The Role of Calcium in the Regulation of Apoptosis

Apoptosis: A Basic Biological Phenomenon with Wideranging Implications in Tissue Kinetics

1972 • 15,349 citations

Apoptosis in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Disease

1995 • 6,610 citations

Induction of Apoptotic Program in Cell-Free Extracts: Requirement for dATP and Cytochrome c

1996 • 5,133 citations

Prevention of Apoptosis by Bcl-2: Release of Cytochrome c from Mitochondria Blocked

1997 • 4,921 citations

The Release of Cytochrome c from Mitochondria: A Primary Site for Bcl-2 Regulation of Apoptosis

1997 • 4,728 citations

Glucocorticoid-induced thymocyte apoptosis is associated with endogenous endonuclease activation

1980 • 4,591 citations

The Fas Death Factor

1995 • 4,070 citations

Calcineurin is a common target of cyclophilin-cyclosporin A and FKBP-FK506 complexes

1991 • 4,043 citations

Identification and inhibition of the ICE/CED-3 protease necessary for mammalian apoptosis

1995 • 4,003 citations

Bcl-2 functions in an antioxidant pathway to prevent apoptosis

1993 • 3,465 citations

Exposure of phosphatidylserine on the surface of apoptotic lymphocytes triggers specific recognition and removal by macrophages.

1992 • 3,279 citations

Apaf-1, a Human Protein Homologous to C. elegans CED-4, Participates in Cytochrome c–Dependent Activation of Caspase-3

1997 • 3,130 citations

FLICE, A Novel FADD-Homologous ICE/CED-3–like Protease, Is Recruited to the CD95 (Fas/APO-1) Death-Inducing Signaling Complex

1996 • 3,065 citations

The C. elegans cell death gene ced-3 encodes a protein similar to mammalian interleukin-1β-converting enzyme

1993 • 2,484 citations

FADD, a novel death domain-containing protein, interacts with the death domain of fas and initiates apoptosis

1995 • 2,436 citations

Yama/CPP32β, a mammalian homolog of CED-3, is a CrmA-inhibitable protease that cleaves the death substrate poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase

1995 • 2,402 citations

Oxidative stress as a mediator of apoptosis

1994 • 2,210 citations

Specific proteolytic cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase: an early marker of chemotherapy-induced apoptosis.

1993 • 1,888 citations

DFF, a Heterodimeric Protein That Functions Downstream of Caspase-3 to Trigger DNA Fragmentation during Apoptosis

1997 • 1,848 citations

Induction by Antigen of Intrathymic Apoptosis of CD4 ⁺ CD8 ⁺ TCR ^lo Thymocytes in Vivo

1990 • 1,781 citations

Programmed Cell Death Induced by Ceramide

1993 • 1,779 citations

Bcl-2 inhibition of neural death: decreased generation of reactive oxygen species

1993 • 1,692 citations

Chromatin cleavage in apoptosis: Association with condensed chromatin morphology and dependence on macromolecular synthesis

1984 • 1,586 citations

Sequential reduction of mitochondrial transmembrane potential and generation of reactive oxygen species in early programmed cell death.

1995 • 1,556 citations

Double identity for proteins of the Bcl-2 family

1997 • 1,511 citations

X-ray and NMR structure of human Bcl-xL, an inhibitor of programmed cell death

1996 • 1,456 citations

Glucocorticoid activation of a calcium-dependent endonuclease in thymocyte nuclei leads to cell death.

1984 • 1,441 citations

CPP32, a novel human apoptotic protein with homology to Caenorhabditis elegans cell death protein Ced-3 and mammalian interleukin-1 beta-converting enzyme.

1994 • 1,239 citations

Reduction in mitochondrial potential constitutes an early irreversible step of programmed lymphocyte death in vivo.

1995 • 1,179 citations

Chromatin sub-structure. The digestion of chromatin DNA at regularly spaced sites by a nuclear deoxyribonuclease

1973 • 1,176 citations

Antibodies to CD3/T-cell receptor complex induce death by apoptosis in immature T cells in thymic cultures

1989 • 1,159 citations

C. elegans cell survival gene ced-9 encodes a functional homolog of the mammalian proto-oncogene bcl-2

1994 • 1,145 citations

Apoptotic death in epithelial cells: cleavage of DNA to 300 and/or 50 kb fragments prior to or in the absence of internucleosomal fragmentation.

1993 • 1,144 citations

The asymmetric distribution of phospholipids in the human red cell membrane. A combined study using phospholipases and freeze-etch electron microscopy

1973 • 1,052 citations

Inhibition of Bax Channel-Forming Activity by Bcl-2

1997 • 1,023 citations

Induction of endonucleolytic DNA cleavage in human acute myelogenous leukemia cells by etoposide, camptothecin, and other cytotoxic anticancer drugs: a cautionary note.

1989 • 937 citations

The sphingomyelin pathway in tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1 signaling

1994 • 934 citations

Ionizing radiation acts on cellular membranes to generate ceramide and initiate apoptosis.

1994 • 890 citations

Caenorhabditis elegans gene ced-9 protects cells from programmed cell death

1992 • 889 citations

Role of Ca2+ in toxic cell killing

1989 • 856 citations

Ich-1, an Ice/ced-3-related gene, encodes both positive and negative regulators of programmed cell death

1994 • 843 citations

Ceramide synthase mediates daunorubicin-induced apoptosis: An alternative mechanism for generating death signals

1995 • 835 citations

Dose‐dependent induction of apoptosis in human tumour cell lines by widely diverging stimuli

1991 • 816 citations

Checkpoints of dueling dimers foil death wishes

1994 • 806 citations

Mechanisms of phosphatidylserine exposure, a phagocyte recognition signal, on apoptotic T lymphocytes.

1995 • 675 citations

Inhibition of ICE Family Proteases by Baculovirus Antiapoptotic Protein p35

1995 • 645 citations

Programmed cell death and Bcl-2 protection in very low oxygen

1995 • 638 citations

Interaction of CED-4 with CED-3 and CED-9: A Molecular Framework for Cell Death

1997 • 635 citations

Prevention of hypoxia-induced cell death by Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL

1995 • 611 citations

Different populations of macrophages use either the vitronectin receptor or the phosphatidylserine receptor to recognize and remove apoptotic cells.

1992 • 605 citations

Evidence that BCL-2 represses apoptosis by regulating endoplasmic reticulum-associated Ca2+ fluxes.

1994 • 605 citations

Alterations in mitochondrial structure and function are early events of dexamethasone-induced thymocyte apoptosis.

1995 • 598 citations

Assembly of the Platelet Prothrombinase Complex Is Linked to Vesiculation of the Platelet Plasma Membrane

1989 • 597 citations

Induction of apoptosis by the mouse Nedd2 gene, which encodes a protein similar to the product of the Caenorhabditis elegans cell death gene ced-3 and the mammalian IL-1 beta-converting enzyme.

1994 • 596 citations

Elevated expression of phosphatidylserine in the outer membrane leaflet of human tumor cells and recognition by activated human blood monocytes.

1991 • 590 citations

Apoptotic signaling through CD95 (Fas/Apo-1) activates an acidic sphingomyelinase.

1994 • 582 citations

Characterization of the endogenous deoxyribonuclease involved in nuclear DNA degradation during apoptosis (programmed cell death).

1993 • 554 citations

Glucocorticoids activate a suicide process in thymocytes through an elevation of cytosolic Ca2+ concentration

1989 • 549 citations

Do all programmed cell deaths occur via apoptosis?

1993 • 545 citations

Proteolysis of Fodrin (Non-erythroid Spectrin) during Apoptosis

1995 • 539 citations

Studies of the lamin proteinase reveal multiple parallel biochemical pathways during apoptotic execution.

1995 • 524 citations

Cyclosporin A inhibits activation-induced cell death in T-cell hybridomas and thymocytes

1989 • 513 citations

Apoptosis induced by withdrawal of interleukin-3 (IL-3) from an IL-3-dependent hematopoietic cell line is associated with repartitioning of intracellular calcium and is blocked by enforced Bcl-2 oncoprotein production.

1993 • 488 citations

Protein kinase C zeta isoform is critical for kappa B-dependent promoter activation by sphingomyelinase.

1994 • 473 citations

Induction and activation of tissue transglutaminase during programmed cell death

1987 • 467 citations

Inhibition of the Caenorhabditis elegans cell-death protease CED-3 by a CED-3 cleavage site in baculovirus p35 protein

1995 • 467 citations

Induction of apoptotic DNA damage and cell death by activation of the sphingomyelin pathway.

1994 • 459 citations

Nuclear events of apoptosis in vitro in cell-free mitotic extracts: a model system for analysis of the active phase of apoptosis.

1993 • 452 citations

Calpain activation in apoptosis

1994 • 445 citations

Identification of Deoxyribonuclease II as an Endonuclease Involved in Apoptosis

1993 • 428 citations

Non-erythroid α-spectrin breakdown by calpain and interleukin 1 β-converting-enzyme-like protease(s) in apoptotic cells: contributory roles of both protease families in neuronal apoptosis

1996 • 427 citations

Dexamethasone-induced apoptosis involves cleavage of DNA to large fragments prior to internucleosomal fragmentation.

1993 • 419 citations

FAS-induced apoptosis is mediated via a ceramide-initiated RAS signaling pathway

1995 • 411 citations

Protease Involvement in Fodrin Cleavage and Phosphatidylserine Exposure in Apoptosis

1996 • 409 citations

Mch2, a new member of the apoptotic Ced-3/Ice cysteine protease gene family.

1995 • 407 citations

B-cell apoptosis induced by antigen receptor crosslinking is blocked by a T-cell signal through CD40

1993 • 390 citations

N-acetyl-L-cysteine is a pluripotent protector against cell death and enhancer of trophic factor-mediated cell survival in vitro.

1994 • 373 citations

Different prooxidant levels stimulate growth, trigger apoptosis, or produce necrosis of insulin-secreting RINm5F cells. The role of intracellular polyamines.

1994 • 372 citations

Suppression of signalling through transcription factor NF-AT by interactions between calcineurin and Bcl-2

1997 • 368 citations

Organization of phospholipids in human red cell membranes as detected by the action of various purified phospholipases

1975 • 354 citations

Interaction and Regulation of Subcellular Localization of CED-4 by CED-9

1997 • 345 citations

Chromatin condensation during apoptosis is accompanied by degradation of lamin A+B, without enhanced activation of cdc2 kinase.

1994 • 345 citations

Transfection with the inducible nitric oxide synthase gene suppresses tumorigenicity and abrogates metastasis by K-1735 murine melanoma cells.

1995 • 326 citations

Proteasomes play an essential role in thymocyte apoptosis.

1996 • 316 citations

Calcium-dependent killing of immature thymocytes by stimulation via the CD3/T cell receptor complex.

1989 • 315 citations

Glutathione depletion is an early and calcium elevation is a late event of thymocyte apoptosis.

1997 • 309 citations

Identification, purification, and characterization of a calcium-dependent endonuclease (NUC18) from apoptotic rat thymocytes. NUC18 is not histone H2B.

1991 • 301 citations

Role of ceramide-activated protein phosphatase in ceramide-mediated signal transduction.

1994 • 288 citations

Periodicity of DNA folding in higher order chromatin structures.

1990 • 275 citations

Tumour necrosis factor-α induces superoxide anion generation in mitochondria of L929 cells

1993 • 272 citations

Involvement of the proteasome in the programmed cell death of NGF-deprived sympathetic neurons.

1996 • 262 citations

Apoptotic hepatocytes become insoluble in detergents and chaotropic agents as a result of transglutaminase action

1989 • 254 citations

Intracellular Ca2+ Signals Activate Apoptosis in Thymocytes: Studies Using the Ca2+-ATPase Inhibitor Thapsigargin

1994 • 253 citations

Tissue Transglutaminase and Apoptosis: Sense and Antisense Transfection Studies with Human Neuroblastoma Cells

1994 • 253 citations

Cell acidification in apoptosis: granulocyte colony-stimulating factor delays programmed cell death in neutrophils by up-regulating the vacuolar H(+)-ATPase.

1995 • 248 citations

Apoptosis in an Interleukin-2-dependent Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Cell Line Is Associated with Intracellular Acidification

1995 • 243 citations

Degradation of lamin B1 precedes oligonucleosomal DNA fragmentation in apoptotic thymocytes and isolated thymocyte nuclei.

1995 • 242 citations

The role of activated human platelets in prothrombin and factor X activation

1985 • 240 citations

Evidence that agonist-induced activation of calpain causes the shedding of procoagulant-containing microvesicles from the membrane of aggregating platelets

1991 • 225 citations

Signal Transduction Pathways in Apoptosis

1996 • 224 citations

Pro‐oxidants and mitochondrial Ca²⁺: their relationship to apoptosis and oncogenesis

1993 • 218 citations

Engagement of the antigen-receptor on immature murine B lymphocytes results in death by apoptosis.

1995 • 216 citations

T cell receptor‐induced Fas ligand expression in cytotoxic T lymphocyte clones is blocked by protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors and cyclosporin A

1994 • 206 citations

Protease inhibitors selectively block T cell receptor-triggered programmed cell death in a murine T cell hybridoma and activated peripheral T cells.

1993 • 198 citations

Calpain, an upstream regulator of thymocyte apoptosis.

1997 • 191 citations

Tumor necrosis factor alpha induces apoptosis in mammary adenocarcinoma cells by an increase in intranuclear free Ca2+ concentration and DNA fragmentation.

1992 • 190 citations

Nitrone spin traps and a nitroxide antioxidant inhibit a common pathway of thymocyte apoptosis

1995 • 189 citations

Increased Activity of L-Type Ca ²⁺ Channels Exposed to Serum from Patients with Type I Diabetes

1993 • 188 citations

Tributyltin stimulates apoptosis in rat thymocytes

1990 • 187 citations

Role of Calpain‐ and Interleukin‐1β Converting Enzyme‐Like Proteases in the β‐Amyloid‐Induced Death of Rat Hippocampal Neurons in Culture

1997 • 184 citations

Tissue transglutaminase and apoptosis: sense and antisense transfection studies with human neuroblastoma cells.

1994 • 183 citations

Ceramide: an endogenous regulator of apoptosis and growth suppresion

1995 • 181 citations

Endonuclease activation during apoptosis: The role of cytosolic Ca2+ and pH

1992 • 179 citations

Calcium dependence of glucocorticoid-induced lymphocytolysis.

1977 • 179 citations

Continuous Analysis of the Mechanism of Activated Transbilayer Lipid Movement in Platelets

1995 • 179 citations

Stimulation of endogenous endonuclease activity in hepatocytes exposed to oxidative stress

1988 • 174 citations

Attenuation of ceramide-induced apoptosis by diglyceride in human myeloid leukemia cells.

1994 • 169 citations

Apoptosis suppression by bcl-2 is correlated with the regulation of nuclear and cytosolic Ca2+.

1996 • 164 citations

Endogenous nuclease. Properties and effects on transcribed genes in chromatin.

1982 • 159 citations

Role of protein kinase C and the Na+/H+ antiporter in suppression of apoptosis by granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-3.

1992 • 158 citations

Evidence for early induction of calmodulin gene expression in lymphocytes undergoing glucocorticoid-mediated apoptosis.

1991 • 157 citations

The role of bcl‐x_L in CD40‐mediated rescue from anti‐μ‐induced apoptosis in WEHI‐231 B lymphoma cells

1995 • 154 citations

A calcium-dependent nuclease from apoptotic rat thymocytes is homologous with cyclophilin. Recombinant cyclophilins A, B, and C have nuclease activity.

1994 • 130 citations

Calcium/magnesium-dependent endonuclease from human spleen: Purification, properties, and role in apoptosis

1993 • 123 citations

Calcium ion concentrations and DNA fragmentation in target cell destruction by murine cloned cytotoxic T lymphocytes.

1988 • 120 citations

Mg(2+)-dependent cleavage of DNA into kilobase pair fragments is responsible for the initial degradation of DNA in apoptosis.

1994 • 116 citations

Bcl-xL rescues WEHI 231 B lymphocytes from oxidant-mediated death following diverse apoptotic stimuli.

1995 • 115 citations

Role of calcium in the programmed death of rat prostatic glandular cells

1990 • 115 citations

The apoptosis endonuclease and its regulation.

1992 • 108 citations

Relationships between the mitochondrial permeability transition and oxidative stress during ara-C toxicity.

1997 • 105 citations

Effect of glucocorticosteroid treatment on intracellular calcium homeostasis in mouse lymphoma cells.

1993 • 103 citations

Isolation and purification of calcium and magnesium dependent endonuclease from rat liver nuclei

1974 • 102 citations

Cyclosporin A blocks apoptosis by inhibiting the DNA binding activity of the transcription factor Nur77.

1995 • 99 citations

Oxygen radical production and thiol depletion are required for Ca(2+)-mediated endogenous endonuclease activation in apoptotic thymocytes.

1995 • 99 citations

Thapsigargin-induced persistent intracellular calcium pool depletion and apoptosis in human hepatoma cells

1994 • 85 citations

Multiple Proteases Are Involved in Thymocyte Apoptosis

1995 • 82 citations

A Role for Calcium in Regulating Apoptosis in Rat Thymocytes Irradiatedin Vitro

1992 • 82 citations

Requirement for phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate in the Ca(2+)-induced phospholipid redistribution in the human erythrocyte membrane.

1994 • 75 citations

Differential gene regulation during programmed death (apoptosis) versus proliferation of prostatic glandular cells induced by androgen manipulation.

1993 • 74 citations

Aminophospholipid translocation in erythrocytes: evidence for the involvement of a specific transporter and an endofacial protein

1990 • 74 citations

NK cell‐induced cytotoxicity is dependent on a Ca²⁺ increase in the target

1990 • 73 citations

In Vivo Calcium Elevations in Thymocytes with T Cell Receptors That Are Specific for Self Ligands

1992 • 72 citations

Properties of some nuclear nucleases of rat thymocytes and their changes in radiation‐induced apoptosis

1993 • 68 citations

Translocation of spin-labeled phospholipids through plasma membrane during thrombin- and ionophore A23187-induced platelet activation

1993 • 66 citations

Plastic‐immobilized anti‐μ or anti‐δ antibodies induce apoptosis in mature murine B lymphocytes

1994 • 65 citations

Calcium-dependent, Interleukin 1β-converting Enzyme Inhibitor-insensitive Degradation of Lamin B1 and DNA Fragmentation in Isolated Thymocyte Nuclei

1996 • 65 citations

Two Different Proteases Are Involved in the Proteolysis of Lamin during Apoptosis

1997 • 61 citations

Induction of apoptosis (programmed cell death) in tumour cell lines by widely diverging stimuli

1990 • 58 citations

The phosphoprotein phosphatase calcineurin controls calcium‐dependent apoptosis in B cell lines

1994 • 58 citations

Further Studies on the Role of Calcium in Glucocorticoid-Induced Lymphocytolysis*

1978 • 57 citations

Protease Activation Is Required for Glucocorticoid-Induced Apoptosis in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemic Lymphocytes

1997 • 57 citations

Ca2+ and Endonuclease Activation in Radiation-Induced Lymphoid Cell Death

1993 • 53 citations

Proteolytic Activity Associated with the Nuclear Scaffold

1989 • 50 citations

Antisense oligodeoxynucleotides to the blk tyrosine kinase prevent anti-mu-chain-mediated growth inhibition and apoptosis in a B-cell lymphoma.

1993 • 48 citations

Ca(2+)-regulated serine protease associated with the nuclear scaffold.

1992 • 45 citations

Degradation of cells dying by apoptosis leads to accumulation of ε(γ‐glutamyl)lysine isodipeptide in culture fluid and blood

1991 • 44 citations

HIV‐1 gp120‐dependent induction of apoptosis in antigen‐specific human T cell clones is characterized by ‘tissue’ transglutaminase expression and prevented by cyclosporin A

1994 • 41 citations

A protease-dependent TCR-induced death pathway in mature lymphocytes.

1995 • 41 citations

The complex of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate and calcium ions is not responsible for Ca(2+)-induced loss of phospholipid asymmetry in the human erythrocyte: a study in Scott syndrome, a disorder of calcium- induced phospholipid scrambling

1995 • 40 citations

Opposing effects of thapsigargin on the survival of developing cerebellar granule neurons in culture

1995 • 36 citations

An involucrin-like protein in hepatocytes serves as a substrate for tissue transglutaminase during apoptosis.

1992 • 35 citations

Bidirectional transbilayer lipid movement in human platelets as vizualized by the fluorescent membrane probe 1-[4-(trimethylammonio)phenyl]-6-phenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene

1990 • 32 citations

The role of phospholipid asymmetry in calcium-phosphate-induced fusion of human erythrocytes.

1992 • 27 citations

Co-receptor (CD4/CD8) engagement enhances CD3-induced apoptosis in thymocytes. Implications for negative selection.

1994 • 19 citations

Cyclosporin a inhibits 2-chloroadenosine-induced DNA cleavage in mouse thymocytes

1994 • 9 citations