Apoptosis: An Overview of the Process and Its Relevance in Disease

Apoptosis: A Basic Biological Phenomenon with Wideranging Implications in Tissue Kinetics

1972 • 15,349 citations

p53 Mutations in Human Cancers

1991 • 8,133 citations

Cell Death: The Significance of Apoptosis

1980 • 7,281 citations

Bcl-2 heterodimerizes in vivo with a conserved homolog, Bax, that accelerates programed cell death

1993 • 6,009 citations

Glucocorticoid-induced thymocyte apoptosis is associated with endogenous endonuclease activation

1980 • 4,591 citations

Tumor suppressor p53 is a direct transcriptional activator of the human bax gene

1995 • 4,043 citations

Identification and inhibition of the ICE/CED-3 protease necessary for mammalian apoptosis

1995 • 4,003 citations

Bcl-2 gene promotes haemopoietic cell survival and cooperates with c-myc to immortalize pre-B cells

1988 • 3,194 citations

bcl-x, a bcl-2-related gene that functions as a dominant regulator of apoptotic cell death

1993 • 3,111 citations

The mdm-2 oncogene product forms a complex with the p53 protein and inhibits p53-mediated transactivation

1992 • 3,110 citations

FLICE, A Novel FADD-Homologous ICE/CED-3–like Protease, Is Recruited to the CD95 (Fas/APO-1) Death-Inducing Signaling Complex

1996 • 3,065 citations

Induction of apoptosis in fibroblasts by c-myc protein

1992 • 2,977 citations

Lymphoproliferation disorder in mice explained by defects in Fas antigen that mediates apoptosis

1992 • 2,932 citations

p53 is required for radiation-induced apoptosis in mouse thymocytes

1993 • 2,911 citations

The polypeptide encoded by the cDNA for human cell surface antigen Fas can mediate apoptosis

1991 • 2,815 citations

Cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase by a proteinase with properties like ICE

1994 • 2,575 citations

The C. elegans cell death gene ced-3 encodes a protein similar to mammalian interleukin-1β-converting enzyme

1993 • 2,484 citations

FADD, a novel death domain-containing protein, interacts with the death domain of fas and initiates apoptosis

1995 • 2,436 citations

Yama/CPP32β, a mammalian homolog of CED-3, is a CrmA-inhibitable protease that cleaves the death substrate poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase

1995 • 2,402 citations

Bcl-2 and the regulation of programmed cell death

1994 • 2,346 citations

Thymocyte apoptosis induced by p53-dependent and independent pathways

1993 • 2,322 citations

Involvement of MACH, a Novel MORT1/FADD-Interacting Protease, in Fas/APO-1- and TNF Receptor–Induced Cell Death

1996 • 2,306 citations

Hypoxia-mediated selection of cells with diminished apoptotic potential in solid tumours

1996 • 2,304 citations

Wild-type p53 induces apoptosis of myeloid leukaemic cells that is inhibited by interleukin-6

1991 • 2,127 citations

Bad, a heterodimeric partner for Bcl-xL and Bcl-2, displaces bax and promotes cell death

1995 • 2,114 citations

Fas Ligand-Induced Apoptosis as a Mechanism of Immune Privilege

1995 • 2,028 citations

The TNF receptor 1-associated protein TRADD signals cell death and NF-κB activation

1995 • 1,979 citations

TRADD–TRAF2 and TRADD–FADD Interactions Define Two Distinct TNF Receptor 1 Signal Transduction Pathways

1996 • 1,976 citations

Genetic control of programmed cell death in the nematode C. elegans

1986 • 1,790 citations

Bcl-2-deficient mice demonstrate fulminant lymphoid apoptosis, polycystic kidneys, and hypopigmented hair

1993 • 1,638 citations

Altered Cytokine Export and Apoptosis in Mice Deficient in Interleukin-1β Converting Enzyme

1995 • 1,625 citations

A novel form of Epstein-Barr virus latency in normal B cells in vivo

1995 • 1,552 citations

Generalized lymphoproliferative disease in mice, caused by a point mutation in the fas ligand

1994 • 1,549 citations

Mice deficient in IL-1β-converting enzyme are defective in production of mature IL-1β and resistant to endotoxic shock

1995 • 1,413 citations

Induction of apoptosis in fibroblasts by IL-1β-converting enzyme, a mammalian homolog of the C. elegans cell death gene ced-3

1993 • 1,387 citations

A novel domain within the 55 kd TNF receptor signals cell death

1993 • 1,302 citations

CPP32, a novel human apoptotic protein with homology to Caenorhabditis elegans cell death protein Ced-3 and mammalian interleukin-1 beta-converting enzyme.

1994 • 1,239 citations

Cloning and structural analysis of cDNAs for bcl-2 and a hybrid bcl-2/immunoglobulin transcript resulting from the t(14;18) translocation

1986 • 1,232 citations

bcl-2 inhibits multiple forms of apoptosis but not negative selection in thymocytes

1991 • 1,223 citations

Cloning the chromosomal breakpoint of t(14;18) human lymphomas: clustering around Jh on chromosome 14 and near a transcriptional unit on 18

1985 • 1,188 citations

C. elegans cell survival gene ced-9 encodes a functional homolog of the mammalian proto-oncogene bcl-2

1994 • 1,145 citations

Apoptotic death in epithelial cells: cleavage of DNA to 300 and/or 50 kb fragments prior to or in the absence of internucleosomal fragmentation.

1993 • 1,144 citations

Protection from Fas-Mediated Apoptosis by a Soluble Form of the Fas Molecule

1994 • 1,120 citations

T-cell apoptosis detected in situ during positive and negative selection in the thymus

1994 • 1,071 citations

An apoptosis-inhibiting baculovirus gene with a zinc finger-like motif

1993 • 1,049 citations

Genetic Control of Programmed Cell Death in Drosophila

1994 • 1,028 citations

Suppression of apoptosis in mammalian cells by NAIP and a related family of IAP genes

1996 • 1,027 citations

The t(14;18) Chromosome Translocations Involved in B-Cell Neoplasms Result from Mistakes in VDJ Joining

1985 • 1,021 citations

A Novel Protein That Interacts with the Death Domain of Fas/APO1 Contains a Sequence Motif Related to the Death Domain

1995 • 1,007 citations

The biochemistry of programmed cell death

1995 • 997 citations

Sequential activation of ICE-like and CPP32-like proteases during Fas-mediated apoptosis

1996 • 980 citations

Nucleotide sequence of a t(14;18) chromosomal breakpoint in follicular lymphoma and demonstration of a breakpoint-cluster region near a transcriptionally active locus on chromosome 18.

1985 • 972 citations

RIP: A novel protein containing a death domain that interacts with Fas/APO-1 (CD95) in yeast and causes cell death

1995 • 964 citations

Induction of endonucleolytic DNA cleavage in human acute myelogenous leukemia cells by etoposide, camptothecin, and other cytotoxic anticancer drugs: a cautionary note.

1989 • 937 citations

Caenorhabditis elegans gene ced-9 protects cells from programmed cell death

1992 • 889 citations

p53-Dependent apoptosis suppresses tumor growth and progression in vivo

1994 • 883 citations

Wild-type p53 mediates apoptosis by E1A, which is inhibited by E1B.

1993 • 875 citations

p53-Dependent apoptosis in the absence of transcriptional activation of p53-target genes

1994 • 857 citations

Purification and molecular cloning of the APO-1 cell surface antigen, a member of the tumor necrosis factor/nerve growth factor receptor superfamily. Sequence identity with the Fas antigen.

1992 • 857 citations

Ich-1, an Ice/ced-3-related gene, encodes both positive and negative regulators of programmed cell death

1994 • 843 citations

Targeted disruption of the Huntington's disease gene results in embryonic lethality and behavioral and morphological changes in heterozygotes

1995 • 843 citations

Structure and mechanism of interleukin-lβ converting enzyme

1994 • 842 citations

Multiple Bcl-2 family members demonstrate selective dimerizations with Bax.

1995 • 832 citations

Acid Sphingomyelinase–Deficient Human Lymphoblasts and Mice Are Defective in Radiation-Induced Apoptosis

1996 • 795 citations

Deregulated transcription factor E2F-1 expression leads to S-phase entry and p53-mediated apoptosis.

1994 • 772 citations

E2F-1 Functions in Mice to Promote Apoptosis and Suppress Proliferation

1996 • 765 citations

Identification of a p53-dependent negative response element in the bcl-2 gene.

1994 • 747 citations

Induction of apoptosis by the Bcl-2 homologue Bak

1995 • 738 citations

Wild-Type Human p53 and a Temperature-Sensitive Mutant Induce Fas/APO-1 Expression

1995 • 736 citations

In vitro activation of CPP32 and Mch3 by Mch4, a novel human apoptotic cysteine protease containing two FADD-like domains.

1996 • 731 citations

Drosophila homologs of baculovirus inhibitor of apoptosis proteins function to block cell death

1995 • 728 citations

Activation of the apoptotic protease CPP32 by cytotoxic T-cell-derived granzyme B

1995 • 720 citations

Proteolytic activation of protein kinase C delta by an ICE-like protease in apoptotic cells.

1995 • 684 citations

DNA damage can induce apoptosis in proliferating lymphoid cells via p53-independent mechanisms inhibitable by Bcl-2

1994 • 671 citations

Hepatitis B virus X protein inhibits p53 sequence-specific DNA binding, transcriptional activity, and association with transcription factor ERCC3.

1994 • 666 citations

Inhibition of ICE Family Proteases by Baculovirus Antiapoptotic Protein p35

1995 • 645 citations

A conserved family of cellular genes related to the baculovirus iap gene and encoding apoptosis inhibitors.

1996 • 637 citations

p53-dependent apoptosis produced by Rb-deficiency in the developing mouse lens

1994 • 617 citations

Fas- and Tumor Necrosis Factor-induced Apoptosis Is Inhibited by the Poxvirus crmA Gene Product

1995 • 604 citations

Ceramide: an intracellular signal for apoptosis

1995 • 604 citations

Induction of apoptosis by the mouse Nedd2 gene, which encodes a protein similar to the product of the Caenorhabditis elegans cell death gene ced-3 and the mammalian IL-1 beta-converting enzyme.

1994 • 596 citations

Interactions among members of the Bcl-2 protein family analyzed with a yeast two-hybrid system.

1994 • 590 citations

Molecular Ordering of the Cell Death Pathway

1996 • 589 citations

Apoptotic signaling through CD95 (Fas/Apo-1) activates an acidic sphingomyelinase.

1994 • 582 citations

Cleavage of huntingtin by apopain, a proapoptotic cysteine protease, is modulated by the polyglutamine tract

1996 • 580 citations

Crystal structure of the cysteine protease interleukin-1β-converting enzyme: A (p20/p10)2 homodimer

1994 • 567 citations

Programmed cell death and Bcl-2 protection in the absence of a nucleus.

1994 • 560 citations

p53 modulation of TFIIH–associated nucleotide excision repair activity

1995 • 555 citations

Induction of apoptosis in HeLa cells by trans-activation-deficient p53.

1995 • 546 citations

Studies of the lamin proteinase reveal multiple parallel biochemical pathways during apoptotic execution.

1995 • 524 citations

Control of Programmed Cell Death by the Baculovirus Genes p35 and iap

1994 • 517 citations

Deregulated expression of E2F-1 induces S-phase entry and leads to apoptosis.

1994 • 515 citations

Cloning and expression of apoptosis inhibitory protein homologs that function to inhibit apoptosis and/or bind tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factors.

1996 • 515 citations

Modulation of apoptosis by the widely distributed Bcl-2 homologue Bak

1995 • 514 citations

Cloning of a bcl-2 homologue by interaction with adenovirus E1B 19K

1995 • 501 citations

Bax-independent inhibition of apoptosis by Bcl-XL

1996 • 484 citations

Immediate early up-regulation of bax expression by p53 but not TGF beta 1: a paradigm for distinct apoptotic pathways.

1994 • 482 citations

Adenovirus E1B 19 kDa and Bcl-2 proteins interact with a common set of cellular proteins

1994 • 467 citations

Inhibition of the Caenorhabditis elegans cell-death protease CED-3 by a CED-3 cleavage site in baculovirus p35 protein

1995 • 467 citations

Induction and activation of tissue transglutaminase during programmed cell death

1987 • 467 citations

Proapoptotic Protein Bax Heterodimerizes with Bcl-2 and Homodimerizes with Bax via a Novel Domain (BH3) Distinct from BH1 and BH2

1996 • 462 citations

Determination of the length of the histological stages of apoptosis in normal liver and in altered hepatic foci of rats

1990 • 457 citations

Nuclear events of apoptosis in vitro in cell-free mitotic extracts: a model system for analysis of the active phase of apoptosis.

1993 • 452 citations

Cell nucleus and DNA fragmentation are not required for apoptosis.

1994 • 436 citations

Bik, a novel death-inducing protein shares a distinct sequence motif with Bcl-2 family proteins and interacts with viral and cellular survival-promoting proteins.

1995 • 431 citations

Specific cleavage of the 70-kDa protein component of the U1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein is a characteristic biochemical feature of apoptotic cell death.

1994 • 424 citations

DNA-dependent protein kinase is one of a subset of autoantigens specifically cleaved early during apoptosis.

1995 • 422 citations

Mch2, a new member of the apoptotic Ced-3/Ice cysteine protease gene family.

1995 • 407 citations

Altered cell cycle regulation in the lens of HPV-16 E6 or E7 transgenic mice: implications for tumor suppressor gene function in development.

1994 • 406 citations

A bacterial invasin induces macrophage apoptosis by binding directly to ICE.

1996 • 405 citations

Disappearance of the Lymphoid System in Bcl-2 Homozygous Mutant Chimeric Mice

1993 • 402 citations

Mch3, a novel human apoptotic cysteine protease highly related to CPP32.

1995 • 391 citations

Growth factor modulation of p53-mediated growth arrest versus apoptosis.

1995 • 377 citations

Cell Killing by the Drosophila Gene reaper

1996 • 375 citations

The Baculovirus p35 Protein Inhibits Fas- and Tumor Necrosis Factor-induced Apoptosis

1995 • 366 citations

Involvement of the p53 tumor suppressor in repair of u.v.-type DNA damage.

1995 • 365 citations

An IRF-1-dependent pathway of DNA damage-induced apoptosis in mitogen-activated T lymphocytes

1997 • 364 citations

Control of programmed cell death by the baculovirus genes p35 and iap.

1994 • 357 citations

mdm-2 Inhibits the G₁ Arrest and Apoptosis Functions of the p53 Tumor Suppressor Protein

1996 • 354 citations

The 19-Kilodalton Adenovirus E1B Transforming Protein Inhibits Programmed Cell Death and Prevents Cytolysis by Tumor Necrosis Factor α

1992 • 354 citations

Inhibition of interleukin-1 beta converting enzyme by the cowpox virus serpin CrmA. An example of cross-class inhibition.

1994 • 352 citations

p53-mediated cell death: relationship to cell cycle control.

1993 • 339 citations

ICE-LAP3, a Novel Mammalian Homologue of the Caenorhabditis elegans Cell Death Protein Ced-3 Is Activated during Fas- and Tumor Necrosis Factor-induced Apoptosis

1996 • 327 citations

Cooperation of the tumour suppressors IRF-1 and p53 in response to DNA damage

1996 • 326 citations

Role for ceramide as an endogenous mediator of Fas-induced cytotoxicity.

1995 • 323 citations

Abrogation of p53-Induced Apoptosis by the Hepatitis B Virus X Gene

2003 • 318 citations

The XPB and XPD DNA helicases are components of the p53-mediated apoptosis pathway.

1996 • 318 citations

Cleavage of sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs) by CPP32 during apoptosis.

1996 • 318 citations

A novel human protease similar to the interleukin-1 beta converting enzyme induces apoptosis in transfected cells.

1995 • 313 citations

Apoptosis or retinoblastoma: alternative fates of photoreceptors expressing the HPV-16 E7 gene in the presence or absence of p53.

1994 • 310 citations

Specific loss of apoptotic but not cell-cycle arrest function in a human tumor derived p53 mutant.

1996 • 299 citations

Cleavage of actin by interleukin 1 beta-converting enzyme to reverse DNase I inhibition.

1996 • 298 citations

Abrogation of oncogene-associated apoptosis allows transformation of p53-deficient cells.

1994 • 290 citations

Molecular Cloning and Pro-apoptotic Activity of ICErelII and ICErelIII, Members of the ICE/CED-3 Family of Cysteine Proteases

1995 • 281 citations

Mesoderm formation in response to Brachyury requires FGF signalling

1995 • 276 citations

Microfilament reorganization during apoptosis: the role of Gas2, a possible substrate for ICE-like proteases.

1995 • 265 citations

Identification and Characterization of ICH-2, a Novel Member of the Interleukin-1β-converting Enzyme Family of Cysteine Proteases

1995 • 262 citations

The WT1 gene product stabilizes p53 and inhibits p53-mediated apoptosis.

1995 • 247 citations

IpaB mediates macrophage apoptosis induced by Shigella flexneri

1994 • 228 citations

Functional complementation of the adenovirus E1B 19-kilodalton protein with Bcl-2 in the inhibition of apoptosis in infected cells

1994 • 225 citations

Identification and Characterization of CPP32/Mch2 Homolog 1, a Novel Cysteine Protease Similar to CPP32

1996 • 223 citations

Essential role for p53-mediated transcription in E1A-induced apoptosis.

1995 • 219 citations

D4-GDI, a Substrate of CPP32, Is Proteolyzed during Fas-induced Apoptosis

1996 • 216 citations

Regulation of Transcription Functions of the p53 Tumor Suppressor by the mdm-2 Oncogene

1995 • 215 citations

Baculovirus p35 prevents developmentally programmed cell death and rescues a ced-9 mutant in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.

1994 • 204 citations

Bcl-xS Antagonizes the Protective Effects of Bcl-xL

1996 • 200 citations

The 19-kilodalton adenovirus E1B transforming protein inhibits programmed cell death and prevents cytolysis by tumor necrosis factor alpha.

1992 • 199 citations

Cell-permeable ceramides inhibit the stimulation of DNA synthesis and phospholipase D activity by phosphatidate and lysophosphatidate in rat fibroblasts.

1994 • 188 citations

Biochemical properties and biological effects of p53

1995 • 183 citations

Attenuation of ceramide-induced apoptosis by diglyceride in human myeloid leukemia cells.

1994 • 169 citations

Bcl-2 prevents death of factor-deprived cells but fails to prevent apoptosis in targets of cell mediated killing

1992 • 165 citations

Cloning and Expression of Four Novel Isoforms of Human Interleukin-1β Converting Enzyme with Different Apoptotic Activities

1995 • 149 citations

Apoptosis and DNA fragmentation precede TNF‐induced cytolysis in U937 cells

1992 • 146 citations

An Alternatively Spliced C. elegans ced-4 RNA Encodes a Novel Cell Death Inhibitor

1996 • 146 citations

Increased Expression of the Insulin-like Growth Factor-II Gene in Wilms' Tumor Is Not Dependent on Loss of Genomic Imprinting or Loss of Heterozygosity

1996 • 140 citations

Divergent transcription of early 35- and 94-kilodalton protein genes encoded by the HindIII K genome fragment of the baculovirus Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus

1987 • 138 citations

T cells from baxalpha transgenic mice show accelerated apoptosis in response to stimuli but do not show restored DNA damage-induced cell death in the absence of p53.

1996 • 128 citations

Functional Dissection of the Human Bcl2 Protein: Sequence Requirements for Inhibition of Apoptosis

1996 • 126 citations

Apoptotic cell death induced by intracellular proteolysis.

1994 • 124 citations

Activation-driven T cell death. II. Quantitative differences alone distinguish stimuli triggering nontransformed T cell proliferation or death.

1992 • 120 citations

Identification of a defect in the phospholipase D/diacylglycerol pathway in cellular senescence

1994 • 117 citations

Evolutionary conservation of a genetic pathway of programmed cell death

1996 • 93 citations

Anti-apoptotic genes of baculoviruses.

1996 • 88 citations

Ceramide regulates oxidant release in adherent human neutrophils

1994 • 77 citations

Cytokines Inhibit p53-Mediated Apoptosis but Not p53-Mediated G₁ Arrest

1995 • 77 citations

Identification of a Cysteine Protease Closely Related to Interleukin‐1β‐Converting Enzyme

1996 • 66 citations

Loss of apc protein expressed by human colonic epithelial cells and the appearance of a specific low‐molecular‐weight form is associated with apoptosis IN vitro

1994 • 62 citations

Peripheral T lymphocyte depletion by apoptosis after CD4 ligationin vivo: selective loss of CD44− and ‘activating’ memory T cells

1994 • 58 citations

Apoptosis: A sticky business

1995 • 57 citations

p53-independent death and p53-induced protection against apoptosis in fibroblasts treated with chemotherapeutic drugs

1995 • 48 citations

5 Mechanisms of Programmed Cell Death in Caenorhabditis elegans and Vertebrates

1996 • 19 citations

Nuclear pore clustering is a consistent feature of apoptosis in vitro.

1996 • 18 citations

Production of active human interleukin-1β-converting enzyme in a baculovirus expression system

1994 • 9 citations