The Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type-1 Long Terminal Repeat and Its Role in Gene Expression

An inducible transcription factor activates expression of human immunodeficiency virus in T cells

1987 • 2,149 citations

Interactions between heterologous helix-loop-helix proteins generate complexes that bind specifically to a common DNA sequence

1989 • 1,876 citations

HIV infection is active and progressive in lymphoid tissue during the clinically latent stage of disease

1993 • 1,822 citations

Massive covert infection of helper T lymphocytes and macrophages by HIV during the incubation period of AIDS

1993 • 1,450 citations

Nuclear association of a T-cell transcription factor blocked by FK-506 and cyclosporin A

1991 • 1,054 citations

Identification of a Putative Regulator of Early T Cell Activation Genes

1988 • 933 citations

Anti-termination of transcription within the long terminal repeat of HIV-1 by tat gene product

1987 • 902 citations

Trans -Activator Gene of Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Type III (HTLV-III)

1985 • 872 citations

The location of cis-acting regulatory sequences in the human T cell lymphotropic virus type III (HTLV-III/LAV) long terminal repeat

1985 • 825 citations

Activation of the AIDS Retrovirus Promoter by the Cellular Transcription Factor, Sp1

1986 • 741 citations

Trans-activation of human immunodeficiency virus occurs via a bimodal mechanism

1986 • 730 citations

Regulation of mRNA accumulation by a human immunodeficiency virus trans-activator protein

1987 • 672 citations

Tat trans-activates the human immunodeficiency virus through a nascent RNA target

1989 • 644 citations

Cytokine Receptors and Signal Transduction

1992 • 607 citations

Conformation of the TAR RNA-Arginine Complex by NMR Spectroscopy

1992 • 594 citations

Cloning by recognition site screening of two novel GT box binding proteins: a family of Sp1 related genes

1992 • 577 citations

HIV-1 Tat protein increases transcriptional initiation and stabilizes elongation

1989 • 577 citations

HIV-1 tat trans-activation requires the loop sequence within tar

1988 • 551 citations

UV-induced DNA damage is an intermediate step in UV-induced expression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1, collagenase, c-fos, and metallothionein.

1989 • 549 citations

Cloning of GT box-binding proteins: a novel Sp1 multigene family regulating T-cell receptor gene expression.

1992 • 533 citations

The Fos Complex and Fos-Related Antigens Recognize Sequence Elements That Co ntain AP-1 Binding Sites

1988 • 532 citations

The oncoprotein Bcl-3 directly transactivates through κB motifs via association with DNA-binding p50B homodimers

1993 • 506 citations

Cooperative interaction of an initiator-binding transcription initiation factor and the helix–loop–helix activator USF

1991 • 505 citations

Cytokines Alter Production of HIV-1 from Primary Mononuclear Phagocytes

1988 • 486 citations

Human immunodeficiency virus 1 tat protein binds trans-activation-responsive region (TAR) RNA in vitro.

1989 • 472 citations

Activation of the HIV-1 LTR by T Cell Mitogens and the Trans-Activator Protein of HTLV-I

1987 • 460 citations

Fragments of the HIV-1 Tat Protein Specifically Biand TAR RNA

1990 • 446 citations

Structural and functional characterization of human immunodeficiency virus tat protein

1989 • 444 citations

The same inducible nuclear proteins regulates mitogen activation of both the interleukin-2 receptor-alpha gene and type 1 HIV

1988 • 427 citations

A bulge structure in HIV-1 TAR RNA is required for Tat binding and Tat-mediated trans-activation.

1990 • 412 citations

Inhibition of replication and expression of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type III in cultured cells by exogenous synthetic oligonucleotides complementary to viral RNA.

1986 • 403 citations

Identification of HTLV-I tax trans-activator mutants exhibiting novel transcriptional phenotypes.

1990 • 401 citations

Characterization of a Human TAR RNA-Binding Protein That Activates the HIV-1 LTR

1991 • 391 citations

Retinoid X receptor-COUP-TF interactions modulate retinoic acid signaling.

1992 • 389 citations

The eIF-2 alpha protein kinases, regulators of translation in eukaryotes from yeasts to humans.

1993 • 383 citations

Hepatitis B virus transactivator HBx uses a tumour promoter signalling pathway

1993 • 371 citations

Trans-activation of the human immunodeficiency virus long terminal repeat sequence by DNA viruses.

1986 • 368 citations

The role of Tat in the human immunodeficiency virus life cycle indicates a primary effect on transcriptional elongation.

1991 • 360 citations

Two regulatory proteins that bind to the basic transcription element (BTE), a GC box sequence in the promoter region of the rat P-4501A1 gene.

1992 • 354 citations

Analysis of arginine-rich peptides from the HIV Tat protein reveals unusual features of RNA-protein recognition.

1991 • 328 citations

Molecular cloning and characterization of the HTLV-III virus associated with AIDS

1984 • 327 citations

Characterization of a promonocyte clone chronically infected with HIV and inducible by 13-phorbol-12-myristate acetate.

1988 • 323 citations

Immediate-early gene region of human cytomegalovirus trans-activates the promoter of human immunodeficiency virus.

1987 • 317 citations

Herpes simplex virus type-1 can reactivate transcription of latent human immunodeficiency virus

1987 • 314 citations

Identification and purification of a human immunoglobulin-enhancer-binding protein (NF-kappa B) that activates transcription from a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 promoter in vitro.

1988 • 309 citations

Interactions of cellular proteins involved in the transcriptional regulation of the human immunodeficiency virus.

1987 • 306 citations

Elevated levels of mRNA can account for the trans-activation of human immunodeficiency virus.

1986 • 303 citations

Regulation of eukaryotic protein synthesis by initiation factors.

1993 • 300 citations

Cholesteryl-conjugated oligonucleotides: synthesis, properties, and activity as inhibitors of replication of human immunodeficiency virus in cell culture.

1989 • 296 citations

HIV-1 Tat protein promotes formation of more-processive elongation complexes.

1991 • 295 citations

Functional Sites in the 5′ Region of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 RNA Form Defined Structural Domains

1993 • 294 citations

Human immunodeficiency virus long terminal repeat responds to T-cell activation signals.

1987 • 292 citations

Effects of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat protein on the expression of inflammatory cytokines

1992 • 289 citations

High Affinity Binding of TAR RNA by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type-1 tat Protein Requires Base-pairs in the RNA Stem and Amino Acid Residues Flanking the Basic Region

1993 • 281 citations

Expression and Characterization of the Trans -Activator of HTLV-III/LAV Virus

1986 • 276 citations

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 LTR TATA and TAR region sequences required for transcriptional regulation.

1989 • 275 citations

Structural arrangements of transcription control domains within the 5'-untranslated leader regions of the HIV-1 and HIV-2 promoters.

1988 • 271 citations

Mutational analysis of the conserved basic domain of human immunodeficiency virus tat protein

1989 • 270 citations

A discrete element 3' of human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) and HIV-2 mRNA initiation sites mediates transcriptional activation by an HIV trans activator.

1988 • 270 citations

Alternative Mechanisms for Activation of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Enhancer in T Cells

1988 • 265 citations

Functional roles for the TATA promoter and enhancers in basal and Tat-induced expression of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long terminal repeat

1992 • 254 citations

TAR-independent activation of the HIV-1 LTR: Evidence that Tat requires specific regions of the promoter

1990 • 253 citations

Multiple functional domains of Tat, thetrans-activator of HIV-1, defined by mutational analysis

1989 • 251 citations

A DNA-binding protein containing two widely separated zinc finger motifs that recognize the same DNA sequence.

1990 • 249 citations

Trans-activation of human immunodeficiency virus gene expression is mediated by nuclear events.

1987 • 246 citations

Mutational analysis of HIV-1 Tat minimal domain peptides: Identification of trans-dominant mutants that suppress HIV-LTR-driven gene expression

1989 • 244 citations

The Effect of Cytokines and Pharmacologic Agents on Chronic HIV Infection

1992 • 237 citations

Saturation mutagenesis of a yeast his3 "TATA element": genetic evidence for a specific TATA-binding protein.

1988 • 236 citations

Trans-activation by HIV-1 Tat via a heterologous RNA binding protein

1990 • 236 citations

Mutational analysis of the trans-activation-responsive region of the human immunodeficiency virus type I long terminal repeat

1988 • 235 citations

Activation of human immunodeficiency virus by herpesvirus infection: identification of a region within the long terminal repeat that responds to a trans-acting factor encoded by herpes simplex virus 1.

1987 • 234 citations

A cDNA for a Protein That Interacts with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Tat Transactivator

1990 • 234 citations

Human transcription factor USF stimulates transcription through the initiator elements of the HIV-1 and the Ad-ML promoters.

1993 • 229 citations

Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus replication by antisense oligodeoxynucleotides.

1988 • 227 citations

Three inhibitors of type 1 human immunodeficiency virus long terminal repeat-directed gene expression and virus replication.

1993 • 225 citations

Inhibition of HIV Replication in Acute and Chronic Infections in Vitro by a Tat Antagonist

1991 • 220 citations

Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 expression by a hairpin ribozyme.

1992 • 220 citations

Identification and characterization of a HeLa nuclear protein that specifically binds to the trans-activation-response (TAR) element of human immunodeficiency virus.

1990 • 217 citations

The HIV-1 Tat protein activates transcription from an upstream DNA-binding site: implications for Tat function.

1991 • 217 citations

The NF-kappa B binding sites in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long terminal repeat are not required for virus infectivity

1989 • 215 citations

Trans-activation of the human immunodeficiency virus long terminal repeat by the hepatitis B virus X protein.

1988 • 212 citations

Association of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 and C proteins with reiterated AUUUA sequences.

1993 • 208 citations

Dual-target Inhibition of HIV-1 in Vitro by Means of an Adeno-Associated Virus Antisense Vector

1992 • 206 citations

Human herpes virus-6 increases HIV-1 expression in co-infected T cells via nuclear factors binding to the HIV-1 enhancer.

1989 • 205 citations

Hepatitis B virus transactivator MHBst: activation of NF-kappa B, selective inhibition by antioxidants and integral membrane localization.

1992 • 204 citations

cDNA cloning and transcriptional properties of a novel GC box-binding protein, BTEB2

1993 • 203 citations

Purification of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 enhancer and TAR binding proteins EBP-1 and UBP-1.

1988 • 201 citations

Activation of double-stranded RNA-dependent kinase (dsl) by the TAR region of HIV-1 mRNA: A novel translational control mechanism

1989 • 196 citations

Alterations in a yeast protein resembling HIV Tat-binding protein relieve requirement for an acidic activation domain in GAL4

1992 • 196 citations

HIV-1 Tat acts as a processivity factor in vitro in conjunction with cellular elongation factors.

1992 • 195 citations

The human cytomegalovirus 80-kilodalton but not the 72-kilodalton immediate-early protein transactivates heterologous promoters in a TATA box-dependent mechanism and interacts directly with TFIID

1992 • 195 citations

Functional domains required for tat-induced transcriptional activation of the HIV-1 long terminal repeat.

1988 • 193 citations

Functional inhibition of retinoic acid response by dominant negative retinoic acid receptor mutants.

1993 • 193 citations

Functional heterogeneity of mammalian TATA-box sequences revealed by interaction with a cell-specific enhancer

1990 • 193 citations

Activation of transcription by HIV-1 Tat protein tethered to nascent RNA through another protein

1990 • 192 citations

Role of RNA structure in arginine recognition of TAR RNA.

1993 • 191 citations

Contribution of NF-kappa B and Sp1 binding motifs to the replicative capacity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1: distinct patterns of viral growth are determined by T-cell types

1991 • 191 citations

Role of SP1-binding domains in in vivo transcriptional regulation of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long terminal repeat

1989 • 188 citations

Site-Directed Mutagenesis of Two Trans-Regulatory Genes ( tat -III, trs ) of HIV-1

1988 • 180 citations

Identification of an Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) cell adhesion site in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transactivation protein, tat.

1990 • 177 citations

Sequence-specific interaction of Tat protein and Tat peptides with the transactivation-responsive sequence element of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in vitro.

1990 • 176 citations

Signaling through T lymphocyte surface proteins, TCR/CD3 and CD28, activates the HIV-1 long terminal repeat.

1989 • 171 citations

Demonstration of virus-specific transcriptional activator(s) in cells infected with HTLV-III by an in vitro cell-free system

1986 • 170 citations

Mutational analysis of the 5′ non-coding region of human immunodeficiency virus type 1: effects of secondary structure on translation.

1988 • 168 citations

Trans-activation of the JC virus late promoter by the tat protein of type 1 human immunodeficiency virus in glial cells.

1990 • 166 citations

Phorbol ester enhances human immunodeficiency virus-promoted gene expression and acts on a repeated 10-base-pair functional enhancer element.

1987 • 164 citations

New human gene encoding a positive modulator of HIV Tat-mediated transactivation

1992 • 163 citations

Effects of a highly basic region of human immunodeficiency virus Tat protein on nucleolar localization

1990 • 158 citations

Molecular cloning of AIDS-associated retrovirus

1984 • 156 citations

Activation of the human immunodeficiency virus by herpes simplex virus type 1

1987 • 156 citations

Resistance to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection in human CD4+ lymphocyte-derived cell lines conferred by using retroviral vectors expressing an HIV-1 RNA-specific ribozyme

1991 • 156 citations

Control of the Interferon-Induced 68-Kilodalton Protein Kinase by the HIV-1 tat Gene Product

1990 • 155 citations

RNA polymerase III transcription

1991 • 152 citations

Multiple mechanisms are implicated in the regulation of NF-kappa B activity during human cytomegalovirus infection.

1993 • 151 citations

Repression of HIV-1 Transcription by a Cellular Protein

1991 • 151 citations

rpt-1, an intracellular protein from helper/inducer T cells that regulates gene expression of interleukin 2 receptor and human immunodeficiency virus type 1.

1988 • 150 citations

Analysis of trans-acting response decoy RNA-mediated inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transactivation

1991 • 148 citations

RNP-1, an RNA-binding motif is conserved in the DNA-binding cold shock domain

1992 • 146 citations

Transcriptional regulation of the HIV-1 promoter by NF-kappa B in vitro.

1992 • 146 citations

trans-Activation of viral enhancers including long terminal repeat of the human immunodeficiency virus by the hepatitis B virus X protein

1989 • 145 citations

A large protein containing zinc finger domains binds to related sequence elements in the enhancers of the class I major histocompatibility complex and kappa immunoglobulin genes.

1990 • 144 citations

Molecular cloning of lymphadenopathy-associated virus

1984 • 143 citations

Structural requirements for trans activation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long terminal repeat-directed gene expression by tat: importance of base pairing, loop sequence, and bulges in the tat-responsive sequence

1990 • 142 citations

tat regulates binding of the human immunodeficiency virus trans-activating region RNA loop-binding protein TRP-185.

1991 • 139 citations

Two distinct nuclear transcription factors recognize loop and bulge residues of the HIV-1 TAR RNA hairpin.

1991 • 137 citations

Potentiation of glucocorticoid receptor-mediated gene expression by the immunophilin ligands FK506 and rapamycin.

1993 • 137 citations

An Epstein-Barr virus immediate-early gene product trans-activates gene expression from the human immunodeficiency virus long terminal repeat.

1988 • 137 citations

The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 polyadenylylation signal: a 3' long terminal repeat element upstream of the AAUAAA necessary for efficient polyadenylylation.

1991 • 136 citations

Dimerization of NF-KB2 with RelA(p65) regulates DNA binding, transcriptional activation, and inhibition by an I kappa B-alpha (MAD-3).

1993 • 135 citations

Mutational analysis of human T-cell leukemia virus type I Tax: regions necessary for function determined with 47 mutant proteins

1992 • 135 citations

Activation of interferon-regulated, dsRNA-dependent enzymes by human immunodeficiency virus-1 leader RNA

1989 • 135 citations

HIV-1 TAT “activates” presynthesized RNA in the nucleus

1989 • 135 citations

Inhibition of HIV-LTR gene expression by oligonucleotides targeted to the TAR element

1991 • 133 citations

Tumor promoter, TPA, enhances replication of HTLV-III/LAV

1986 • 133 citations

Inhibition of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome virus by oligodeoxynucleoside methylphosphonates.

1988 • 132 citations

Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus and growth of infected T cells by the immunosuppressive drugs cyclosporin A and FK 506.

1992 • 132 citations

Tat-responsive region RNA of human immunodeficiency virus 1 can prevent activation of the double-stranded-RNA-activated protein kinase.

1990 • 131 citations

In vitro formation of short RNA polymerase II transcripts that terminate within the HIV-1 and HIV-2 promoter-proximal downstream regions.

1989 • 130 citations

Functional characterization of a U5 ribozyme: intracellular suppression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 expression

1992 • 127 citations

Sp1-dependent activation of a synthetic promoter by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat protein.

1991 • 124 citations

The HIV-1 long terminal repeat contains an unusual element that induces the synthesis of short RNAs from various mRNA and snRNA promoters.

1990 • 123 citations

Interferons in the Persistence, Pathogenesis, and Treatment of HIV Infection

1992 • 123 citations

Transactivation of human immunodeficiency virus promoter by human herpesvirus 6

1989 • 122 citations

The type 1 human immunodeficiency virus Tat binding protein is a transcriptional activator belonging to an additional family of evolutionarily conserved genes.

1993 • 121 citations

Specific binding of a HeLa cell nuclear protein to RNA sequences in the human immunodeficiency virus transactivating region.

1989 • 121 citations

TAR independent activation of the human immunodeficiency virus in phorbol ester stimulated T lymphocytes.

1990 • 121 citations

UV-induced transcription from the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) long terminal repeat and UV-induced secretion of an extracellular factor that induces HIV-1 transcription in nonirradiated cells

1989 • 119 citations

Inhibition of replication of HIV-1 by retroviral vectors expressing tat-antisense and anti-tat ribozyme RNA

1992 • 115 citations

TFIIIC relieves repression of U6 snRNA transcription by chromatin

1993 • 112 citations

HIV-1 tat gene induces tumor necrosis factor-beta (lymphotoxin) in a human B-lymphoblastoid cell line

1990 • 111 citations

Activation of the human immunodeficiency virus long terminal repeat by herpes simplex virus type 1 is associated with induction of a nuclear factor that binds to the NF-kappa B/core enhancer sequence

1988 • 111 citations

The integrity of the stem structure of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat-responsive sequence of RNA is required for interaction with the interferon-induced 68,000-Mr protein kinase

1991 • 111 citations

Pentoxifylline (Trental) decreases the replication of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and in cultured T cells [see comments]

1991 • 110 citations

Targeting RNA for degradation with a (2'-5')oligoadenylate-antisense chimera.

1993 • 109 citations

Human Chromosome 12 Is Required for Elevated HIV-1 Expression in Human-Hamster Hybrid Cells

1989 • 109 citations

Hydrogen-bonding Contacts in the Major Groove are required for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type-1 tat Protein Recognition of TAR RNA

1993 • 109 citations

The VP16 transcription activation domain is functional when targeted to a promoter-proximal RNA sequence.

1992 • 109 citations

Cloning of a cellular factor, interleukin binding factor, that binds to NFAT-like motifs in the human immunodeficiency virus long terminal repeat.

1991 • 108 citations

Characterization of the transcriptional trans activator of human foamy retrovirus

1991 • 105 citations

Linker-scanning mutational analysis of the transcriptional activity of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long terminal repeat

1991 • 104 citations

TAR-independent transactivation by Tat in cells derived from the CNS: a novel mechanism of HIV-1 gene regulation.

1992 • 104 citations

Mutational analysis of the conserved cysteine-rich region of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat protein

1990 • 102 citations

Induction of Expression of Human Immunodeficiency Virus in a Chronically Infected Promonocytic Cell Line by Ultraviolet Irradiation

1989 • 101 citations

In vitro activation of the HIV-1 enhancer in extracts from cells treated with a phorbol ester tumor promoter.

1987 • 100 citations

The erythroid-specific protein cGATA-1 mediates distal enhancer activity through a specialized beta-globin TATA box.

1992 • 98 citations

Reciprocal Enhancement of Gene Expression and Viral Replication Between Human Cytomegalovirus and Human immunodeficiency Virus Type 1

1990 • 97 citations

Adeno-associated virus Rep protein inhibits human immunodeficiency virus type 1 production in human cells

1991 • 96 citations

Viral antigen stimulation of the production of human monokines capable of regulating HIV1 expression.

1989 • 96 citations

A transdominant tat mutant that inhibits tat-induced gene expression from the human immunodeficiency virus long terminal repeat.

1990 • 95 citations

Human chromosome 12 encodes a species-specific factor which increases human immunodeficiency virus type 1 tat-mediated trans activation in rodent cells

1990 • 94 citations

Transactivation of the HIV-1 LTR by HSV-1 immediate-early genes

1992 • 94 citations

Analysis of Tat transactivation of human immunodeficiency virus transcription in vitro.

1992 • 94 citations

Activation of expression of genes coding for extracellular matrix proteins in Tat-producing glioblastoma cells.

1992 • 92 citations

Missense mutations in an infectious human immunodeficiency viral genome: functional mapping of tat and identification of the rev splice acceptor.

1988 • 91 citations

A T cell nuclear factor resembling NF-AT binds to an NF-kappa B site and to the conserved lymphokine promoter sequence “cytokine-1”.

1992 • 90 citations

Variable role of the long terminal repeat Sp1-binding sites in human immunodeficiency virus replication in T lymphocytes

1991 • 90 citations

Transactivation of human immunodeficiency virus by herpesviruses.

1987 • 88 citations

Purification of TCF-1 alpha, a T-cell-specific transcription factor that activates the T-cell receptor C alpha gene enhancer in a context-dependent manner.

1990 • 88 citations

Activation of HIV-1 pre-mRNA 3′ processing in vitro requires both an upstream element and TAR.

1992 • 87 citations

Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 multiplication by antisense and sense RNA expression

1991 • 87 citations

Sequence requirements for activation of the HIV-1 LTR by human cytomegalovirus

1991 • 86 citations

A nuclear translational block imposed by the HIV-1 U3 region is relieved by the Tat-TAR interaction

1990 • 86 citations

Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus by using an oligonucleoside methylphosphonate targeted to the tat-3 gene

1988 • 85 citations

The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long terminal repeat specifies two different transcription complexes, only one of which is regulated by Tat

1993 • 85 citations

Conserved nucleotides in the TAR RNA stem of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 are critical for Tat binding and trans activation: model for TAR RNA tertiary structure

1992 • 85 citations

The c-rel protooncogene product represses NF-kappa B p65-mediated transcriptional activation of the long terminal repeat of type 1 human immunodeficiency virus.

1993 • 85 citations

Electrostatic interactions modulate the RNA-binding and transactivation specificities of the human immunodeficiency virus and simian immunodeficiency virus Tat proteins.

1993 • 84 citations

Antiviral activity of mismatched double-stranded RNA against human immunodeficiency virus in vitro.

1987 • 84 citations

Contribution of the TATA motif to Tat-mediated transcriptional activation of human immunodeficiency virus gene expression

1992 • 83 citations

Cytomegalovirus activates transcription directed by the long terminal repeat of human immunodeficiency virus type 1

1990 • 83 citations

An in vitro transcription analysis of early responses of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long terminal repeat to different transcriptional activators.

1991 • 83 citations

Enhanced HIV-1 replication in retinoid-treated monocytes. Retinoid effects mediated through mechanisms related to cell differentiation and to a direct transcriptional action on viral gene expression.

1992 • 82 citations

Modulation of Nuclear Matrix-associated 2′,5′-Oligoadenylate Metabolism and Ribonuclease L Activity in H9 Cells by Human Immunodeficiency Virus

1989 • 82 citations

Human chromosome 12 is required for optimal interactions between Tat and TAR of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in rodent cells

1992 • 81 citations

Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus replication in cell culture by endogenously synthesized antisense RNA

1990 • 80 citations

Natural variants of the HIV-1 long terminal repeat: Analysis of promoters with duplicated DNA regulatory motifs

1992 • 80 citations

Chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter transcription factor binds to a negative regulatory region in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long terminal repeat

1991 • 80 citations

Putative Metal Finger Structure of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Enhancer Binding Protein HIV-EP1

1989 • 79 citations

Involvement of long terminal repeat U3 sequences overlapping the transcription control region in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 mRNA 3' end formation.

1991 • 79 citations

Characterization and chromosomal mapping of the gene encoding the cellular DNA binding protein HTLF

1992 • 79 citations

Critical chemical features in trans-acting-responsive RNA are required for interaction with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat protein

1991 • 79 citations

Transcriptional activation of homologous viral long terminal repeats by the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 or the human T-cell leukemia virus type I tat proteins occurs in the absence of de novo protein synthesis.

1988 • 77 citations

Synergistic activation of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 promoter by the viral Tat protein and cellular transcription factor Sp1

1992 • 77 citations

Circular dichroism and molecular modeling yield a structure for the complex of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 trans-activation response RNA and the binding region of Tat, the trans-acting transcriptional activator.

1992 • 76 citations

Detailed mutational analysis of TAR RNA: critical spacing between the bulge and loop recognition domains

1991 • 76 citations

A human binding site for transcription factor USF/MLTF mimics the negative regulatory element of human immunodeficiency virus type 1

1992 • 75 citations

N-Acetylcysteine Inhibits Latent HIV Expression in Chronically Infected Cells

1991 • 75 citations

A discrete cis element in the human immunodeficiency virus long terminal repeat mediates synergistic trans activation by cytomegalovirus immediate-early proteins

1991 • 74 citations

Characterization of the inducer of short transcripts, a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transcriptional element that activates the synthesis of short RNAs.

1993 • 74 citations

Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat activity by coexpression of heterologous trans activators

1992 • 73 citations

Elements upstream of the AAUAAA within the human immunodeficiency virus polyadenylation signal are required for efficient polyadenylation in vitro.

1992 • 73 citations

Regulation of polyadenylation in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV): contributions of promoter proximity and upstream sequences.

1992 • 72 citations

Evidence that a sequence similar to TAR is important for induction of the JC virus late promoter by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat

1992 • 71 citations

Binding of Tat Protein to TAR Region of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Blocks TAR-Mediated Activation of (2′-5′)Oligoadenylate Synthetase

1990 • 69 citations

Myb protein binds to human immunodeficiency virus 1 long terminal repeat (LTR) sequences and transactivates LTR-mediated transcription.

1990 • 69 citations

Factor substitution in a human HSP70 gene promoter: TATA-dependent and TATA-independent interactions.

1990 • 69 citations

Identification of a novel cell attachment domain in the HIV-1 Tat protein and its 90-kDa cell surface binding protein.

1993 • 69 citations

Occlusion of the HIV poly(A) site.

1991 • 68 citations

The acidic amino-terminal region of the HIV-1 Tat protein constitutes an essential activating domain.

1989 • 68 citations

Binding of a host cell nuclear protein to the stem region of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 trans-activation-responsive RNA

1992 • 68 citations

Tissue-specific RNA splicing generates an ankyrin-like domain that affects the dimerization and DNA-binding properties of a bHLH protein.

1993 • 68 citations

Identification of a region within the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long terminal repeat that is essential for transactivation by the hepatitis B virus gene X

1989 • 68 citations

The same 50-kDa cellular protein binds to the negative regulatory elements of the interleukin 2 receptor alpha-chain gene and the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long terminal repeat.

1989 • 67 citations

Tat-responsive region RNA of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 stimulates protein synthesis in vivo and in vitro: relationship between structure and function.

1992 • 67 citations

GA/GC-rich sequence confers Tat responsiveness to human neurotropic virus promoter, JCVL, in cells derived from central nervous system.

1993 • 66 citations

A 10-base-pair element of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long terminal repeat (LTR) is an absolute requirement for transactivation by the human cytomegalovirus 72-kilodalton IE1 protein but can be compensated for by other LTR regions in transactivation by the 80-kilodalton IE2 protein

1992 • 65 citations

Mutational analysis of sodium butyrate inducible elements in the human immunodeficiency virus type I long yerminal repeat

1989 • 64 citations

The pituitary-specific regulatory gene GHF1 contains a minimal cell type-specific promoter centered around its TATA box.

1991 • 62 citations

Contribution of sequences downstream of the TATA element to a protein-DNA complex containing the TATA-binding protein.

1993 • 62 citations

Heat shock induction of HIV production from chronically infected promonocytic and T cell lines.

1990 • 62 citations

Identification and analysis of antisense RNA target regions of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1

1991 • 61 citations

Functional characterization of Tat protein from human immunodeficiency virus. Evidence that Tat links viral RNAs to nuclear matrix.

1990 • 61 citations

Characterization of multiple molecular interactions between human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)

1990 • 59 citations

Isolation of a cellular protein that binds to the human immunodeficiency virus Tat protein and can potentiate transactivation of the viral promoter.

1991 • 59 citations

Replication of type 1 human immunodeficiency viruses containing linker substitution mutations in the -201 to -130 region of the long terminal repeat

1993 • 59 citations

The Bel-1 protein of human foamy virus activates human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gene expression via a novel DNA target site

1992 • 57 citations

Trans-activation of the human immunodeficiency virus long terminal repeat sequences, expressed in an adenovirus vector, by the adenovirus E1A 13S protein.

1988 • 57 citations

Induction of dormant HIV-1 by sodium butyrate

1991 • 57 citations

Cell-specific transcription of the peripherin gene in neuronal cell lines involves a cis-acting element surrounding the TATA box.

1992 • 56 citations

Tat-dependent adenosine-to-inosine modification of wild-type transactivation response RNA.

1991 • 56 citations

A novel T-cell protein which recognizes a palindromic sequence in the negative regulatory element of the human immunodeficiency virus long terminal repeat

1990 • 56 citations

Tat- and Rev-directed antisense RNA expression inhibits and abolishes replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1: a temporal analysis

1992 • 55 citations

Glucocorticoid receptor-binding site in the human immunodeficiency virus long terminal repeat

1992 • 55 citations

Trans-dominant Tat mutants with alterations in the basic domain inhibit HIV-1 gene expression.

1991 • 54 citations

Alpha and beta thyroid hormone receptors bind immediately adjacent to the rat growth hormone gene TATA box in a negatively hormone-responsive promoter region.

1990 • 54 citations

Soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor: inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus activation.

1993 • 54 citations

Antagonistic effect of interferon-gamma on tat-induced transactivation of HIV long terminal repeat.

1992 • 54 citations

Cloning and chromosomal mapping of a human immunodeficiency virus 1 "TATA" element modulatory factor.

1992 • 53 citations

Signaling mechanisms in T cells.

1991 • 53 citations

HIV-EP2, a new member of the gene family encoding the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 enhancer-binding protein. Comparison with HIV-EP1/PRDII-BF1/MBP-1

1991 • 53 citations

Independent deposition of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins and small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles at sites of transcription.

1992 • 52 citations

Identification of a U5-specific sequence required for efficient polyadenylation within the human immunodeficiency virus long terminal repeat

1989 • 52 citations

Measures and countermeasures in the modulation of initiation factor activities by viruses.

1990 • 51 citations

Effect of glucocorticoids on chronic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and HIV promoter-mediated transcription

1989 • 51 citations

Distinctcis-acting regions in U3 regulatetrans-activation of the human spumaretrovirus long terminal repeat by the viralbel1 gene product

1991 • 51 citations

Transactivation of the human immunodeficiency virus promoter by human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) strains GS and Z-29 in primary human T lymphocytes and identification of transactivating HHV-6(GS) gene fragments

1991 • 50 citations

Cellular factors regulate transactivation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1

1991 • 50 citations

Variable inhibition of cell-free translation by HIV–1 transcript leader sequences

1992 • 49 citations

Phosphate-Methylated DNA Aimed at HIV-1 RNA Loops and Integrated DNA Inhibits Viral Infectivity

1990 • 49 citations

Identification and characterization of a human herpesvirus 6 gene segment that trans activates the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 promoter

1992 • 48 citations

Human Immunodeficiency Virus Replication: Modulation by Cellular Levels of cAMP

1992 • 48 citations

Human and Simian Immunodeficiency Retroviruses: Activation and Differential Transactivation of Gene Expression

1988 • 48 citations

RNA transcripts of the human immunodeficiency virus transactivation response element can inhibit action of the viral transactivator.

1990 • 47 citations

Tat-regulated production of multimerized TAR RNA inhibits HIV-1 gene expression.

1991 • 45 citations

Kinetics of HIV-1 long terminal repeat trans-activation. Use of intragenic ribozyme to assess rate-limiting steps.

1992 • 45 citations

Chromatin structure implicated in activation of HIV-1 gene expression by ultraviolet light.

1990 • 44 citations

NF-kappa B-mediated activation of the human immunodeficiency virus enhancer: site of transcriptional initiation is independent of the TATA box

1989 • 43 citations

TAR-independent replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in glial cells

1992 • 43 citations

Identification and cloning of a novel heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein C-like protein that functions as a transcriptional activator of the hepatitis B virus enhancer II

1992 • 43 citations

Transactivation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long terminal repeat-directed gene expression by the human foamy virus bel1 protein requires a specific DNA sequence

1992 • 43 citations

Regulatory Elements in the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Long Terminal Repeat LTR(HIV-1) Responsive to Steroid Hormone Stimulation

1992 • 43 citations

Does the human immunodeficiency virus tat trans-activator contain a discrete activation domain?

1990 • 42 citations

A novel HIV-1 isolate containing alterations affecting the NF-κB element

1991 • 41 citations

Inhibition of heterologous strains of HIV by antisense RNA

1991 • 40 citations

D‐Penicillamine inhibits transactivation of human immunodeficiency virus type‐1 (HIV‐1) LTR by transactivator protein

1988 • 39 citations

Regulation of human immunodeficiency virus enhancer function by PRDII-BF1 and c-rel gene products

1992 • 39 citations

Cytomegalovirus Infection and Trans-Activation of HIV-1 and HIV-2 LTRs in Human Astrocytoma Cells

1989 • 38 citations

Morphine-Induced Transactivation of HIV-1 LTR in Human Neuroblastoma Cells

1990 • 38 citations

Expression of cellular genes in CD4 positive lymphoid cells infected by the human immunodeficiency virus, HIV-1: Evidence for a host protein synthesis shut-off induced by cellular mRNA degradation

1990 • 38 citations

Multiple transcriptional regulatory domains in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long terminal repeat are involved in basal and E1A/E1B-induced promoter activity

1989 • 38 citations

trans-Activation by the hepatitis B virus X protein shows cell-type specificity

1989 • 37 citations

Activation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 provirus in T-cells and macrophages is associated with induction of inducer-specific NF-κB binding proteins

1992 • 37 citations

trans-Activation of the HIV-1 LTR by the HIV-1 tat and HTLV-I tax proteins is mediated by different cis-acting sequences

1991 • 37 citations

Heterologous basic domain substitutions in the HIV-1 Tat protein reveal an arginine-rich motif required for transactivation.

1991 • 37 citations

Induction of chronic human immunodeficiency virus infection is blocked in vitro by a methylphosphonate oligodeoxynucleoside targeted to a U3 enhancer element

1991 • 36 citations

Differentiation-dependent human immunodeficiency virus long terminal repeat regulatory elements active in human teratocarcinoma cells

1992 • 36 citations

Alternative pathway for induction of human immunodeficiency virus gene expression: involvement of the general transcription machinery

1991 • 36 citations

Disparate effects of two herpesviruses immediate-early gene trans-activators on the HIV-1 LTR

1989 • 35 citations

TAR-independent transactivation of the murine cytomegalovirus major immediate-early promoter by the Tat protein

1993 • 35 citations

Expression from the HIV-LTR Is Stimulated by Glucocorticoids and Pregnancy

1990 • 35 citations

A platelet-activating factor antagonist, RP 55778, inhibits cytokine-dependent induction of human immunodeficiency virus expression in chronically infected promonocytic cells.

1993 • 34 citations

Modulation of T-cell activation through protein kinase C- or A-dependent signalling pathways synergistically increases human immunodeficiency virus long terminal repeat induction by cytomegalovirus immediate-early proteins

1991 • 34 citations

THE NATURAL HISTORY AND PATHOGENESIS OF HIV INFECTION

1992 • 34 citations

Activation of HIV LTR-directed expression: Analysis with pseudorabies virus immediate early gene

1989 • 33 citations

Activation of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 enhancer is not dependent on NFAT-1

1992 • 32 citations

Characterization and chromosomal mapping of the gene encoding the cellular DNA binding protein ILF

1992 • 32 citations

Activation of tat-defective human immunodeficiency virus by ultraviolet light.

1990 • 32 citations

Tat transactivation of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 promoter is influenced by basal promoter activity and the simian virus 40 origin of DNA replication.

1991 • 32 citations

The Epstein-Barr virus BRLF1 immediate-early gene product transactivates the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long terminal repeat by a mechanism which is enhancer independent

1990 • 31 citations

HIV-1 TAR RNA-binding proteins control TAT activation of translation in Xenopus oocytes.

1993 • 31 citations

Anti-CD2 receptor antibodies activate the HIV long terminal repeat in T lymphocytes.

1991 • 31 citations

Transcriptional elongation by purified RNA polymerase II is blocked at the trans-activation-responsive region of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in vitro

1991 • 30 citations

The RNP motif protein family.

1992 • 29 citations

The kappa B enhancer motifs in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and simian virus 40 recognize different binding activities in human Jurkat and H9 T cells: evidence for NF-kappa B-independent activation of the kappa B motif

1992 • 29 citations

Rapid activation and subsequent down-regulation of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 promoter in the presence of Tat: possible mechanisms contributing to latency

1991 • 29 citations

HSV-1 Activation of HIV-1 Transcription Is Augmented by a Cellular Protein That Binds near the Initiator Element

1993 • 28 citations

Relative roles of signals upstream of AAUAAA and promoter proximity in regulation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 mRNA 3' end formation.

1992 • 27 citations

Transcriptional activation of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long terminal repeat by hepatitis B virus X-protein requires de novo protein synthesis

1990 • 27 citations

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat-mediated trans activation correlates with the phosphorylation state of a cellular TAR RNA stem-binding factor

1992 • 27 citations

Differences in replication and cytopathogenicity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) are not determined by long terminal repeats (LTR)

1990 • 26 citations

Pregnancy hormones, estrogen and progesterone, prevent HIV‐1 synthesis in monocytes but not in lymphocytes

1992 • 26 citations

Isolation of a Yeast Gene Encoding a Protein Homologous to the Human Tat-Binding Protein TBP-1

1992 • 26 citations

Extrachromosomal human immunodeficiency virus type 1 sequences are methylated in latently infected U937 cells

1992 • 25 citations

Conservative Mutations in the Putative Metal-Binding Region of Human Immunodeficiency VirusTatDisrupt Virus Replication

1990 • 25 citations

Identification and purification of the enhancer-binding factor of human immunodeficiency virus-1

1989 • 25 citations

Probing protein-DNA interactions at the long terminal repeat of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 by in vivo footprinting

1992 • 25 citations

USF-related transcription factor, HIV-TF1, stimulates transcription of human immunodeficiency virus-1

1991 • 25 citations

O⁶-methylguanine inibits the binding of transcription factors to DNA

1991 • 24 citations

Silencing of human immunodeficiency virus long terminal repeat expression by an adenovirus E1a mutant.

1990 • 24 citations

Transaction of heterologous promoters by HIV–1 tat

1991 • 23 citations

HIV promoter activity in primary antigen-specific human T lymphocytes.

1989 • 22 citations

Human immunodeficiency virus Tat transactivation: induction of a tissue-specific enhancer in a nonpermissive cell line

1991 • 22 citations

2,3 Dimercapto-1-Propanol Inhibits HIV-1tatActivity, Viral Production, and Infectivity In Vitro

1990 • 22 citations

Tat protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 is a monomer when expressed in mammalian cells

1991 • 22 citations

Reciprocal in vitro interactions between human herpesvirus-6 and HIV-1 Tat

1991 • 21 citations

Replication of adeno-associated virus type 2 in human lymphocytic cells and interaction with HIV-1

1992 • 20 citations

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat does not transactivate mature trans-acting responsive region RNA species in the nucleus or cytoplasm of primate cells

1991 • 19 citations

Interactions of HTF4 with E-box motifs in the long terminal repeat of human immunodeficiency virus type 1

1992 • 19 citations

Immunology of HIV Infection, I: Biology of the Interferons

1990 • 19 citations

Multiple SP1 binding sites confer enhancer-independent, replication-activated transcription of HIV-1 and globin gene promoters.

1992 • 19 citations

p21^ras contributes to HIV‐1 activation in T‐cells

1992 • 18 citations

Cell-Specific Activity of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Enhancer Repeat In Vitro

1988 • 17 citations

Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1tatGene Enhances Human Cytomegalovirus Gene Expression and Viral Replication

1991 • 17 citations

NF-κB-Binding Proteins Induced by HSV-1 Infection of U937 Cells Are Not Involved in Activation of Human Immunodeficiency Virus

1993 • 16 citations

Cloning and characterization of a novel sequence-specific DNA-binding protein recognizing the negative regulatory element (NRE) region of the HIV-1 long terminal repeat

1991 • 16 citations

Transactivation of human immunodeficiency virus long terminal repeat during the early phases of human cytomegalovirus infection

1987 • 15 citations

Characterization and purification of a novel transcriptional repressor from HeLa cell nuclear extracts recognizing the negative regulatory element region of human immunodeficiency virus-1 long terminal repeat.

1992 • 15 citations

Activation of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long terminal repeat by vaccinia virus

1992 • 14 citations

Characterization of a novel T lymphocyte protein which binds to a site related to steroid/thyroid hormone receptor response elements in the negative regulatory sequence of the human immunodeficiency virus long terminal repeat

1992 • 14 citations

Targeting of Sp1 to a non-Sp1 site in the human neurofilament (H) promoter via an intermediary DNA-binding protein

1992 • 14 citations

Formation of a small ribonucleoprotein particle between Tat protein and trans-acting response element in human immunodeficiency virus-infected cells

1991 • 13 citations

A recombinant HIV provirus is synergistically activated by the HIV Tat protein and the HSV IE1 protein but not by the HSV IE3 protein

1991 • 13 citations

A novel T-cell trans-activator that recognizes a phorbol ester-inducible element of the interleukin-2 promoter.

1990 • 13 citations

Identification of transcriptional suppressor proteins that bind to the negative regulatory element of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1

1991 • 12 citations

High Levels of 2′,5′-01igoadenylate Synthetase and 2′,5′-Oligoadenylate-Dependent Endonuclease in Human Trophoblast

1993 • 11 citations

Human neuroblastoma cells produce the NF‐kB‐like HIV‐1 transcription activator during differentiation

1993 • 10 citations

Human Chromosome-Dependent and -Independent Pathways for HIV-2 Trans-Activation

1991 • 10 citations

Intranuclear topological distribution of HIV‐1 trans‐activators

1992 • 10 citations

An adenosine at position 27 in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 trans-activation response element is not critical for transcriptional or translational activation by Tat

1992 • 9 citations

Modulation of Host Cell Nuclear Proteins That Bind to HIV-1 trans-Activation-Responsive Element RNA by Phorbol Ester

1993 • 9 citations

The DNA‐binding properties of an artificial 42‐residue polypeptide derived from a natural repressor

1993 • 8 citations

Transcriptional activation of the human immunodeficiency virus long terminal repeat sequences by cis-platin

1990 • 8 citations

Selective inhibition of hepatitis B virus and human immunodeficiency virus sequence-promoted gene expression by cotransfected poly(I):poly(C)

1990 • 8 citations

Rotational symmetry in ribonucleotide strand requirements for binding of HIV-1 Tat protein to TAR RNA

1993 • 7 citations

Expression of a novel nuclear protein in activated and in tat-I expressing T cells.

1991 • 7 citations

Relative Activities of HIV-1-III_Band HIV-1_BaLLTR andtatin Primary Monocytes and Lymphocytes

1991 • 6 citations