 • 79 citations

Increased Expression of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Receptors in the Brains of Patients With AIDS

1995 • 79 citations

Phagocytosis of myelin in demyelinative disease: a review.

1999 • 77 citations

Human immunodeficiency virus infection, inducible nitric oxide synthase expression, and microglial activation: Pathogenetic relationship to the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome dementia complex

1999 • 77 citations

Structural and functional evidence for microglial expression of C1qRP, the C1q receptor that enhances phagocytosis

2000 • 77 citations

Time course and cellular localization of interleukin-10 mRNA and protein expression in autoimmune inflammation of the rat central nervous system.

1998 • 76 citations

Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Mediates the Release of Bioactive Transforming Growth Factor-β in Murine Microglial Cell Cultures

1995 • 76 citations

Interferon-γ Receptor-Mediated but Not Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Type 1- or Type 2-Mediated Signaling Is Crucial for the Activation of Cerebral Blood Vessel Endothelial Cells and Microglia in Murine Toxoplasma Encephalitis

1999 • 76 citations

Microglial cells qualify as the stimulators of unprimed CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes in the central nervous system

1994 • 74 citations

Cyclooxygenase-2 is highly expressed in microglial-like cells in a murine model of prion disease

2000 • 73 citations

IL-4-Activated STAT-6 Inhibits IFN-γ-Induced CD40 Gene Expression in Macrophages/Microglia

2000 • 71 citations

Direct ex vivo flow cytometric analysis of human microglial cell CD4 expression

1997 • 70 citations

CD40-CD154 Interaction and IFN-γ Are Required for IL-12 But Not Prostaglandin E2 Secretion by Microglia During Antigen Presentation to Th1 Cells

1999 • 67 citations

The roles of Fas, Fas ligand and Bcl-2 in T cell apoptosis in the central nervous system in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

1998 • 65 citations

Mannose receptor is present in a functional state in rat microglial cells

1999 • 64 citations

Production of interleukin-12 and expression of its receptors by murine microglia

1998 • 62 citations

Extracellular human T‐cell lymphotropic virus type I tax protein induces cytokine production in adult human microglial cells

1994 • 61 citations

Regulation of Inhibitory Pathways of the Interleukin‐1 System

1998 • 60 citations

The critical role of IL-12 and the IL-12R?2 subunit in the generation of pathogenic autoreactive Th1 cells

1999 • 56 citations

NF- B Activation by Tumor Necrosis Factor and Interleukin-1

1999 • 55 citations

Sequential Expression of Transforming Growth Factor-β1 by T-cells, Macrophages, and Microglia in Rat Spinal Cord during Autoimmune Inflammation

1998 • 49 citations

Transient in vivo activation of rat brain macrophages/microglial cells and astrocytes by immunostimulatory multiple CpG oligonucleotides

2001 • 48 citations

Coexpression of Fas/FasL and Bax on brain and infiltrating T cells in the central nervous system is closely associated with apoptotic cell death during autoimmune encephalomyelitis

2000 • 46 citations

Inhibition of Complement as a Therapeutic Approach in Inflammatory Central Nervous System (CNS) Disease

1999 • 44 citations

Interaction between apoptotic cells and reactive brain cells in the central nervous system of rats with autoimmune encephalomyelitis

1998 • 38 citations

Local Neurochemicals and Site-Specific Immune Regulation in the CNS

2000 • 35 citations

Upregulation of COX-2 and CGRP Expression in Resident Cells of the Borna Disease Virus-Infected Brain Is Dependent upon Inflammation

1999 • 33 citations

Human microglia activate lymphoproliferative responses to recall viral antigens

1996 • 31 citations

T Cell Immunity Induced by Allogeneic Microglia in Relation to Neuronal Retina Transplantation

1999 • 20 citations

Protein Kinase C Activation Reduces Microglial Cyclic AMP Response to Prostaglandin E₂ by Interfering with EP2 Receptors

2000 • 19 citations

Cervical lymphoid tissue but not the central nervous system supports proliferation of virus-specific T lymphocytes during coronavirus-induced encephalitis in rats

1994 • 18 citations

Expression of the C1q/MBL/SPA receptor involved in phagocytosis and innate immune defense on human glia

1998 • 10 citations

Expression of C3aR in man and mouse: predominance in adrenal gland, skin and lung

1998 • 5 citations