Enhancer sequences and the regulation of gene transcription

Organization and Expression of Eucaryotic Split Genes Coding for Proteins

1981 • 4,730 citations

CpG-rich islands and the function of DNA methylation

1986 • 3,760 citations

Somatic generation of antibody diversity

1983 • 3,275 citations

STUDIES ON THE CHEMICAL NATURE OF THE SUBSTANCE INDUCING TRANSFORMATION OF PNEUMOCOCCAL TYPES

1944 • 3,183 citations

Phorbol ester-inducible genes contain a common cis element recognized by a TPA-modulated trans-acting factor

1987 • 3,057 citations

Repetitive zinc-binding domains in the protein transcription factor IIIA from Xenopus oocytes.

1985 • 2,450 citations

A human retinoic acid receptor which belongs to the family of nuclear receptors

1987 • 2,245 citations

An inducible transcription factor activates expression of human immunodeficiency virus in T cells

1987 • 2,149 citations

Purified transcription factor AP-1 interacts with TPA-inducible enhancer elements

1987 • 2,107 citations

Inducibility of κ immunoglobulin enhancer-binding protein NF-κB by a posttranslational mechanism

1986 • 2,043 citations

Identification of a receptor for the morphogen retinoic acid

1987 • 2,007 citations

Position-independent, high-level expression of the human β-globin gene in transgenic mice

1987 • 1,955 citations

The c-myc oncogene driven by immunoglobulin enhancers induces lymphoid malignancy in transgenic mice

1985 • 1,782 citations

Expression of a β-globin gene is enhanced by remote SV40 DNA sequences

1981 • 1,677 citations

Regulation of Inducible and Tissue-Specific Gene Expression

1987 • 1,640 citations

Isolation of cDNA encoding transcription factor Sp1 and functional analysis of the DNA binding domain

1987 • 1,640 citations

A lymphocyte-specific cellular enhancer is located downstream of the joining region in immunoglobulin heavy chain genes

1983 • 1,449 citations

A tissue-specific transcription enhancer element is located in the major intron of a rearranged immunoglobulin heavy chain gene

1983 • 1,418 citations

The structure and evolution of the human β-globin gene family

1980 • 1,398 citations

Transcription factor AP-2 mediates induction by two different signal-transduction pathways: Protein kinase C and cAMP

1987 • 1,391 citations

Human Proto-Oncogene c- jun Encodes a DNA Binding Protein with Structural and Functional Properties of Transcription Factor AP-1

1987 • 1,353 citations

Heritable formation of pancreatic β-cell tumours in transgenic mice expressing recombinant insulin/simian virus 40 oncogenes

1985 • 1,292 citations

In vivo sequence requirements of the SV40 early promoter region

1981 • 1,156 citations

A very strong enhancer is located upstream of an immediate early gene of human cytomegalovirus

1985 • 1,155 citations

A cellular DNA-binding protein that activates eukaryotic transcription and DNA replication

1987 • 1,050 citations

Two signals mediate hormone-dependent nuclear localization of the glucocorticoid receptor.

1987 • 999 citations

Characterization of DNA sequences through which cadmium and glucocorticoid hormones induce human metallothionein-IIA gene

1984 • 955 citations

Functional dissection of a eukaryotic transcriptional activator protein, GCN4 of Yeast

1986 • 946 citations

E. coli RNA polymerase interacts homologously with two different promoters

1980 • 911 citations

Homeo Boxes in the Study of Development

1987 • 905 citations

Deletion analysis of GAL4 defines two transcriptional activating segments

1987 • 898 citations

Two distinct enhancers with different cell specificities coexist in the regulatory region of polyoma

1984 • 891 citations

Gene regulation by proteins acting nearby and at a distance

1986 • 886 citations

B Lineage—Specific Interactions of an Immunoglobulin Enhancer with Cellular Factors in Vivo

1985 • 859 citations

Immunoglobulin gene transcription is activated by downstream sequence elements

1983 • 830 citations

Nucleic Acids and Molecular Biology

1994 • 777 citations

The SV40 72 base repair repeat has a striking effect on gene expression both in SV40 and other chimeric recombinants

1981 • 776 citations

Cooperativity of glucocorticoid response elements located far upstream of the tyrosine aminotransferase gene

1987 • 760 citations

A lymphoid-specific protein binding to the octamer motif of immunoglobulin genes

1986 • 740 citations

Transcriptional selectivity of viral genes in mammalian cells

1986 • 722 citations

DNA sequences bound specifically by glucocorticoid receptor in vitro render a heterologous promoter hormone responsive in vivo

1983 • 692 citations

Multiple upstream AUG codons mediate translational control of GCN4

1986 • 654 citations

Purification and cloning of a DNA binding protein from yeast that binds to both silencer and activator elements

1987 • 637 citations

Host-specific activation of transcription by tandem repeats from simian virus 40 and Moloney murine sarcoma virus.

1982 • 625 citations

Protein-Binding Sites in Ig Gene Enhancers Determine Transcriptional Activity and Inducibility

1987 • 619 citations

Three regions upstream from the cap site are required for efficient and accurate transcription of the rabbit β-globin gene in mouse 3T6 cells

1983 • 596 citations

Cell-type specificity of iminunoglobulin gene expression is regulated by at least three DNA sequence elements

1985 • 588 citations

Structure of the 5' ends of immunoglobulin genes: a novel conserved sequence.

1984 • 564 citations

The interplay of DNA-binding proteins on the promoter of the mouse albumin gene

1987 • 532 citations

Purification and characterization of OTF-1, a transcription factor regulating cell cycle expression of a human histone H2b gene

1987 • 516 citations

Enhancers and eukaryotic gene transcription

1985 • 515 citations

Multiple sequence motifs are involved in SV40 enhancer function.

1986 • 511 citations

Fine Structure Genetic Analysis of a β-Globin Promoter

1986 • 479 citations

Promoters, activator proteins, and the mechanism of transcriptional initiation in yeast

1987 • 476 citations

Identification of regulatory sequences in the prelude sequences of an H2A histone gene by the study of specific deletion mutants in vivo.

1980 • 471 citations

Expression and regulation of immunoglobulin heavy chain gene transfected into lymphoid cells.

1983 • 457 citations

DNA methylation and the regulation of globin gene expression

1983 • 451 citations

Cooperative binding of λ repressors to sites separated by integral turns of the DNA helix

1986 • 450 citations

A 200 base pair region at the 5$prime; end of the chicken adult $beta;-globin gene is accessible to nuclease digestion

1981 • 443 citations

An albumin enhancer located 10 kb upstream functions along with its promoter to direct efficient, liver-specific expression in transgenic mice.

1987 • 443 citations

Evidence for a locus activation region: the formation of developmentally stable hypersensitive sites in globin-expressing hybrids

1987 • 440 citations

Erythroid-specific expression of human beta-globin genes in transgenic mice.

1985 • 436 citations

A glimpse at chromosomal order

1987 • 423 citations

The Molecular Genetics of Human Hemoglobin

1984 • 420 citations

Regulation and function of the Drosophila segmentation gene fushi tarazu

1987 • 415 citations

Promoters for housekeeping genes

1986 • 412 citations

A lymphocyte-specific enhancer in the mouse immunoglobulin κ gene

1984 • 410 citations

Mutually exclusive interaction of the CCAAT-binding factor and of a displacement protein with overlapping sequences of a histone gene promoter

1987 • 407 citations

An octamer oligonucleotide upstream of a TATA motif is sufficient for lymphoid-specific promoter activity

1987 • 398 citations

The human β-interferon gene enhancer is under negative control

1986 • 395 citations

Binding of transcription factor TFIID to the major late promoter during in vitro nucleosome assembly potentiates subsequent initiation by RNA polymerase II

1987 • 394 citations

Identification and purification of a human lymphoid-specific octamer-binding protein (OTF-2) that activates transcription of an immunoglobulin promoter in vitro

1987 • 386 citations

An operator at -280 base pairs that is required for repression of araBAD operon promoter: addition of DNA helical turns between the operator and promoter cyclically hinders repression.

1984 • 375 citations

Specific interaction between enhancer-containing molecules and cellular components

1984 • 374 citations

Transcriptional activation of cloned human β-globin genes by viral immediate-early gene products

1983 • 373 citations

A repressor (MATα2 product) and its operator control expression of a set of cell type specific genes in yeast

1985 • 368 citations

lac repressor forms loops with linear DNA carrying two suitably spaced lac operators.

1987 • 353 citations

α-globin-gene switching during the development of chicken embryos: Expression and chromosome structure

1981 • 353 citations

The carboxy-terminal 30 amino acids of GAL4 are recognized by GAL80

1987 • 349 citations

Purification and characterization of a heat-shock element binding protein from yeast.

1987 • 348 citations

Cell-type-specific contacts to immunoglobulin enhancers in nuclei

1985 • 341 citations

A small segment of polyoma virus DNA enhances the expression of a cloned β-globin gene over a distance of 1400 base pairs

1981 • 339 citations

Requirement of stereospecific alignments for initiation from the simian virus 40 early promoter

1986 • 336 citations

Transcription in yeast activated by a putative amphipathic α helix linked to a DNA binding unit

1987 • 324 citations

Determination of the leukaemogenicity of a murine retrovirus by sequences within the long terminal repeat

1984 • 321 citations

Diversity of Alpha-Fetoprotein Gene Expression in Mice Is Generated by a Combination of Separate Enhancer Elements

1987 • 315 citations

Transcription cell type specificity is conferred by an immunoglobulin VH gene promoter that includes a functional consensus sequence

1985 • 313 citations

Differences in human α- and β-globin gene expression in mouse erythroleukemia cells: The role of intragenic sequences

1984 • 312 citations

THE MOLECULAR GENETICS OF HUMAN HEMOGLOBINS

1980 • 306 citations

Promoters of Escherichia coli: a hierarchy of in vivo strength indicates alternate structures.

1986 • 305 citations

The SV40 72 bp repeat preferentially potentiates transcription starting from proximal natural or substitute promoter elements

1983 • 299 citations

Spacer DNA sequences upstream of the T-A-T-A-A-A-T-A sequence are essential for promotion of H2A histone gene transcription in vivo.

1980 • 287 citations

Human β-interferon gene expression is regulated by an inducible enhancer element

1985 • 283 citations

The SV40 enhancer can be dissected into multiple segments, each with a different cell type specificity.

1987 • 265 citations

A 100-kD HeLa cell octamer binding protein (OBP100) interacts differently with two separate octamer-related sequences within the SV40 enhancer.

1987 • 263 citations

cis and trans activation of globin gene transcription in transient assays.

1983 • 257 citations

Nuclear factor III, a novel sequence-specific DNA-binding protein from HeLa cells stimulating adenovirus DNA replication

1986 • 256 citations

Cell type-specificity elements of the immunoglobulin heavy chain gene enhancer.

1987 • 255 citations

Interaction of specific nuclear factors with the nuclease-hypersensitive region of the chicken adult β-globin gene: Nature of the binding domain

1985 • 255 citations

OVEC, a versatile system to study transcription in mammalian cells and cell-free extracts

1987 • 255 citations

Polyoma virus DNA replication requires an enhancer

1984 • 253 citations

The role of the κ enhancer and its binding factor NF-κB in the developmental regulation of κ gene transcription

1987 • 247 citations

The C-terminal domain of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Drosophila melanogaster, and mammals: a conserved structure with an essential function.

1988 • 246 citations

Rapid reprogramming of globin gene expression in transient heterokaryons

1986 • 246 citations

A mutational analysis of the insulin gene transcription control region: expression in beta cells is dependent on two related sequences within the enhancer.

1987 • 242 citations

DNA sequences required for regulated expression of β-globin genes in murine erythroleukemia cells

1984 • 241 citations

Discrete elements within the SV40 enhancer region display different cell-specific enhancer activities.

1987 • 240 citations

Heat shock regulatory elements function as an inducible enhancer in the xenopus hsp70 gene and when linked to a heterologous promoter

1986 • 239 citations

Drosophilatopoisomerase II double-strand DNA cleavage: analysis of DNA sequence homology at the cleavage site

1985 • 239 citations

A bacterial repressor protein or a yeast transcriptional terminator can block upstream activation of a yeast gene

1984 • 237 citations

Specific expression of a foreign β-globin gene in erythroid cells of transgenic mice

1985 • 235 citations

Globin Messenger-RNA Induction During Erythroid Differentiation of Cultured Leukemia Cells

1972 • 228 citations

Interaction of positive and negative regulatory proteins in the galactose regulon of yeast

1987 • 226 citations

A common octamer motif binding protein is involved in the transcription of U6 snRNA by RNA polymerase III and U2 snRNA by RNA polymerase II

1987 • 224 citations

An SV40 “enhancer trap” incorporates exogenous enhancers or generates enhancers from its own sequences

1984 • 223 citations

Delimitation and properties of DNA sequence: required for the regulated expression of human interferon-β gene

1985 • 216 citations

Developmental regulation of a cloned adult β-globin gene in transgenic mice

1985 • 215 citations

Genetic analysis of the repetitive carboxyl-terminal domain of the largest subunit of mouse RNA polymerase II.

1988 • 212 citations

Polyomavirus enhancer contains multiple redundant sequence elements that activate both DNA replication and gene expression.

1985 • 206 citations

Two 3' sequences direct adult erythroid-specific expression of human beta-globin genes in transgenic mice.

1987 • 202 citations

Tissue-specific expression is conferred by a sequence from the 5′ end of the rat albumin gene.

1984 • 202 citations

A 3′ enhancer is required for temporal and tissue-specific transcriptional activation of the chicken adult β-globin gene

1986 • 192 citations

Rabbit β-globin mRNA production in mouse L cells transformed with cloned rabbit β-globin chromosomal DNA

1979 • 191 citations

Human fetal to adult hemoglobin switching: changes in chromatin structure of the beta-globin gene locus.

1983 • 190 citations

Hb switching in chickens

1980 • 189 citations

A tissue-specific transcription enhancer from the Drosophila yolk protein 1 gene

1986 • 188 citations

Detection of factors that interact with the human β-interferon regulatory region in vivo by DNAase I footprinting

1986 • 188 citations

The regulated expression of β-globin genes introduced into mouse erythroleukemia cells

1983 • 186 citations

A 46-nucleotide promoter segment from an IFN-α gene renders an unrelated promoter inducible by virus

1985 • 185 citations

Transcriptional ‘enhancers’ from SV40 and polyoma virus show a cell type preference

1982 • 177 citations

The human beta-globin gene contains multiple regulatory regions: identification of one promoter and two downstream enhancers.

1988 • 175 citations

Differences in human α-, β- and δ-globin gene expression in monkey kidney cells

1982 • 172 citations

A bacteriophage RNA polymerase transcribes through a Xenopus 5S RNA gene transcription complex without disrupting it

1986 • 169 citations

Contactpoint analysis of the HeLa nuclear factor I recognition site reveals symmetrical binding at one side of the DNA helix.

1987 • 168 citations

The DNA loop model for ara repression: AraC protein occupies the proposed loop sites in vivo and repression-negative mutations lie in these same sites.

1986 • 167 citations

DNA loops induced by cooperative binding of λ repressor

1986 • 165 citations

Activation of globin genes during chicken development

1981 • 164 citations

A transcription factor which binds to the enhancers of SV40, immunoglobulin heavy chain and U2 snRNA genes

1987 • 160 citations

In vitro binding of cell-specific and ubiquitous nuclear proteins to the octamer motif of the SV40 enhancer and related motifs present in other promoters and enhancers.

1987 • 149 citations

Simian virus 40 early- and late-region promoter functions are enhanced by the 72-base-pair repeat inserted at distant locations and inverted orientations.

1983 • 149 citations

A bacteriophage RNA polymerase transcribes in vitro through a nucleosome core without displacing it

1987 • 148 citations

Regulated gene expression in transfected primary chicken erythrocytes.

1986 • 144 citations

Fine mapping of an immunoglobulin gene activator.

1984 • 144 citations

An immunoglobulin promoter displays cell-type specificity independently of the enhancer

1985 • 144 citations

The conserved decanucleotide from the immunoglobulin heavy chain promoter induces a very high transcriptional activity in B-cells when introduced into an heterologous promoter.

1987 • 144 citations

Simian virus 40 enhancer increases number of RNA polymerase II molecules on linked DNA

1985 • 138 citations

DNA sequences in the first intron of the human pro-alpha 1(I) collagen gene enhance transcription.

1987 • 135 citations

An enhancer element lies 3′ to the human A gamma globin gene.

1987 • 135 citations

Expression of immunoglobulin heavy chain at a high level in the absence of a proposed immunoglobulin enhancer element in cis.

1984 • 135 citations

Specific protein binding to the simian virus 40 enhancer in vitro.

1986 • 135 citations

Independently evolving chicken histone H2B genes: identification of a ubiquitous H2B-specific 5′ element

1982 • 131 citations

A 3' enhancer contributes to the stage-specific expression of the human beta-globin gene.

1987 • 128 citations

In vitro binding of several cell-specific and ubiquitous nuclear proteins to the GT-I motif of the SV40 enhancer.

1987 • 127 citations

Deletion of the IgH enhancer does not reduce immunoglobulin heavy chain production of a hybridoma IgD class switch variant.

1984 • 127 citations

Reversible silencing of enhancers by sequences derived from the human IFN-α promoter

1987 • 119 citations

The lysozyme enhancer: cell-specific activation of the chicken lysozyme gene by a far-upstream DNA element.

1986 • 118 citations

Effects of the position of the simian virus 40 enhancer on expression of multiple transcription units in a single plasmid.

1986 • 118 citations

Cell-type preference of immunoglobulin kappa and lambda gene promoters.

1985 • 118 citations

Synergism between immunoglobulin enhancers and promoters

1986 • 116 citations

Association of DNA-bound progesterone receptors

1987 • 116 citations

The mouse immunoglobulin heavy-chain enhancer: effect on transcription in vitro and binding of proteins present in HeLa and lymphoid B cell extracts.

1986 • 114 citations

Regulated expression of the human β-globin gene family in murine erythroleukaemia cells

1983 • 112 citations

The generative grammar of the immune system.

1985 • 111 citations

Promoter and enhancer elements containing a conserved sequence motif are recognized by nuclear factor III, a protein stimulating adenovirus DNA replication.

1987 • 110 citations

A purine-rich DNA sequence motif present in SV40 and lymphotropic papovavirus binds a lymphoid-specific factor and contributes to enhancer activity in lymphoid cells.

1987 • 110 citations

Analysis of the adult chicken beta-globin gene. Nucleotide sequence of the locus, microheterogeneity at the 5'-end of beta-globin mRNA, and aberrant nuclear RNA species.

1983 • 108 citations

Long-range cooperativity between gene regulatory sequences in a prokaryote

1987 • 106 citations

During B-cell differentiation enhancer activity and transcription rate of immunoglobulin heavy chain genes are high before mRNA accumulation

1986 • 105 citations

Site specific demethylation in the promoter of human gamma-globin gene does not alleviate methylation mediated suppression.

1987 • 105 citations

Precision and orderliness in splicing

1987 • 104 citations

Analysis of the tissue-specific enhancer at the 3' end of the chicken adult beta-globin gene.

1987 • 104 citations

A cytosolic protein contains a cryptic mitochondrial targeting signal

1987 • 101 citations

The coupling between enhancer activity and hypomethylation of kappa immunoglobulin genes is developmentally regulated.

1988 • 96 citations

Cell-type-specific transcription of an immunoglobulin kappa light chain gene in vitro.

1986 • 96 citations

Thalassemia Revisited

1982 • 96 citations

Deletion of a B-cell-specific enhancer affects transfected, but not endogenous, immunoglobulin heavy-chain gene expression.

1985 • 92 citations

Enhanced transformation by a simian virus 40 recombinant virus containing a Harvey murine sarcoma virus long terminal repeat.

1983 • 91 citations

Chromosomal arrangement of the chicken β-type globin genes

1981 • 91 citations

Regulatory elements involved in Drosophila Adh gene expression are conserved in divergent species and separate elements mediate expression in different tissues.

1986 • 89 citations

Cell-specific activity of the constituent elements of the simian virus 40 enhancer.

1987 • 86 citations

The endogenous immunoglobulin heavy chain enhancer can activate tandem VH promoters separated by a large distance

1985 • 85 citations

Metal-dependent SV40 viruses containing inducible enhancers from the upstream region of metallothionein genes.

1985 • 84 citations

Analysis of the Transcriptional Enhancer Effect

1983 • 82 citations

The simian virus 40 large tumor antigen

1987 • 81 citations

Independent immunoglobulin class-switch events occurring in a single myeloma cell line.

1985 • 81 citations

Binding in vitro of multiple cellular proteins to immunoglobulin heavy-chain enhancer DNA.

1986 • 80 citations

Simian virus 40 enhancer increases RNA polymerase density within the linked gene

1985 • 79 citations

Developmental Regulation of Human Globin Genes in Transgenic Mice

1985 • 74 citations

Nuclear factors binding specific sequences within the immunoglobulin enhancer interact differentially with other enhancer elements.

1986 • 73 citations

Characterization of immunoglobulin enhancer deletions in murine plasmacytomas.

1985 • 72 citations

Functional homology between the sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins nuclear factor I from HeLa cells and the TGGCA protein from chicken liver.

1986 • 69 citations

Redundancy of information in enhancers as a principle of mammalian transcription control

1988 • 66 citations

Enhancer activity correlates with the oncogenic potential of avian retroviruses.

1985 • 64 citations

Regulation of eukaryotic gene expression by transactivating proteins and cis acting DNA elements

1984 • 59 citations

Globin pseudogenes

1982 • 58 citations

The use of psoralen-modified DNA to probe the mechanism of enhancer action

1986 • 56 citations

Pol I transcription: Which comes first, the end or the beginning?

1986 • 55 citations

Tissue Specificity of the Initiation of Immunoglobulin κ<i />Gene Transcription

1984 • 49 citations

Tandem kappa immunoglobulin promoters are equally active in the presence of the kappa enhancer: Implications for models of enhancer function

1986 • 47 citations

Evidence for transient requirement of the IgH enhancer

1985 • 46 citations

Steroid hormone receptors: biochemistry, genetics, and molecular biology

1987 • 39 citations

B-lymphocyte targeting of gene expression in transgenic mice with the immunoglobulin heavychain enhancer

1986 • 38 citations

Developmental regulation by an enhancer from the Sgs-4 gene of Drosophila

1987 • 37 citations

Transcription of the human β-globin gene is stimulated by an SV40 enhancer to which it is physically linked but topologically uncoupled

1986 • 36 citations

The structure and function of eukaryotic enhancer elements and their role in oncogenesis.

1986 • 18 citations

A transcriptional enhancer located between adult beta-globin and embryonic epsilon-globin genes in chicken and duck

1987 • 15 citations

Tissue-specific DNase I hypersensitive sites in a foreign globin gene in transgenic mice

1986 • 14 citations

Characterization of duck genome fragments containing beta and epsilon globin genes

1984 • 10 citations

Cell-Type Specificity of Transcription: The Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain Enhancer as a Model System

1987 • 6 citations