Chapter 2 Cysteine proteinases

On the size of the active site in proteases. I. Papain

1967 • 5,150 citations

THE ESTIMATION OF PEPSIN, TRYPSIN, PAPAIN, AND CATHEPSIN WITH HEMOGLOBIN

1938 • 3,230 citations

[41] Cathepsin B, cathepsin H, and cathepsin L

1981 • 1,678 citations

Serine Proteases: Structure and Mechanism of Catalysis

1977 • 1,238 citations

Protein thiolation and reversible protein-protein conjugation. N-Succinimidyl 3-(2-pyridyldithio)propionate, a new heterobifunctional reagent

1978 • 1,226 citations

L-trans-Epoxysuccinyl-leucylamido(4-guanidino)butane (E-64) and its analogues as inhibitors of cysteine proteinases including cathepsins B, H and L

1982 • 1,024 citations

The α-helix dipole and the properties of proteins

1978 • 985 citations

Determination of sulfhydryl groups with 2,2′- or 4,4′-dithiodipyridine

1967 • 978 citations

Comparison of super-secondary structures in proteins

1973 • 885 citations

Studies on a cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase and its proenzyme in mammalian tissues. II. Proenzyme and its activation by calcium-dependent protease from rat brain.

1977 • 865 citations

Proteinases in mammalian cells and tissues

1978 • 701 citations

PROTEIN DEGRADATION IN CULTURED CELLS

1974 • 603 citations

Proteolytic activation of calcium-activated, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase by calcium-dependent neutral protease.

1983 • 601 citations

Structure of papain refined at 1.65 Å resolution

1984 • 508 citations

Structure of Papain

1968 • 473 citations

CRYSTALLINE PAPAIN

1954 • 456 citations

[55] Structures and activities of protease inhibitors of microbial origin

1976 • 445 citations

On the conformation of the hen egg-white lysozyme molecule

1967 • 429 citations

A Neutral, Calcium-activated Proteinase from the Soluble Fraction of Rat Brain

1964 • 425 citations

A Ca²⁺ion-activated protease possibly involved in myofibrillar protein turnover. Purification from porcine muscle

1976 • 413 citations

Mapping the active site of papain with the aid of peptide substrates and inhibitors

1970 • 410 citations

Fluorimetric assays for cathepsin B and cathepsin H with methylcoumarylamide substrates

1980 • 404 citations

On the active site of proteases. III. Mapping the active site of papain; specific peptide inhibitors of papain

1968 • 400 citations

A calcium(2+) ion-activated protease possibly involved in myofibrillar protein turnover. Partial characterization of the purified enzyme

1976 • 395 citations

The Determination of the Concentration of Hydrolytic Enzyme Solutions: α-Chymotrypsin, Trypsin, Papain, Elastase, Subtilisin, and Acetylcholinesterase¹

1966 • 386 citations

Subtilisin. Stereochemical mechanism involving transition-state stabilization

1972 • 376 citations

Intracellular Ca2+-dependent protease (CALPAIN) and its high-molecular-weight endogenous inhibitor (CALPASTATIN)

1981 • 374 citations

Lysosomal Cathepsin B: Correlation with Metastatic Potential

1981 • 370 citations

Binding of chloromethyl ketone substrate analogs to crystalline papain

1976 • 352 citations

PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES

1960 • 350 citations

Cathepsin L

1977 • 341 citations

Evolutionary origin of a calcium-dependent protease by fusion of genes for a thiol protease and a calcium-binding protein?

1984 • 337 citations

Proteinase Inhibitors

1974 • 327 citations

Human cathepsin B1. Purification and some properties of the enzyme

1973 • 322 citations

Isolation and characterization of E-64, a new thiol protease inhibitor.

1978 • 319 citations

[54] α2-Macroglobulin

1981 • 316 citations

Calpain and calpastatin

1983 • 304 citations

A novel reversible thiol-specific spin label: Papain active site labeling and inhibition

1982 • 303 citations

The reaction of p-nitrophenyl esters with chymotrypsin and insulin

1954 • 299 citations

Brain fodrin: substrate for calpain I, an endogenous calcium-activated protease.

1984 • 294 citations

The place of human γ-trace (cystatin C) amongst the cysteine proteinase inhibitors

1984 • 294 citations

Comparative specificity and kinetic studies on porcine calpain I and calpain II with naturally occurring peptides and synthetic fluorogenic substrates.

1984 • 291 citations

Structure of actinidin, after refinement at 1.7 Å resolution

1980 • 287 citations

Protein Turnover and Lysosome Function

1978 • 279 citations

Thiol proteases

1985 • 274 citations

Ca2+-dependent protease in human platelets. Specific cleavage of platelet polypeptides in the presence of added Ca2+.

1977 • 274 citations

Removal of Z-lines and alpha-actinin from isolated myofibrils by a calcium-activated neutral protease

1975 • 268 citations

Differences in secretion of the proteinase cathepsin B at the edges of human breast carcinomas and fibroadenomas

1978 • 260 citations

Intracellular Protein Catabolism

1996 • 259 citations

Covalent chromatography. Preparation of fully active papain from dried papaya latex

1973 • 256 citations

The Structure of Papain

1971 • 242 citations

Activation of Skeletal Muscle Phosphorylase b Kinase by CA^{2+ *}

1964 • 240 citations

Activation of skeletal muscle phosphorylase kinase by calcium ions. II. Identification of the kinase activating factor as a proteolytic enzyme

1968 • 238 citations

Stereoelectronic control in the cleavage of tetrahedral intermediates in the hydrolysis of esters and amides

1975 • 232 citations

Homology of amino acid sequences of rat liver cathepsins B and H with that of papain.

1983 • 231 citations

EFFECTS OF SITE-SPECIFIC AMINO ACID MODIFICATION ON PROTEIN INTERACTIONS AND BIOLOGICAL FUNCTION

1985 • 224 citations

BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF LEUPEPTINS

1969 • 222 citations

Action of rat liver cathepsin L on collagen and other substrates.

1982 • 221 citations

A PROTEOLYTIC ENZYME PRODUCED BY GROUP A STREPTOCOCCI WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ITS EFFECT ON THE TYPE-SPECIFIC M ANTIGEN

1945 • 211 citations

Peptidyl diazomethyl ketones are specific inactivators of thiol proteinases.

1981 • 208 citations

A reporter group delivery system with both absolute and selective specificity for thiol groups and an improved fluorescent probe containing the 7-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole moiety

1975 • 206 citations

Kinetics of Papain-Catalyzed Hydrolysis of α-N-Benzoyl-L-arginine Ethyl Ester and α-N-Benzoyl-L-argininamide¹

1965 • 204 citations

Chemical Mutation of Enzyme Active Sites

1984 • 199 citations

An agarose mercurial column for the separation of mercaptopapain and nonmercaptopapain

1970 • 194 citations

[14] Papain

1970 • 194 citations

Human cathepsin H

1980 • 193 citations

THE RÔLE OF SPECIFICITY IN THE ENZYMATIC SYNTHESIS OF PROTEINS

1937 • 192 citations

Demonstration of the acyl-enzyme mechanism for the hydrolysis of peptides and anilides by chymotrypsin

1973 • 191 citations

Human liver cathepsin L

1985 • 191 citations

Enzyme Inhibitors as Drugs

1980 • 190 citations

A calcium-activated protease possibly involved in myofibrillar protein turnover. Isolation of a low-calcium-requiring form of the protease

1981 • 189 citations

The Proton Inventory Techniqu

1984 • 185 citations

The Complete Amino Acid Sequence of Papain

1970 • 183 citations

Human cystatin, a new protein inhibitor of cysteine proteinases

1984 • 182 citations

The reactivity of SH groups with a fluorogenic reagent

1970 • 177 citations

Cloning and sequencing of papain-encoding cDNA

1986 • 173 citations

On the substrate specificity of cathepsins B1 and B2 including a new fluorogenic substrate for cathepsin B1

1975 • 172 citations

Two distinct Ca2+ proteases (calpain I and calpain II) purified concurrently by the same method from rat kidney.

1983 • 172 citations

CRYSTALLINE CHYMO-TRYPSIN AND CHYMO-TRYPSINOGEN

1935 • 171 citations

Aldehydes as Inhibitors of Papain

1972 • 169 citations

The Intrinsic Pk_A-Values of Functional Groups in Enzymes: Improper Deductions from the Ph-Dependence of Steady-State Parameter

1976 • 168 citations

Estrogen binding proteins of calf uterus. Molecular and functional characterization of the receptor transforming factor: A Ca2+-activated protease.

1977 • 167 citations

Current problems in mechanistic studies of serine and cysteine proteinases

1982 • 165 citations

Inhibition of cysteine proteinases and dipeptidyl peptidase I by egg-white cystatin

1984 • 163 citations

Reactions of papain and of low-molecular-weight thiols with some aromatic disulphides. 2,2′-Dipyridyl disulphide as a convenient active-site titrant for papain even in the presence of other thiols

1973 • 163 citations

Limited Autolysis of Ca2+-Activated Neutral Protease (CANP) Changes Its Sensitivity to Ca2+ Ions

1981 • 160 citations

The Purification of Papain by Affinity Chromatography

1970 • 160 citations

The specificity of cathepsin B. Hydrolysis of glucagon at the C-terminus by a peptidyldipeptidase mechanism

1978 • 159 citations

Estrogen-binding proteins of calf uterus. Interrelationship between various forms and identification of a receptor-transforming factor

1972 • 159 citations

Intracellular degradation of newly synthesized secretory proteins

1983 • 158 citations

Secretion of proteinases from malignant and nonmalignant human breast tissue.

1980 • 156 citations

Effect of cysteine-25 on the ionization of histidine-159 in papain as determined by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Evidence for a histidine-159-cysteine-25 ion pair and its possible role in catalysis

1981 • 154 citations

ON THE PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES OF ANIMAL TISSUES

1952 • 153 citations

Cystatin-like cysteine proteinase inhibitors from human liver

1984 • 152 citations

Muscular Dystrophy: Inhibition of Degeneration in Vivo with Protease Inhibitors

1978 • 151 citations

Proteinase‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Peptide Bonds

1982 • 150 citations

Identification and partial purification of an ATP-stimulated alkaline protease in rat liver.

1979 • 149 citations

Fluorometric Detection of Histidine-Tryptophan Complexes in Peptides and Proteins

1967 • 142 citations

The amino acid sequence of the tryptic peptides from actinidin, a proteolytic enzyme from the fruit of Actinidia chinensis

1978 • 141 citations

Kinetics of subtilisin and thiolsubtilisin

1983 • 139 citations

Mercaptide—imidazolium ion‐pair: The reactive nucleophile in papain catalysis

1974 • 139 citations

Proteinase inhibitors: Medical and biological aspects

1984 • 136 citations

Golgi/granule processing of peptide hormone and neuropeptide precursors: A minireview

1984 • 134 citations

Conversion of proinsulin to insulin: involvement of a 31,500 molecular weight thiol protease.

1982 • 132 citations

The Activity of an Enzyme in the Crystalline State: Ribonuclease S

1963 • 131 citations

A new function of kininogens as thiol‐proteinase inhibitors: inhibition of papain and cathepsins B, H and L by bovine, rat and human plasma kininogens

1985 • 129 citations

Über die Proteasen der Magenschleimhaut. Erste Abhandlung über die Enzyme der Leukocyten.

1929 • 129 citations

Potentiometric determination of ionizations at the active site of papain

1976 • 127 citations

Calcium‐Induced Inactivation of Microtubule Formation in Brain Extracts

1978 • 126 citations

Leaving group specificity in the chymotrypsin-catalyzed hydrolysis of peptides. Stereochemical interpretation

1973 • 125 citations

Structural studies of molecules of biological interest

1982 • 125 citations

Purification and Properties of a New Cathepsin from Rat Liver1

1978 • 122 citations

Stem bromelain—A new protease preparation from pineapple plants

1957 • 120 citations

The Principle of Least Nuclear Motion

1977 • 119 citations

The Preparation and Properties of trans-Cinnamoyl-Papain¹

1966 • 119 citations

PURIFICATION AND PROPERTIES OF BEEF SPLEEN CATHEPSIN B

1957 • 119 citations

Specific covalent modification of thiols: Applications in the study of enzymes and other biomolecules

1979 • 118 citations

The Cysteine proteinases

1976 • 115 citations

Differential effects of proteinase inhibitors and amines on the lysosomal and non-lysosomal pathways of protein degradation in isolated rat hepatocytes

1980 • 114 citations

Filamin-actin interaction. Dissociation of binding from gelation by Ca2+-activated proteolysis.

1978 • 113 citations

Cytosolic calcium dependent proteinase of human erythrocytes: Formation of an enzyme-natural inhibitor complex induced by Ca2+ ions

1982 • 112 citations

On the Mode of Activation of the Catalytically Essential Sulfhydryl Group of Papain

1973 • 112 citations

Progesterone-binding components of chick oviduct: partial purification and characterization of a calcium-activated protease which hydrolyzes the progesterone receptor

1980 • 112 citations

The Cytosol of Human Erythrocytes Contains a Highly Ca2+-Sensitive Thiol Protease (Calpain I) and Its Specific Inhibitor Protein (Calpastatin)1

1981 • 111 citations

Direct observation of substrate distortion by triosephosphate isomerase using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

1980 • 111 citations

CRYSTALLINE PAPAIN

1954 • 111 citations

ISOLATION AND PROPERTIES OF CRYSTALLINE PAPAIN

1939 • 109 citations

Proteins at Work: “Stop-Action” Pictures at Subzero Temperatures

1984 • 108 citations

CHYMOPAPAIN: A NEW CRYSTALLINE PROTEINASE FROM PAPAYA LATEX

1941 • 107 citations

Human cathepsin B1. Inhibition by α2-macroglobulin and other serum proteins

1973 • 107 citations

DIRECT EVIDENCE FOR AN ACYLATED THIOL AS AN INTERMEDIATE IN PAPAIN- AND FICIN-CATALYSED HYDROLYSES

1965 • 106 citations

Calpain inhibition by peptide epoxides

1985 • 106 citations

Evidence for histidine in the active site of papain

1968 • 105 citations

Anionic Proteinase from Actinidia chinensis. Preparation and Properties of the Crystalline Enzyme

1970 • 105 citations

The Kinetics of the Papain-Catalyzed Hydrolysis of Esters of Carbobenzoxyglycine. Evidence for an Acyl-Enzyme Intermediate^*

1966 • 105 citations

Purification and some physico-chemical and enzymic properties of a calcium ion-activated neutral proteinase from rabbit skeletal muscle

1979 • 105 citations

The purification and properties of cathepsin L from rabbit liver

1984 • 105 citations

ISOLATION AND PROPERTIES OF A CRYSTALLINE MERCURY DERIVATIVE OF A LYSOZYME FROM PAPAYA LATEX

1955 • 104 citations

Kinetics of Papain Action

1958 • 104 citations

Role of individual cathepsins in lysosomal protein digestion as tested by specific inhibitors

1974 • 104 citations

Kinetic specificity in papain-catalysed hydrolyses

1971 • 103 citations

Calcium-dependent Golgi-vesicle fusion and cathepsin B in the conversion of proalbumin into albumin in rat liver

1978 • 100 citations

Inhibitions by E-64 Derivatives of Rat Liver Cathepsin B and Cathepsin L In Vitro and In Vivo 1

1980 • 99 citations

Use of azo-dye-bound collagen to measure reaction velocities of proteolytic enzymes

1969 • 99 citations

Crystallization and Properties of Cathepsin B from Rat Liver

1979 • 98 citations

Bovine spleen cathepsin B1 and collagenolytic cathepsin. A comparative study of the properties of the two enzymes in the degradation of native collagen

1976 • 97 citations

ELONGATION OF PEPTIDE CHAINS IN ENZYME-CATALYZED TRANSAMIDATION REACTIONS

1951 • 97 citations

[49] Calcium-activated proteases in mammalian tissues

1981 • 96 citations

Degradation of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase by cathepsin B

1980 • 95 citations

l-Pyroglutamyl-l-phenylalanyl-l-leucine-p-nitroanilide—A chromogenic substrate for thiol proteinase assay

1984 • 95 citations

Rapid inactivation of cathepsin L by Z-Phe-PheCHN2 and Z-Phe-AlaCHN2

1981 • 95 citations

Mechanism of action of serine proteases: tetrahedral intermediate and concerted proton transfer

1976 • 93 citations

The Slow, Tight‐Binding Inhibition of Cathepsin B by Leupeptin

1982 • 93 citations

The Kinetics and Mechanism of Papain-Catalyzed Hydrolyses¹

1966 • 92 citations

A putative Ca2+-binding protein: structure of the light subunit of porcine calpain elucidated by molecular cloning and protein sequence analysis.

1985 • 91 citations

On the role of the active site helix in papain, an AB initio molecular orbital study

1979 • 91 citations

Cathepsin B-related proteases in the insulin secretory granule.

1984 • 89 citations

Kinetics of papain-catalyzed hydrolysis of α-N-benzoyl-L-arginine-p-nitroanilide

1973 • 89 citations

Effect of diabetes on the concentration of amino acids in plasma and heart muscle of rats

1966 • 88 citations

Purification and Physical Characterization of Stem Bromelain^*

1964 • 87 citations

Crystallographic refinement of the structure of actinidin at 1.7 Å resolution by fast Fourier least-squares methods

1980 • 85 citations

[66] Covalent chromatography by thiol-disulfide interchange

1974 • 85 citations

Constitutive Inorganic Pyrophosphatase of Escherichia coli

1966 • 85 citations

Transition-state stabilization at the oxyanion binding sites of serine and thiol proteinases: hydrolyses of thiono and oxygen esters

1983 • 85 citations

Amino acid sequence of human liver cathepsin B

1985 • 82 citations

Identification and partial purification of a factor that stimulates calcium-dependent proteases

1982 • 81 citations

Use of enzymes in peptide synthesis

1982 • 80 citations

A convenient method of preparation of high-activity urease from Canavalia ensiformis by covalent chromatography and an investigation of its thiol groups with 2,2'-dipyridyl disulphide as a thiol titrant and reactivity probe

1976 • 79 citations

Isolation, crystallization, and properties of calotropins DI and DII from Calotropis gigantea

1980 • 79 citations

The Sequence of Amino Acid Residues around the Sulfhydryl Group at the Active Site of Streptococcal Proteinase

1965 • 79 citations

The mechanism of ficin-catalysed reactions

1959 • 79 citations

Preparation of Modified Agarose Gels Containing Thiol Groups.

1975 • 78 citations

PAPAIN-CATALYSED HYDROLYSIS OF SOME HIPPURIC ESTERS. A NEW MECHANISM FOR PAPAIN-CATALYSED HYDROLYSIS

1965 • 78 citations

A fluorescent assay for proteolytic enzymes

1973 • 78 citations

The structure and mechanism of action of papain

1970 • 77 citations

ON PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES

1935 • 77 citations

The inhibition of macrophage protein turnover by a selective inhibitor of thiol proteinases

1980 • 75 citations

Purification from Synaptosomal Plasma Membranes of Calpain I, a Thiol Protease Activated by Micromolar Calcium Concentrations

1983 • 74 citations

Separation of a new alpha-N-benzoylarginine-beta-naphthylamide hydrolase from cathepsin B1. Purification, characterization, and properties of both enzymes from rabbit lung.

1978 • 73 citations

Identification of cDNA clones encoding a precursor of rat liver cathepsin B.

1985 • 73 citations

Kinetic studies on the thiol protease from Actinidia chinensis

1972 • 72 citations

Purification and Characterization of a Calcium-Activated Neutral Protease from Rabbit Skeletal Muscle which Requires Calcium Ions of μM Order Concentration

1983 • 72 citations

Reactivities of the various protonic states in the reactions of papain and of L-cysteine with 2,2′- and with 4,4′- dipyridyl disulphide: evidence for nucleophilic reactivity in the un-ionized thiol group of the cysteine-25 residue of papain occasioned by its interaction with the histidine-159-asparagine-175 hydrogen-bonded system

1972 • 72 citations

Characterization of a thiol proteinase secreted by malignant human breast tumours

1980 • 72 citations

Calcium-Dependent Neutral Proteases, Widespread Occurrence of a Species of Protease Active at Lower Concentrations of Calcium1

1981 • 72 citations

On the Specificity of Streptococcal Proteinase

1966 • 71 citations

Amino acid sequence of rat liver thiol proteinase inhibitor

1983 • 71 citations

A necessary modification to the preparation of papain from any high-quality latex of Carica papaya and evidence for the structural integrity of the enzyme produced by traditional methods

1979 • 71 citations

The purification of bovine cathepsin B1 and its mode of action on bovine collagens

1974 • 70 citations

Differences in the interaction of the catalytic groups of the active centres of actinidin and papain Rapid purification of fully active actinidin by covalent chromatography and characterization of its active centre by use of two-protonic-state reactivity probes

1981 • 69 citations

Proteolytic enzyme of Actinidia chinensis

1959 • 69 citations

Antiproteolytic aldehydes and ketones: substituent and secondary deuterium isotope effects on equilibrium addition of water and other nucleophiles

1977 • 68 citations

Isolation and characterization of porcine parathyroid cathepsin B.

1979 • 67 citations

Enzyme-catalyzed peptide synthesis in biphasic aqueous-organic systems

1980 • 67 citations

A new serum component which specifically inhibits thiol proteinases

1977 • 67 citations

Characterization of a latent cysteine proteinase from ascitic fluid as a high molecular weight form of cathepsin B

1983 • 67 citations

ON THE PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES OF ANIMAL TISSUES

1941 • 67 citations

A high molecular weight protease in liver cytosol.

1979 • 67 citations

Urease Activity as Influenced by Oxidation and Reduction

1933 • 67 citations

[18] Bromelain enzymes

1970 • 66 citations

Characterisation of Cathepsin B and Collagenolytic Cathepsin from Human Placenta

1978 • 66 citations

Enzyme Regulation and Mechanism of Action

1980 • 66 citations

The equilibrium assumption is valid for the kinetic treatment of most time-dependent protein-modification reactions

1979 • 66 citations

Primary structural analysis of sulfhydryl protease inhibitors from pineapple stem.

1975 • 65 citations

Isolation and characterization of papaya peptidase A from commercial chymopapain

1975 • 65 citations

The Synthesis of Peptides by Means of Proteolytic Enzymes

1977 • 65 citations

Chymopapain

1962 • 64 citations

pH Dependence of chymotrypsin catalysis. Appendix. Substrate binding to dimeric α-chymotrypsin studied by x-ray diffraction and the equilibrium method

1974 • 64 citations

A latent thiol proteinase from ascitic fluid of patients with neoplasia

1981 • 63 citations

Purification and Some Properties of Human Erythrocyte Calpastatin1

1982 • 63 citations

Active‐site α‐helix in papain and the stability of the ion pair RS⁻ ··· ImH⁺_.Ab initio molecular orbital study

1980 • 63 citations

Kinetics of protein modification reactions

1984 • 63 citations

Sulfhydryl groups in hemoglobin. New molecular probe at the α1β1 interface studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

1975 • 63 citations

On the mechanism of the action of thermolysin: kinetic study of the thermolysin-catalysed condensation reaction of N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-aspartic acid with L-phenylalanine methyl ester

1981 • 62 citations

alpha-N-Benzoylarginine-2-naphthylamide Hydrolase (Cathepsin B1 ?) from Rat Skin. II. Purification of the Enzyme and Demonstration of Two Inhibitors in the Skin.

1975 • 62 citations

The Action of Calcium Ion on Cardiac Phosphorylase b Kinase

1966 • 62 citations

A PROTEOLYTIC ENZYME IN FICIN, THE ANTHELMINTIC PRINCIPLE OF LECHE DE HIGUERON

1930 • 62 citations

Proteases as catalysts for enzymic syntheses of opioid peptides.

1980 • 61 citations

Cathepsin B-like enzymes. Subcellular distribution and properties in neoplastic and control cells from human ectocervix.

1981 • 61 citations

Comparison of Calcium-Activated Neutral Proteases from Skeletal Muscle of Rabbit and Chicken

1984 • 60 citations

Spectrophotometric determination of mercaptide ion, an activated form of SH‐group in thiol enzymes

1974 • 60 citations

Limited proteolysis of bovine lens α-crystallin by calpain, A Ca2+-dependent cysteine proteinase, isolated from the same tissue

1984 • 60 citations

A kinetic and fluorimetric investigation of papain modified at tryptophan -69 and -177 by N–bromosuccinimide

1974 • 60 citations

Preparation of fully active ficin from Ficus glabrata by covalent chromatography and characterization of its active centre by using 2,2'-depyridyl disulphide as a reactivity probe

1976 • 60 citations

ACTIVATION OF ENZYMES

1934 • 60 citations

Action of cathepsin L on the oxidized B‐chain of bovine insulin

1980 • 60 citations

Binding sites for substrate leaving groups and added nucleophiles in papain-catalyzed hydrolyses

1969 • 60 citations

Polarization of substrate carbonyl groups by yeast aldolase: investigation by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

1983 • 59 citations

Peptide synthesis catalyzed by papain at alkaline pH values

1984 • 59 citations

Acid sulphydryl protease from calf lymph nodes

1975 • 59 citations

Novel carbohydrate structures of cathepsin B from porcine spleen.

1984 • 58 citations

A cysteine proteinase secreted from human breast tumours is immunologically related to cathepsin B

1982 • 58 citations

Stereospecific Alkylation with Asymmetric Reagents

1968 • 58 citations

Proteinase from germinating bean cotyledons. Evidence for involvement of a thiol group in catalysis

1984 • 58 citations

Structure of actinidin: Details of the polypeptide chain conformation and active site from an electron density map at 2·8 Å resolution

1977 • 57 citations

Primary structure of streptococcal proteinase. III. Isolation of cyanogen bromide peptides: complete covalent structure of the polypeptide chain.

1976 • 57 citations

Further studies on detergent-induced conformational transitions in proteins

1977 • 57 citations

Isolation and partial characterisation of a thiol proteinase inhibitor from human plasma

1979 • 57 citations

The fluorescence of papain

1970 • 57 citations

Characterization of the papain active centre by using two-protonic-state electrophiles as reactivity probes. Evidence for nucleophilic reactivity in the un-interrupted cysteine-25-histidine-159 interactive system

1978 • 57 citations

ON PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES

1936 • 57 citations

Über den Einfluß von Oxydations- und Reduktionsmitteln auf die Aktivität von Papain.

1933 • 57 citations

THE CHEMICAL MODIFICATION OF ENZYMATIC SPECIFICITY

1985 • 57 citations

Precise structural information for transient enzyme-substrate complexes by a combined x-ray crystallographic-resonance Raman spectroscopic approach

1982 • 57 citations

Identification of three high molecular mass cysteine proteinases from rat skeletal muscle

1983 • 57 citations

Determination of a low pK for histidine-159 in the S-methylthio derivative of papain by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

1981 • 56 citations

Evidence for two structurally different forms of skeletal muscle Ca2+-activated protease.

1982 • 56 citations

Some Peculiarities of the Proteolytic Activity of Papaïn

1910 • 55 citations

Über die Aktivierung des Papains durch Blausäure. Erste Abhandlung über pflanzliche Proteasen.

1924 • 55 citations

pH dependencies of individual rate constants in papain-catalyzed reactions

1969 • 55 citations

Improved purification of cathepsin B1 and cathepsin B2

1975 • 54 citations

Kinetic Studies of Bromelain Catalysis^*

1963 • 54 citations

Specific spectrophotometric assays for cathepsin B1

1975 • 54 citations

Structure and stereochemistry of tetrahedral inhibitor complexes of papain by direct NMR observation

1983 • 53 citations

Purification and some characteristics of two human serum proteins inhibiting papain and other thiol proteinases

1979 • 53 citations

The activity of papain in the crystalline state

1969 • 53 citations

PH-dependence of the steady-state rate of a two-step enzymic reaction

1976 • 53 citations

Purification and Properties of Brain Cathepsin B

1979 • 53 citations

Sulphydryl plant proteases

1979 • 53 citations

The Enzymatic Synthesis of Protected Valine-5 Angiotensin II Amide-1

1977 • 53 citations

Identification of a 31,500 molecular weight islet cell protease as cathepsin B.

1983 • 52 citations

A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ON THE POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC SIGNIFICANCE OF PAPAIN

1951 • 52 citations

[24] Two-protonic-state electrophiles as probes of enzyme mechanism

1982 • 52 citations

Fluorescence Studies on Poly-α-amino Acids. Models of Protein Conformation. III. Copolymers of Tyrosine with Glutamic Acid or Lysine

1964 • 52 citations

Half-time analysis of the integrated Michaelis equation. Simulation and use of the half-time plot and its direct linear variant in the analysis of some α-chymotrypsin-, papain- and fumarase-catalysed reactions

1982 • 52 citations

Thermolysin-catalyzed peptide bond synthesis.

1983 • 51 citations

An exploration of the primary specificity site of cathepsin B

1983 • 51 citations

Degradation of actin and vimentin by calpain II, a Ca²⁺‐dependent cysteine proteinase, in bovine lens

1984 • 50 citations

Molecular orbital study on the gas-phase nucleophilic displacement on acyl chlorides

1983 • 50 citations

The amino acid sequence around the active-site cysteine and histidine residues of stem bromelain

1970 • 50 citations

A rapid method for the quantitative assay of proteolytic enzymes

1961 • 49 citations

Studies on the Ca2+-Activated Neutral Proteinase of Rabbit Skeletal Muscle. I. The Characterization of the 80 K and the 30 K Subunits

1981 • 49 citations

[19] Cathepsins

1970 • 49 citations

Inhibition of Papain by N‐Acyl‐aminoacetaldehydes and N‐Acyl‐aminopropanones

1977 • 49 citations

On the Mechanism of Activation of Phosphorylase b Kinase by Calcium

1968 • 49 citations

Fluorescein-hemoglobin as a substrate for cathepsin D and other proteases

1970 • 49 citations

The use of resonance Raman spectroscopy to monitor catalytically important bonds during enzymic catalysis. Application to the hydrolysis of methyl thionohippurate by papain.

1979 • 48 citations

Sulphydryl groups as a new molecular probe at the α1β1 interface in haemoglobin using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

1974 • 48 citations

A simple one-step procedure for the separation of calpain I, calpain II and calpastatin

1985 • 48 citations

A general framework of cysteine-proteinase mechanism deduced from studies on enzymes with structurally different analogous catalytic-site residues Asp-158 and −161 (papain and actinidin), Gly-196 (cathepsin B) and Asn-165 (cathepsin H). Kinetic studies up to pH 8 of the hydrolysis of N-α-benzyloxycarbonyl-<scp>l</scp>-arginyl-<scp>l</scp>-arginine 2-naphthylamide catalysed by cathepsin B and of <scp>l</scp>-arginine 2-naphthylamide catalysed by cathepsin H.

1985 • 47 citations

Chymopapain. Chromatographic purification and immunological characterization

1984 • 47 citations

Mechanism of action of cysteine proteinases: oxyanion binding site is not essential in the hydrolysis of specific substrates

1985 • 47 citations

Correlations between biological activity and the number of functional groups chemically modified

1979 • 47 citations

Evidence for conformational restrictions within the active site of acyl papains which influence the rates of hydrolysis

1970 • 47 citations

Properties of the Single Sulfhydryl Group of Streptococcal Proteinase

1967 • 46 citations

Investigation of the active site of papain with fluorescent probes

1973 • 45 citations

Thioltrypsin

1977 • 45 citations

Large-scale purification of porcine calpain I and calpain II and comparison of proteolytic fragments of their subunits.

1984 • 45 citations

The pH-dependence of second-order rate constants of enzyme modification may provide free-reactant pKa values

1977 • 45 citations

Reaction of the Sulfhydryl Group of Papain with Chloroacetic Acid

1969 • 45 citations

Purification and preliminary characterization of two asclepains from the latex of Asclepias syriaca L. (Milkweed)

1979 • 45 citations

[18] Cleavage at arginine residues by clostripain

1977 • 44 citations

Kinetics of the hydrolysis of N-benzoyl-<scp>l</scp>-serine methyl ester catalysed by bromelain and by papain. Analysis of modifier mechanisms by lattice nomography, computational methods of parameter evaluation for substrate-activated catalyses and consequences of postulated non-productive binding in bromelain- and papain-catalysed hydrolyses

1974 • 44 citations

Papain‐induced Oligomerization of α‐Amino Acid Esters

1979 • 44 citations

The chemical reactivity of the thiol group in the active centre of ficin

1964 • 44 citations

Crystalline Ficin

1938 • 43 citations

Fluorescence Studies on Poly-α-amino Acids: Models of Protein Conformation

1966 • 43 citations

The chemical modification of papain with 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide

1976 • 43 citations

A NEW KETONE FROM THE URINE OF PREGNANT MARES

1938 • 43 citations

Catalysis in Chemistry and Biochemistry Theory and Experiment

1979 • 43 citations

A new thiol proteinase from rat liver.

1981 • 43 citations

Preparation of cathepsins B and H by covalent chromatography and characterization of their catalytic sites by reaction with a thiol-specific two-protonic-state reactivity probe. Kinetic study of cathepsins B and H extending into alkaline media and a rapid spectroscopic titration of cathepsin H at pH 3-4

1985 • 43 citations

Propapain and its Conversion to Papain: A New Type of Zymogen Activation Mechanism involving Intramolecular Thiol-Disulphide Interchange

1973 • 43 citations

The specificity of actinidin and its relationship to the structure of the enzyme

1980 • 43 citations

Coupling between Cbz-Arg-OH and Leu-X Catalyzed by Trypsin and Papain

1980 • 42 citations

Ueber die fermentative Eiweissspaltung und Ammoniakbildung in der Leber.

1900 • 42 citations

Purification and Characterization of Cathepsin B from Monkey Skeletal Muscle1

1984 • 42 citations

A purification and some properties of two proteases from papaya latex

1979 • 42 citations

Peptide Bond Synthesis Catalyzed by Subtilisin, Papain, and Pepsin

1981 • 42 citations

Crystalline Papain

1937 • 41 citations

Inactivation of Calpain I and Calpain II by Specificity-Oriented Tripeptidyl Chloromethyl Ketones1

1986 • 41 citations

Evolution of enzyme catalytic power. Characteristics of optimal catalysis evaluated for the simplest plausible kinetic model

1977 • 41 citations

pH-dependence and structure–activity relationships in the papain-catalysed hydrolysis of anilides

1971 • 41 citations

Mechanism of the reaction of papain with substrate-derived diazomethyl ketones. Implications for the difference in site specificity of halomethyl ketones for serine proteinases and cysteine proteinases and for stereoelectronic requirements in the papain catalytic mechanism

1978 • 41 citations

A novel reactivity of papain and a convenient active site titration in the presence of other thiols

1970 • 41 citations

A sensitive assay for proteolytic enzymes using bacterial luciferase as a substrate

1974 • 41 citations

Co‐operative Ionisation of Aspartic‐Acid‐158 and Histidine‐159 in Papain

1976 • 41 citations

[17] Ficin

1970 • 40 citations

Lack of Evidence for a Tetrahedral Intermediate in the Hydrolysis of Nitroanilide Substrates by Serine Proteinases

1981 • 40 citations

Über das proteolytische System in tierischen Organen. (18. Mitteilung zur Spezifität tierischer Proteasen.)

1930 • 40 citations

Tetrahedral intermediate in acyl transfer reactions. A revaluation of the significance of rate data used in deriving fundamental linear free energy relationships

1982 • 40 citations

Comparison of the kinetics and mechanism of the papain-catalyzed hydrolysis of esters and thiono esters

1985 • 40 citations

Mechanism of action of streptococcal proteinase. I. Active-site titration

1973 • 39 citations

Involvement of thiol enzymes in the lysosomal breakdown of native and denatured proteins

1973 • 38 citations

13 Papain, X-Ray Structure

1971 • 38 citations

Crystal and molecular structure of the sulfhydryl protease calotropin DI at 3·2 Å resolution

1982 • 38 citations

Molecular cloning of a bovine cathepsin

1985 • 38 citations

Failure of the antiperiplanar lone pair hypothesis in glycoside hydrolysis. Synthesis, conformation, and hydrolysis of α-<scp>D</scp>-xylopyranosyl-and α-<scp>D</scp>-glucopyranosyl-pyridinium salts

1984 • 38 citations

A two-step procedure for purification of papain from extract of papaya latex

1974 • 38 citations

Enzymic synthesis of dynorphin (1-8)

1982 • 38 citations

CRYSTALLINE PAPAIN

1937 • 37 citations

Amino acid sequence involving the reactive thiol group of ficin

1964 • 37 citations

Human placental cathepsin B1. Isolation and some physical properties

1974 • 37 citations

Conversion of the Active‐Site Cysteine Residue of Papain into a Dehydro‐serine, a Serine and a Glycine Residue

1978 • 37 citations

Separation of a new protease from cathepsin B1 of rat liver lysosomes

1976 • 36 citations

Studies on the Extended Active Site of Papain

1974 • 36 citations

Isolation, purification, and partial characterization of pinguinain, the proteolytic enyzme from Bromelia pinguin L

1968 • 36 citations

Peptide synthesis via oxidation of N-acyl-.alpha.-amino acid phenylhydrazides. II. Benzyloxycarbonyl peptide phenylhydrazides

1968 • 36 citations

Reaction of papain with α-bromo-β-(5-imidazolyl)propionic acid

1972 • 36 citations

Infra-red and Raman spectroscopic studies of enzyme structure and function

1986 • 35 citations

Mechanism of thiol protease catalysis: detection and stabilization of a tetrahedral intermediate in papain catalysis

1979 • 35 citations

Negatively co-operative ligand binding

1973 • 35 citations

Benzoylamidoacetonitrile as an inhibitor of papain

1973 • 35 citations

The Acyl-enzyme Intermediate, trans-Cinnamoylpapain

1964 • 35 citations

The amino acid sequence around the active-site cysteine and histidine residues, and the buried cysteine residues in ficin

1970 • 35 citations

Studies on proteinases from Ficus carica var. Hōraishi. V. Purification and properties of a sugar-containing proteinase (Ficin S)

1974 • 35 citations

Multiple forms of the asclepains Cysteinyl proteases from milkweed

1980 • 35 citations

Chymopapain

1967 • 35 citations

Enzymatic synthesis of Leu- and Met-enkephalin

1979 • 35 citations

Substrate-derived two-protonic-state electrophiles as sensitive kinetic specificity probes for cysteine proteinases. Activation of 2-pyridyl disulphides by hydrogen-bonding

1987 • 35 citations

Low molecular weight inhibitors of cathepsins B, H and T in human serum, synovial fluid and CSF

1982 • 35 citations

Natural structural variation in enzymes as a tool in the study of mechanism exemplified by a comparison of the catalytic-site structure and characteristics of cathepsin B and papain. pH-dependent kinetics of the reactions of cathepsin B from bovine spleen and from rat liver with a thiol-specific two-protonic-state probe (2,2′-dipyridyl disulphide) and with a specific synthetic substrate (N-α-benzyloxycarbonyl-<scp>l</scp>-arginyl-<scp>l</scp>-arginine 2-naphthylamide)

1984 • 35 citations

The Effect of Certain Adsorbents on the Nodulation of Clover Plants

1955 • 34 citations

The limited proteolysis of rabbit muscle aldolase by cathepsin B1

1978 • 34 citations

A STUDY OF SOME THIOL ESTER HYDROLYSES AS MODELS FOR THE DEACYLATION STEP OF PAPAIN-CATALYSED HYDROLYSES

1965 • 34 citations

Reaction of Chloroacetamide with the Sulfhydryl Group of Papain

1969 • 34 citations

The specificity of the S1′ subsite of papain

1974 • 34 citations

Cryoenzymology of papain: reaction mechanism with an ester substrate

1978 • 34 citations

Nitrogen isotope effects on the papain-catalyzed hydrolysis of N-benzoyl-L-argininamide

1974 • 34 citations

A high-molecular-weight cysteine endopeptidase from rat skeletal muscle

1983 • 34 citations

Proton Equilibria in the Binding of Zn²⁺ and of Methylmercuric Iodide to Papain

1976 • 34 citations

The case for assigning a value of approximately 4 to pKaI of the essential histidine-cysteine interactive systems of papain, bromelain and ficin

1975 • 34 citations

Fractionation and Partial Characterization of the Proteolytic Enzymes of Stem Bromelain^*

1963 • 34 citations

Mechanism of association of N-acetyl-L-phenylalanylglycinal to papain

1981 • 33 citations

The location of the active-site histidine residue in the primary sequence of papain

1968 • 33 citations

Calpain and calpastatin in porcine retina. Identification and action on microtubule-associated proteins

1984 • 33 citations

Zur Theorie der Eiweissverdauung

1901 • 32 citations

The activity of crystalline ribonuclease A

1965 • 32 citations

Use of New Synthetic Substrates for Assays of Cathepsin L and Cathepsin B1

1983 • 32 citations

Structure-activity relations in papain-ligand interactions

1976 • 32 citations

4-Chloro-7-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole as a reactivity probe for the investigation of the thiol proteinases. evidence that ficin and bromelain may lack carboxyl groups conformationally equivalent to that of aspartic acid-158 of papain

1976 • 32 citations

Structure-activity relationships in papain and bromelain ligand interactions

1977 • 32 citations

Characterization of papaya peptidase A as a cysteine proteinase of Carica papaya L. with active-centre properties that differ from those of papain by using 2,2′-dipyridyl disulphide and 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan as reactivity probes. Use of two-protonic-state electrophiles in the identification of catalytic-site thiol groups

1982 • 32 citations

Is the thiolate—imidazolium ion pair the catalytically important form of papain?

1980 • 32 citations

Cathepsins J and K: High molecular weight cysteine proteinases from human tissues

1984 • 31 citations

Comparative studies of mouse liver cathepsin B and an analogous tumor thiol proteinase.

1983 • 31 citations

Charge effects in the active site of papain: resonance Raman and absorption evidence for electron polarization occurring in the acyl group of some acylpapains

1978 • 31 citations

Demonstration of a change in the rate-determining step in papain- and ficin-catalyzed acyl-transfer reactions

1971 • 31 citations

Untersuchungen über die Plasteinbildung.

1911 • 31 citations

Pertubations in the Free Energy and Enthalpy of Ionization of Histidine-159 at the Active Site of Papain As Determined by Fluorescence Spectroscopy

1981 • 31 citations

Cryoenzymology of proteases: NMR detection of a productive thioacyl derivative of papain at subzero temperatures

1982 • 30 citations

Sensitive fluorescent determination of trypsin-like proteases

1973 • 30 citations

Reconstitution of calpain I and calpain II from their subunits: Interchangeability of the light subunits

1984 • 30 citations

Mechanism of action of papain with a specific anilide substrate

1979 • 30 citations

Varying luminescence behavior of the different tryptophan residues of papain

1971 • 30 citations

A spectrophotometric method for the detection of contaminant chymopapains in preparations of papain. Selective modification of one type of thiol group in the chymopapains by a two-protonic-state reagent

1978 • 30 citations

Isolation of highly active papaya peptidases A and B from commercial chymopapain

1981 • 30 citations

Phenylhydrazide as a Protective Group in Peptide Synthesis. The Oxidation of γ-Phenylhydrazides of N-Carbobenzoxy-α-L-glutamylamino Acid Esters with Manganese Dioxide

1963 • 30 citations

Occurrence of Thiol Proteinases in the Eggs of the Silkworm, Bombyx mori

1981 • 30 citations

Correction - Evidence for Conformational Restrictions within the Active Site of Acyl Papains Which Influence the Rates Of Hydrolysis

1971 • 29 citations

Pepstatin-insensitive proteolytic activity of rat liver lysosomes. Isolation and purification of a new pepstatin-insensitive proteolytic enzyme from rat liver lysosomes.

1977 • 29 citations

Reactivities of neutral and cationic forms of 2,2′-dipyridyl disulphide towards thiolate anions. Detection of differences between the active centres of actinidin, papain and ficin by a three-protonic-state reactivity probe

1979 • 29 citations

Selective Cleavage of Peptide Bonds by Cathepsins L and B from Rat Liver1

1983 • 29 citations

Kinetic solvent isotope effects on the deacylation of specific acyl-papains. Proton inventory studies on the papain-catalysed hydrolyses of specific ester substrates: analysis of possible transition state structures

1981 • 29 citations

Kinetics of chymotrypsin- and papain-catalysed synthesis of [leucine]enkephalin and [methionine]enkephalin

1984 • 29 citations

Similarity and Dissimilarity in Subunit Structures of Calpains I and II from Various Sources as Demonstrated by Immunological Cross-Reactivity

1983 • 29 citations

Isolation and characterization of a protease inhibitor from commercial stem bromelain acetone powder

1973 • 29 citations

Dependence of the catalytic activity of papain on the ionization of two acidic groups.

1978 • 29 citations

Ligand-dependent heme-protein interactions in human hemoglobin studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Effects of quaternary structure on alpha chain tertiary structure measured at the alpha-104(G11) cysteine-SH.

1980 • 28 citations

AFFINITY CHROMATOGRAPHIC PURIFICATION OF PAPAIN A Reinvestigation

1979 • 28 citations

The structure and mechanism of stem bromelain. Evaluation of the homogeneity of purified stem bromelain, determination of the molecular weight and kinetic analysis of the bromelain-catalysed hydrolysis of N-benzyloxycarbonyl-<scp>l</scp>-phenylalanyl-<scp>l</scp>-serine methyl ester

1974 • 28 citations

Resonance Raman evidence for substrate reorganization in the active site of papain

1976 • 28 citations

The Physical State Dependence of Carboxypeptidase A _α and A _γ Kinetics

1974 • 28 citations

Comparison between the antigenic structure of mutually related enzymes. Study with papain and chymopapain

1968 • 28 citations

Amino acid sequence around the active site cysteine residue of calcium‐activated neutral protease (CANP)

1983 • 28 citations

The kinetic analysis of hydrolytic enzyme catalyses: Consequences of non‐productive binding

1968 • 28 citations

Stereoelectronic control in acid and base catalysis of amide hydrolysis. A theoretical study

1980 • 28 citations

Proteinase secretion and growth of Clostridium histolyticum

1938 • 27 citations

Papain-Catalyzed Reactions of Esters with Alcohols. The Nature of the Rate-Determining Step^*

1967 • 27 citations

Inactivation of cathepsin B by active site-directed disulfide exchange. Application in covalent affinity chromatography.

1983 • 27 citations

The highly electrophilic character of 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan and possible consequences for its applications as a protein-labelling reagent

1977 • 27 citations

[15] Chymopapain B

1970 • 27 citations

Characterization of the pineapple stem proteases (Bromelains)

1975 • 27 citations

Evidence for Multiple Reactive Forms of Papain

1978 • 27 citations

Proton nuclear magnetic resonance evidence for the absence of a stable hydrogen bond between the active site aspartate and histidine residues of native subtilisins and for its presence in thiolsubtilisins

1981 • 26 citations

The Amino Acid Sequence around the Reactive Thiol Group of Chymopapain B

1966 • 26 citations

Benzofuroxan as a thiol-specific reactivity probe. Kinetics of its reactions with papain, ficin, bromelain and low-molecular-weight thiols

1977 • 26 citations

Mechanism of action of streptococcal proteinase. II. Comparison of the kinetics of protein ase- and papain-catalyzed hydrolysis of N-acylamino acid esters

1973 • 26 citations

Kinetics of the action of papain on fluorescent peptide substrates

1976 • 26 citations

Semisynthetic enzymes: synthesis of a new flavopapain with high catalytic efficiency

1981 • 26 citations

Deuterium Isotope Effects on Papain Acylation

1979 • 26 citations

A re-evaluation of the nomenclature of the cysteine proteinases of Carica papaya and a rational basis for their identification

1983 • 26 citations

Ab initio molecular orbital studies on the active site of papain

1976 • 25 citations

Fractionation and Some Properties of the Proteolytically Active Components of Bromelains in the Stem and the Fruit of the Pineapple Plant*

1972 • 25 citations

Effects on Cathepsin B, H, and D in Pectoral Muscle of Dystrophic Chickens (Line 413) of In Vivo Administration of E-64-c (N-[N-(L-3-Transcarboxyoxirane-2-Carbonyl)-L-Leucyl]-3-Methyl-Butylamine)1

1981 • 25 citations

Ueber fermentative Prozesse in den Organen

1894 • 25 citations

Structural studies on stem bromelain isolation, characterization and alignment of the cyanogen bromide fragments

1976 • 25 citations

Five sepharose‐bound ligands for the chromatographic purification of Clostridium collagenase and clostripain

1977 • 25 citations

The mutability of stem bromelain: evidence for perturbation by structural transitions of the parameters that characterize the reaction of the essential thiol group of bromelain with 2,2′-dipyridyl disulphide

1972 • 25 citations

STUDIES ON ENZYME ACTION

1917 • 25 citations

Estimation of the free energies of addition of nucleophiles to conjugated carbonyl compounds and to acyl derivatives

1977 • 25 citations

Vibrational spectra of scissile bonds in enzyme active sites: a resonance Raman study of dithioacylpapains

1982 • 24 citations

Rapid purification of calcium‐activated protease by calcium‐dependent hydrophobic‐interaction chromatography

1985 • 24 citations

Use of Methyl Iodide for Probing the Polarity of the Immediate Environment of—SH Groups in Thiolenzymes

1976 • 24 citations

Papain hydrolysis of X-phenyl-N-methanesulfonyl glycinates: A quantitative structure-activity relationship and molecular graphics analysis

1984 • 24 citations

Evidence for a two-state transition in papain that may have no close analogue in ficin. Differences in the disposition of cationic sites and hydrophobic binding areas in the active centres of papain and ficin

1980 • 24 citations

Purification and characterization of phosphodiesterase activator from kidney. A lysosomal protease.

1979 • 24 citations

A marked gradation in active-centre properties in the cysteine proteinases revealed by neutral and anionic reactivity probes. Reactivity characteristics of the thiol groups of actinidin, ficin, papain and papaya peptidase A towards 4,4′-dipyridyl disulphide and 5,5′-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoate) dianion

1983 • 23 citations

The unreliability of estimates of group dissociation constants

1976 • 23 citations

Amino‐Acid Sequences of the Active‐Site Sulfhydryl Peptide and Other Thiol Peptides from the Cysteine Proteinase α‐Clostripain

1983 • 23 citations

On the nature of the tetrahedral species in the gas phase hydrolysis of esters

1983 • 23 citations

Kinetics of irreversible enzyme inhibition: The tsou plot in irreversible binding co-operativity

1978 • 23 citations

Purification of a Ca2+-activated protease from rat erythrocytes and its possible effect on pyruvate kinase in vivo

1981 • 23 citations

CLOSTRIPAIN‐CATALYZED RE‐FORMATION OF A PEPTIDE BOND IN A CYTOCHROME C FRAGMENT COMPLEX*

1981 • 23 citations

Chymopapain A. Purification and investigation by covalent chromatography and characterization by two-protonic-state reactivity-probe kinetics, steady-state kinetics and resonance Raman spectroscopy of some dithioacyl derivatives

1986 • 22 citations

On the electrostatic properties of papain in relation to its enzymatic activity

1983 • 22 citations

Effects of conformational selectivity and of overlapping kinetically influential ionizations on the characteristics of pH-dependent enzyme kinetics. Implications of free-enzyme pKa variability in reactions of papain for its catalytic mechanism

1983 • 22 citations

Über einen Weg zur enzymatischen Synthese von Peptiden

1951 • 22 citations

APPENDIX

1966 • 22 citations

Evidence that binding to the S2-subsite of papain may be coupled with catalytically relevant structural change involving the cysteine-25–histidine-159 diad. Kinetics of the reaction of papain with a two-protonic-state reactivity probe containing a hydrophobic side chain

1979 • 22 citations

The Actinidin-Catalysed Hydrolysis of N-alpha-Benzyloxycarbonyl-l-lysine p-Nitrophenyl Ester. pH Dependence and Mechanism

1973 • 22 citations

Relaxed and perturbed substrate conformations in enzyme active sites: evidence from multichannel resonance Raman spectra

1983 • 22 citations

STRUCTURAL STUDIES ON STEM BROMELAIN

1980 • 22 citations

Partial purification and characterization of a pyruvate dehydrogenase-complex-inactivating enzyme from rat liver

1978 • 22 citations

The action of proteinase A2 of Actinidia chinensis on the B-chain of oxidized insulin

1973 • 21 citations

Evidence for a Rate-Limiting Conformation Change in the Catalytic Steps of the Ficin and Papain-Catalysed Hydrolyses of Benzyloxycarbonyl-l-Lysine p-Nitrophenyl Ester

1973 • 21 citations

Evaluation of benzofuroxan as a chromophoric oxidizing agent for thiol groups by using its reactions with papain, ficin, bromelain and low-molecular-weight thiols

1977 • 21 citations

Streptococcal Proteinase-catalyzed Hydrolysis of Some Ester and Amide Substrates

1969 • 21 citations

The fractionation of bromelain

1977 • 21 citations

N-terminal homology in three cysteinyl proteases from Papaya Latex

1979 • 21 citations

Specificity and mechanism of clostripain catalysis

1971 • 21 citations

Benzyloxycarbonylphenylalanylcitrulline p-nitroanilide as a substrate for papain and other plant cysteine proteinases

1984 • 21 citations

The reaction of papain with Ellman's reagent [5,5′-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoate) dianion]

1972 • 21 citations

Isolation and characterization of the four major cysteine-proteinase components of the latex of carica papaya L. reactivity characteristics towards 2,2′-dipyridyl disulfide of the thiol groups of papain, chymopapains A and B, and papaya peptidase A

1982 • 21 citations

Specificity for incorporation of .alpha.-amino acid esters during the plastein reaction by papain

1977 • 20 citations

Ionization of a nitrophenol-containing reporter group at the active site of papain

1974 • 20 citations

Kinetics of the reversible reaction of papain with 5,5′-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoate) dianion: evidence for nucleophilic reactivity in the un-ionized thiol group of cysteine-25 and for general acid catalysis by histidine-159 of the reaction of the 5-mercapto-2-nitrobenzoate dianion with the papain-5-mercapto-2-nitrobenzoate mixed disulphide

1972 • 20 citations

The crystal structure of the stable isomer of α-benzamidocinnamic acid: the influence of cis–trans-isomerism on the kinetics of the hydrolysis of the products of interaction of α-chymotrypsin with the isomeric 4-benzylidene-2-phenyl-Δ²-oxazolin-5-ones

1971 • 20 citations

Enzymic synthesis of peptide bonds. IV. Effects of variation in substrate structure on relative extents of synthesis of benzoylamino acid anilides as catalyzed by papain and ficin

1952 • 20 citations

Isolation of Stem Bromelain by Affinity Chromatography and its Partial Characterization by Gel Electrophoresis

1972 • 20 citations

[45] Clostripain

1970 • 20 citations

[16] Streptococcal proteinase

1970 • 20 citations

Actinidin hydrolysis of substituted-phenyl hippurates: a quantitative structure-activity relationship and graphics comparison with hydrolysis by papain

1984 • 20 citations

A Spectroscopic Investigation of S‐Trifluoroethylthiopapain

1976 • 20 citations

Steady state kinetic evidence for an acyl-enzyme intermediate in reactions catalyzed by bovine spleen cathepsin B.

1983 • 20 citations

Purification, partial characterization, and sequence around a reactive sulfhydryl of ficin

1967 • 19 citations

Thermodynamics of metastable intermediates in solution

1983 • 19 citations

A high-molecular weight peptide hydrolase in erythrocytes

1982 • 19 citations

Primary structure of zymogen of streptococcal proteinase

1982 • 19 citations

Photosensitized inactivation of stem bromelain. Oxidation of histidine, methionine, and tryptophan residues

1975 • 18 citations

THE SPECIFICITY OF A CRYSTALLINE STREPTOCOCCAL PROTEINASE

1952 • 18 citations

Sequence of amino acids in the vicinity of the reactive thiol group of stem bromelain

1967 • 18 citations

Primary structure of alpha-clostripain light chain

1984 • 18 citations

Inhibition of human liver cathepsin L by α‐thiol proteinase inhibitor

1982 • 18 citations

Homologies of the N-terminal sequences of asclepains and papain

1980 • 18 citations

Conformational study of N-acyl amino acid esters and thiol esters by FT-IR and x-ray crystallography: evidence for a nitrogen...sulfur interaction in thiol esters

1984 • 18 citations

Enzymes in organic synthesis. (Ciba Foundation Symposium III)

1985 • 17 citations

Purification and characterization of a novel proteinase, chymopapain S

1983 • 17 citations

Evidence that the lack of high catalytic activity of thiolsubtilisin towards specific substrates may be due to an inappropriately located proton-distribution system. Demonstration of highly nucleophilic character of the thiol group of thiolsubtilisin in the catalytically relevant ionization state of the active centre by use of a two-protonic-state reactivity probe

1981 • 17 citations

Chemical evidence for the pH-dependent control of ion-pair geometry in cathepsin B. Benzofuroxan as a reactivity probe sensitive to differences in the mutual disposition of the thiolate and imidazolium components of cysteine proteinase catalytic sites

1986 • 17 citations

Beiträge zur Lehre der fermentativen Prozesse in den Organen

1896 • 17 citations

Enzymic Synthesis of Peptide Bonds. V. Instances of Protease-Controlled Specificity in the Synthesis of Acylamino Acid Anilides and Acylpeptide Anilides^1-3

1953 • 17 citations

Rate-structure correlation for enzyme-substrate intermediates: resonance Raman and kinetic studies on some N-benzoylglycine(dithioacyl)papains

1984 • 16 citations

A kinetic method for the study of solvent environments of thiol groups in proteins involving the use of a pair of isomeric reactivity probes and a differential solvent effect. Investigation of the active centre of ficin by using 2,2'- and 4,4'- dipyridyl disulphides as reactivity probes

1980 • 16 citations

Differences between the electric fields of the catalytic sites of papain and actinidin detected by using the thiol-located nitrobenzofurazan label as a spectroscopic reporter group

1984 • 16 citations

Solvent isotope effects on the rates of alkylation of thiolamine models of papain

1980 • 16 citations

Casein labelled with Iodine-131 as a Substrate for the Measurement of Trypsin and Chymotrypsin

1960 • 16 citations

Normal apparent pK_a value for the ionization of the histidine residue of papain and stem bromelain as determined by photooxidation reaction

1974 • 15 citations

Chemical modification of one carboxyl‐group of papain abolishes the catalytic activity of the enzyme

1974 • 15 citations

Cathepsin B from human renal cortex

1982 • 15 citations

Specificity and pH dependence of ficin-catalyzed hydrolyses. Comparisons with bromelain specificity

1974 • 15 citations

Investigation of the catalytic site of actinidin by using benzofuroxan as a reactivity probe with selectivity for the thiolate-imidazolium ion-pair systems of cysteine proteinases. Evidence that the reaction of the ion-pair of actinidin (pKI 3.0, pKII 9.6) is modulated by the state of ionization of a group associated with a molecular pKa of 5.5

1983 • 15 citations

Papain- and ficin-catalyzed reactions. Effect of pH on activity and conformation of ficin

1969 • 15 citations

Molecular details of enzyme-substrate transients by resonance Raman spectroscopy

1983 • 15 citations

Partial characterization of an endogenous inhibitor of a calcium-dependent form of insulin protease

1983 • 15 citations

Cryoenzymology of trypsin. A detailed kinetic study of the trypsin-catalysed hydrolysis of N-α-benzyloxycarbonyl-<scp>l</scp>-lysine p-nitrophenyl ester at low temperatures

1983 • 15 citations

Primary structure of streptococcal proteinase. I Isolation, composition, and amino acid sequences of the tryptic and chymotryptic peptides of cyanogen bromide fragments 1 to 4.

1976 • 15 citations

Effect of the Immediate Environment on the Reactivity of the Essential—SH Group of Papain

1976 • 15 citations

The three states criterion of nucleophilic reactivity in the conjugate acid of an anionic nucleophile and some problems of proton partitioning: implications for the reactions of 2,2′-dipyridyl disulphide with papain and with L-ergothioneine

1974 • 14 citations

Chemical synthesis and papain-catalysed hydrolysis of N-α-benzyloxycarbonyl-<scp>l</scp>-lysine p-nitroanilide

1985 • 14 citations

Interaction of papain with derivatives of phenylalanylglycinal: fluorescence studies.

1979 • 14 citations

The pH dependency of bovine spleen cathepsin B-catalyzed transfer of N alpha-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-lysine from p-nitrophenol to water and dipeptide nucleophiles. Comparisons with papain.

1983 • 14 citations

Structure-activity relationship of the ficin hydrolysis of phenyl hippurates. Comparison with papain, actinidin, and bromelain

1984 • 14 citations

A kinetic study of hydrophobic interactions at the S1 and S2 sites of papain

1979 • 14 citations

TISSUE-DIGESTING ENZYME (HISTASE) OF STREPTOCOCCI

1926 • 14 citations

[1] Active site titration of cysteine proteases

1976 • 14 citations

Chemical modification of enzymes: Critical evaluation of the graphical correlation between residual enzyme activity and number of groups modified

1980 • 14 citations

Proteinase inhibitors from Vigna unguiculata subsp. cylindrica

1980 • 14 citations

Chemical mutations of papain. The preparation of ser 25- and gly 25-papain

1977 • 13 citations

The hydrolysis of N-benzoyl-l-phenylalanyl-l-valyl-l-arginine-p-nitroanilide and its use as a substrate for the assay of cathepsin B

1980 • 13 citations

Specificity of pepsin‐catalyzed peptide bond synthesis

1982 • 13 citations

Intracellular form of streptococcal proteinase: A clue to a novel mechanism of secretion

1984 • 13 citations

Detection of a tetrahedral intermediate in the trypsin-catalysed hydrolysis of specific ring-activated anilides

1978 • 13 citations

Kinetic study of the interaction between rat haptoglobin and rat liver cathepsin B

1980 • 13 citations

Evidence that the active centre of chymopapain A is different from the active centres of some other cysteine proteinases and that the Brønsted coefficient (βnuc.) for the reactions of thiolate anions with 2,2′-dipyridyl disulphide may be decreased by reagent protonation

1980 • 13 citations

Chromatographic separation of papain evaluated by immunochemical methods

1984 • 13 citations

Inhibition of human liver cathepsin L by α2 cysteine-proteinase inhibitor and the low-Mr cysteine proteinase inhibitor from human serum

1984 • 13 citations

Preliminary crystallographic data for actinidin, a thiol protease from Actinidia chinensis

1973 • 13 citations

Molecular cloning of two cysteine proteinases from paw-paw (Carica papaya)

1986 • 12 citations

Disulfide bond formation between the active-site thiol and one of the several free thiol groups of chymopapain

1986 • 12 citations

Proteolytic enzymes: electrophilic participation in the acylation step

1976 • 12 citations

Chymopapain C, an Immunosuppressive Protease: I. Partial Purification and Characterization

1974 • 12 citations

Identification of the Functional Ionic Groups of Papain by pH/Rate Profile Analysis

1978 • 12 citations

Stimulation of murine macrophage cathepsin B by serum from patients with rheumatoid arthritis: an indicator of disease activity.

1983 • 12 citations

Proteolytic enzymes: models for electrophilic assistance by NH in acylation

1972 • 12 citations

On the stability of tetrahedral intermediates within the active sites of serine and cysteine proteases

1983 • 12 citations

Quantitative structure-activity relationships of cysteine hydrolases. Ficin hydrolysis of X-phenyl-N-methanesulfonyl glycinates

1985 • 11 citations

The detection, accumulation and stabilization of a tetrahedral intermediate in trypsin catalysis

1980 • 11 citations

Definition of the site of reactivity of the ancestral protease of the papain type

1983 • 11 citations

The structure of actinidin at 5.5 Å resolution

1976 • 11 citations

Kinetics of irreversible enzyme inhibition: The interpretation of the fractional enzyme activity vs. extent of protein modification plot

1980 • 11 citations

Mechanism of action of streptococcal proteinase. III. Effect of pH, organic solvents, and deuterium oxide on the proteinase-catalyzed hydrolysis of N-acylamino acid esters

1973 • 11 citations

The mixed disulfide in the zymogen of streptococcal proteinase. Characterization and implication for its biosynthesis.

1984 • 11 citations

Identity of acyl group conformations in the active sites of papain and cathepsin B by resonance Raman spectroscopy.

1984 • 11 citations

Comparative resonance Raman spectroscopic and kinetic studies of acyl-enzymes involving papain, actinidin and papaya peptidase II

1984 • 11 citations

Intramolecular Inhibition by Enzyme of Site-Specific Modification Reactions can Mask pKa Values Characteristic of the Reaction Pathway: Do the Side Chains of Aspartic Acid-158 and Lysine-156 of Papain Form an Ion-Pair?

1978 • 11 citations

Evidence for association-activation effects in reactions of papain from studies on its reactivity towards isomeric two-protonic-state reactivity probes

1979 • 10 citations

Characterization of Papaya Peptidase A as an Enzyme of Extreme Basicity.

1983 • 10 citations

The Proteases of Plants (II)

1905 • 10 citations

Structural and functional comparison of antibodies to common and specific determinants of papain and chymopapain

1973 • 10 citations

Conformational activation of acylpapains and acylcathepsin B's: resonance Raman and kinetic evidence

1986 • 10 citations

Ficin as a catalyst in organic syntheses

1964 • 9 citations

The selective inactivation of thiol proteasesin vitro andin vivo

1984 • 9 citations

Separation of chymopapain from papaya latex (Carica Papaya) on Amberlite IR-120 (Hg2+)

1976 • 9 citations

Evidence for a close similarity in the catalytic sites of papain and ficin in near-neutral media despite differences in acidic and alkaline media. Kinetics of the reactions of papain and ficin with chloroacetate

1982 • 9 citations

An isolation of chymopapain

1973 • 9 citations

Circular dichroism of stem bromelain

1970 • 9 citations

The Effects of Aqueous Extracts of Red Beet Root on Salt Accumulation and Respiration of Discs of Red Beet Root

1959 • 9 citations

A radioimmunoassay for total human cathepsin B

1982 • 9 citations

Pinguinain : a Simple Method for its Crystallization

1966 • 9 citations

Low-temperature reactions of trypsin with p-nitroanilide substrates: tetrahedral intermediate formation or enzyme isomerization

1984 • 9 citations

Proteolytic specificity of chymopapain: hydrolysis of the Fraction B of oxidized insulin

1966 • 8 citations

The case for assigning a value of approximately 4 to pKa_I of the essential histidine‐cysteine interactive systems of papain, bromelain and ficin

1975 • 8 citations

Zur Frage nach dem Wesen der Aktivierung von Kathepsin und Papain

1930 • 8 citations

Comparison of the substrate conformations in the active sites of papain, chymopapain, ficin and bromelain by resonance Raman spectroscopy

1983 • 8 citations

Purification of Pinguinain by Gel Filtration

1964 • 8 citations

A thiol-labelling reagent and reactivity probe containing electrophilic mercury and a chromophoric leaving group

1979 • 8 citations

On the mechanism of the α‐chymotrypsin‐catalysed hydrolysis of 4‐cis‐benzylidene‐2‐phenyloxazolin‐5‐one: Evidence for covalent non‐productive binding

1969 • 8 citations

Conformational Changes in Papain during Catalysis and Ligand Binding

1974 • 8 citations

Subsite differences between the active centres of papaya peptidase A and papain as revealed by affinity chromatography. Purification of papaya peptidase A by ionic-strength-dependent affinity adsorption on an immobilized peptide inhibitor of papain

1984 • 8 citations

Evidence from two-protonic-state reactivity probe kinetics that chymopapain in fresh nonfruit latex ofCarica papaya consists of multiple forms of chymopapain A. The value of catalytic site characteristics in the identification, classification, and characterization of the papaya cysteine proteinases papain, the chymopapains, and papaya proteinase Ω

1985 • 8 citations

The Proteases of Plants (VI)

1909 • 8 citations

The pK_a value of the active site histidine in photo‐oxidised papain

1976 • 7 citations

Spin-labeling study on the depth of the active site of papain

1981 • 7 citations

Cyanuration of papain

1972 • 7 citations

Preparation and properties of some citrullinep-nitroanilide derivatives for possible use as protease substrates

1982 • 7 citations

Influence of thiols, ATP and CoA on protein breakdown by subcellular fractions from rat liver

1973 • 7 citations

Proteolytic enzymes. Nature of binding forces between papain and its substrates and inhibitors

1972 • 7 citations

[12] Thiolsubtilisin (an articial enzyme)

1970 • 6 citations

Reaction mechanism of some proteolytic enzymes

1937 • 6 citations

α₂ High molecular mass cysteine proteinase inhibitor: HMrα₂‐CPI

1984 • 6 citations

Chemical modification of enzymes: Critical evaluation of the graphical correlation between residual enzyme activity and number of groups modified

1980 • 6 citations

Chemospecific (Covalent) Chromatography of Biopolymers

1980 • 6 citations

Evidence for Nonproductive Binding Subsites within the Active Site of Papain

1974 • 6 citations

Dimerization of Papain Induced by Mercuric Chloride and a Bifunctional Organic Mercurial

1977 • 6 citations

Purification of papain by affinity chromatography

1983 • 5 citations

Chemical modification of the histidine residue located at the active site of ficin

1973 • 5 citations

Rate constants of individual steps in papain-catalysed reactions

1978 • 5 citations

Substituted Pyridines as Two-Protonic-State Reactivity Probes, Reporter-Group Delivery Vehicles and Labelling Reagents for the Study of Thiol Enzymes

1978 • 5 citations

pK perturbations of nitrophenol-containing reporter groups at the active site of papain

1980 • 5 citations

The evolution of papain

1970 • 5 citations

Primary structure of streptococcal proteinase. II. Isolation, composition, and amino acid sequences of the tryptic and chymotryptic peptides of cyanogen bromide fragment 5.

1976 • 5 citations

[6] Preparation and properties of covalent compounds and intermediates of serine proteases

1982 • 5 citations

Self-association of papain

1974 • 4 citations

Preparation and Characterization of Enzymes from Spray-Dried Papaya (Carica papaya) Latex

1978 • 4 citations

A reinvestigation of the association behaviour of papain in solution

1970 • 4 citations

Organic reaction mechanisms 1978

1981 • 4 citations

Studies on propapain

1982 • 4 citations

Absence in papaya peptidase A catalyzed hydrolyses of a pKa .apprx. 4 present in papain-catalyzed hydrolyses

1984 • 4 citations

Chymopapain. II. Photooxidation of histidine residues.

1976 • 3 citations

Polypeptide inhibitors of papain and bromelain

1982 • 3 citations

Protein Degradation in Health and Disease (Ciba Foundation Symposium 75, New Series)

1982 • 3 citations

Fourier transform infrared absorption studies of the sulfhydryl groups in heavy meromyosin

1981 • 3 citations

Synthesis and kinetic evaluation of 2-(N′-acetyl-<scp>l</scp>-phenylalanylamino)ethyl 2′-pyridyl disulphide as a two-protonic-state reactivity probe with S2-subsite specificity for papain: evidence that the alignment of the active-centre imidazolium ion of papain with the leaving group of a substrate depends on the interaction in the S2-subsite

1982 • 3 citations

Ultraviolet resonance Raman spectroscopy of a highly specific acyl-papain

1985 • 2 citations

Natural structural variation in the cysteine proteinases as an aid to the study of mechanism by reactivity probe kinetics, catalysis kinetics and spectroscopic methods

1986 • 2 citations

Studies on Thiol Proteinases with Fluorescent Probes

1978 • 2 citations

Benzofuroxan as a reactivity probe for the study of dispositions of nucleophilic and acid—base groups in enzyme active centres

1982 • 1 citations

Cysteine Proteinases and Their Inhibitors Proceedings of the International Symposium Portoroz, Yugoslavia, September 15-18, 1985

1986 • 1 citations

Granulomatous thyroiditis and lithium therapy

1992 • 1 citations