Molecular Mechanisms of Apoptosis Induced by Cytotoxic Chemicals

Apoptosis: A Basic Biological Phenomenon with Wideranging Implications in Tissue Kinetics

1972 • 15,349 citations

Mitochondria and Apoptosis

1998 • 8,909 citations

Cytochrome c and dATP-Dependent Formation of Apaf-1/Caspase-9 Complex Initiates an Apoptotic Protease Cascade

1997 • 7,177 citations

Caspases: Enemies Within

1998 • 6,923 citations

Apoptosis in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Disease

1995 • 6,610 citations

The Bcl-2 Protein Family: Arbiters of Cell Survival

1998 • 5,359 citations

Induction of Apoptotic Program in Cell-Free Extracts: Requirement for dATP and Cytochrome c

1996 • 5,133 citations

Prevention of Apoptosis by Bcl-2: Release of Cytochrome c from Mitochondria Blocked

1997 • 4,921 citations

The Release of Cytochrome c from Mitochondria: A Primary Site for Bcl-2 Regulation of Apoptosis

1997 • 4,728 citations

Glucocorticoid-induced thymocyte apoptosis is associated with endogenous endonuclease activation

1980 • 4,591 citations

Cleavage of BID by Caspase 8 Mediates the Mitochondrial Damage in the Fas Pathway of Apoptosis

1998 • 4,383 citations

Molecular characterization of mitochondrial apoptosis-inducing factor

1999 • 4,031 citations

Bcl-2 is an inner mitochondrial membrane protein that blocks programmed cell death

1990 • 3,817 citations

BCL-2 family members and the mitochondria in apoptosis

1999 • 3,657 citations

Bid, a Bcl2 Interacting Protein, Mediates Cytochrome c Release from Mitochondria in Response to Activation of Cell Surface Death Receptors

1998 • 3,603 citations

Bcl-2 gene promotes haemopoietic cell survival and cooperates with c-myc to immortalize pre-B cells

1988 • 3,194 citations

A caspase-activated DNase that degrades DNA during apoptosis, and its inhibitor ICAD

1998 • 3,169 citations

Apaf-1, a Human Protein Homologous to C. elegans CED-4, Participates in Cytochrome c–Dependent Activation of Caspase-3

1997 • 3,130 citations

FLICE, A Novel FADD-Homologous ICE/CED-3–like Protease, Is Recruited to the CD95 (Fas/APO-1) Death-Inducing Signaling Complex

1996 • 3,065 citations

Caspases: killer proteases

1997 • 2,440 citations

The mitochondrial permeability transition pore and its role in cell death

1999 • 2,326 citations

Involvement of MACH, a Novel MORT1/FADD-Interacting Protease, in Fas/APO-1- and TNF Receptor–Induced Cell Death

1996 • 2,306 citations

Bcl-2 family proteins regulate the release of apoptogenic cytochrome c by the mitochondrial channel VDAC

1999 • 2,157 citations

Ordering the Cytochrome c–initiated Caspase Cascade: Hierarchical Activation of Caspases-2, -3, -6, -7, -8, and -10 in a Caspase-9–dependent Manner

1999 • 1,927 citations

Intracellular Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Concentration: A Switch in the Decision Between Apoptosis and Necrosis

1997 • 1,851 citations

DFF, a Heterodimeric Protein That Functions Downstream of Caspase-3 to Trigger DNA Fragmentation during Apoptosis

1997 • 1,848 citations

Genetic control of programmed cell death in the nematode C. elegans

1986 • 1,790 citations

BCL-2 FAMILY: Regulators of Cell Death

1998 • 1,687 citations

X-ray and NMR structure of human Bcl-xL, an inhibitor of programmed cell death

1996 • 1,456 citations

Proteases to die for

1998 • 1,241 citations

FLICE is activated by association with the CD95 death-inducing signaling complex (DISC)

1997 • 1,207 citations

Bcl-2 inhibits the mitochondrial release of an apoptogenic protease.

1996 • 1,143 citations

Enforced dimerization of BAX results in its translocation, mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis

1998 • 1,100 citations

Investigation of the subcellular distribution of the bcl-2 oncoprotein: residence in the nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, and outer mitochondrial membranes.

1993 • 1,044 citations

Inhibition of Human Caspases by Peptide-based and Macromolecular Inhibitors

1998 • 984 citations

Characterization of a murine Ahr null allele: involvement of the Ah receptor in hepatic growth and development.

1996 • 887 citations

Distinct Caspase Cascades Are Initiated in Receptor-mediated and Chemical-induced Apoptosis

1999 • 829 citations

Bcl-2 blocks apoptosis in cells lacking mitochondrial DNA

1993 • 758 citations

Pro-caspase-3 Is a Major Physiologic Target of Caspase-8

1998 • 743 citations

Bax-induced Caspase Activation and Apoptosis via Cytochromec Release from Mitochondria Is Inhibitable by Bcl-xL

1999 • 717 citations

Murine Caspase-11, an ICE-Interacting Protease, Is Essential for the Activation of ICE

1998 • 687 citations

Bax-induced Cytochrome C Release from Mitochondria Is Independent of the Permeability Transition Pore but Highly Dependent on Mg2+ Ions

1998 • 645 citations

Bcl-2-family proteins: the role of the BH3 domain in apoptosis

1998 • 641 citations

Calcium‐mediated cell injury and cell death

1995 • 638 citations

Interaction of CED-4 with CED-3 and CED-9: A Molecular Framework for Cell Death

1997 • 635 citations

The C. elegans Protein EGL-1 Is Required for Programmed Cell Death and Interacts with the Bcl-2–like Protein CED-9

1998 • 628 citations

The Central Executioner of Apoptosis: Multiple Connections between Protease Activation and Mitochondria in Fas/APO-1/CD95- and Ceramide-induced Apoptosis

1997 • 625 citations

Regulated Targeting of BAX to Mitochondria

1998 • 617 citations

Channel formation by antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2

1997 • 604 citations

Cell-free apoptosis in Xenopus egg extracts: Inhibition by Bcl-2 and requirement for an organelle fraction enriched in mitochondria

1994 • 577 citations

DT-diaphorase as a quinone reductase: A cellular control device against semiquinone and superoxide radical formation

1982 • 530 citations

Molecular ordering of the Fas-apoptotic pathway: The Fas/APO-1 protease Mch5 is a CrmA-inhibitable protease that activates multiple Ced-3/ICE-like cysteine proteases

1996 • 519 citations

Bax in Murine Thymus Is a Soluble Monomeric Protein That Displays Differential Detergent-induced Conformations

1998 • 508 citations

Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor-Mediated Signal Transduction

1997 • 497 citations

Genetics of programmed cell death in C. elegans: past, present and future

1998 • 486 citations

Morphological and biochemical characterization and analysis of apoptosis

1997 • 478 citations

Genes required for the engulfment of cell corpses during programmed cell death in Caenorhabditis elegans.

1991 • 463 citations

2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo- p -Dioxin Kills Immature Thymocytes by Ca ²⁺ -Mediated Endonuclease Activation

1988 • 460 citations

Definition and incidence of apoptosis : an historical perspective

1991 • 458 citations

Apoptosis Induction by Caspase-8 Is Amplified through the Mitochondrial Release of Cytochrome c

1998 • 380 citations

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor: studies using the AHR-null mice.

1998 • 372 citations

Caspases: their intracellular localization and translocation during apoptosis

1999 • 358 citations

Intracellular ATP, a switch in the decision between apoptosis and necrosis

1998 • 353 citations

Lesions of Aryl-hydrocarbon Receptor–deficient Mice

1997 • 345 citations

Caspases Induce Cytochrome c Release from Mitochondria by Activating Cytosolic Factors

1999 • 302 citations

The Release of Cytochrome c from Mitochondria during Apoptosis of NGF-deprived Sympathetic Neurons Is a Reversible Event

1999 • 297 citations

Cell death induced by topoisomerase-targeted drugs: more questions than answers

1998 • 280 citations

Dithiocarbamates Induce Apoptosis in Thymocytes by Raising the Intracellular Level of Redox-active Copper

1995 • 280 citations

Proapoptotic BH3-only Bcl-2 family members induce cytochromecrelease, but not mitochondrial membrane potential loss, and do not directly modulate voltage-dependent anion channel activity

2000 • 273 citations

Cytochrome c release and caspase activation in hydrogen peroxide‐ and tributyltin‐induced apoptosis

1998 • 254 citations

A Direct Interaction between the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor and Retinoblastoma Protein

1998 • 249 citations

Cadmium‐mediated oxidative stress in kidney proximal tubule cells induces degradation of Na ⁺ /K ⁺ ‐ATPase through proteasomal and endo‐/lysosomal proteolytic pathways

1999 • 224 citations

Induction of the Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Causes Release of the Apoptogenic Factor Cytochrome c

1998 • 216 citations

Drug-metabolizing enzymes in ligand-modulated transcription

1994 • 207 citations

The toxicity of benzene and its metabolism and molecular pathology in human risk assessment.

1991 • 193 citations

Inhibition of apoptosis as a mechanism of tumor promotion

1994 • 192 citations

Inhibition of caspase activity induces a switch from apoptosis to necrosis

1998 • 189 citations

The role of the bcl-2/ced-9 gene family in cancer and general implications of defects in cell death control for tumourigenesis and resistance to chemotherapy

1997 • 179 citations

Inhibition of apoptosis by antioxidants in the human HL-60 leukemia cell line

1995 • 177 citations

Cleavage of DFF-45/ICAD by Multiple Caspases Is Essential for Its Function during Apoptosis

1998 • 163 citations

Low-Level Methylmercury Exposure Causes Human T-Cells to Undergo Apoptosis: Evidence of Mitochondrial Dysfunction

1998 • 156 citations

All along the watchtower: on the regulation of apoptosis regulators

1999 • 148 citations

Evidence for the Induction of Apoptosis in Thymocytes by 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxinin Vivo

1997 • 137 citations

Mechanism of Dithiocarbamate Inhibition of Apoptosis: Thiol Oxidation by Dithiocarbamate Disulfides Directly Inhibits Processing of the Caspase-3 Proenzyme

1997 • 135 citations

Dioxin induces transcription of fos and jun genes by ah receptor-dependent and -independent pathways

1996 • 134 citations

bcl-2 expression decreases methyl mercury-induced free-radical generation and cell killing in a neural cell line

1994 • 133 citations

Thymic Alterations Induced by 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin Are Strictly Dependent on Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Activation in Hemopoietic Cells

1998 • 129 citations

Induction of Apoptosis in Human T-Cells by Methyl Mercury: Temporal Relationship between Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Loss of Reductive Reserve

1999 • 127 citations

Dithiocarbamate Toxicity toward Thymocytes Involves Their Copper-Catalyzed Conversion to Thiuram Disulfides, Which Oxidize Glutathione in a Redox Cycle without the Release of Reactive Oxygen Species

1998 • 123 citations

Importance of the redox state of cytochrome c during caspase activation in cytosolic extracts

1998 • 120 citations

Reactive Oxygen Species Participate in Peroxynitrite-Induced Apoptosis in HL-60 Cells

1997 • 119 citations

The biochemistry and molecular biology of glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis in the immune system.

1996 • 118 citations

Methylmercury Induces Apoptosis of Rat Cerebellar Neurons in Primary Culture

1994 • 115 citations

Tributyltin increases cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration in thymocytes by mobilizing intracellular Ca2+, activating a Ca2+ entry pathway, and inhibiting Ca2+ efflux

1992 • 110 citations

Release of adenylate kinase 2 from the mitochondrial intermembrane space during apoptosis

1999 • 108 citations

Glutathione depletion and oxidative damage in mitochondria following exposure to cadmium in rat liver and kidney

1999 • 99 citations

Bcl‐2 protects from oxidative damage and apoptotic cell death without interfering with activation of NF‐κB by TNF

1994 • 98 citations

Apoptosis: unmasking the executioner

1998 • 95 citations

Evidence that the reactions of cadmium in the presence of metallothionein can produce hydroxyl radicals

1998 • 94 citations

Dexamethasone, β-Estradiol, and 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin Elicit Thymic Atrophy through Different Cellular Targets

1994 • 92 citations

Caspase Involvement in the Induction of Apoptosis by the Environmental Toxicants Tributyltin and Triphenyltin

1999 • 91 citations

Apoptosis in Daudi Human B Cells in Response to Benzo[a]pyrene and Benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol

1998 • 87 citations

FADD/MORT1, a signal transducer that can promote cell death or cell growth

1999 • 84 citations

Bone marrow stromal cell bioactivation and detoxification of the benzene metabolite hydroquinone: comparison of macrophages and fibroblastoid cells.

1990 • 81 citations

Cell Death and Regeneration of Renal Proximal Tubular Cells in Rats with Subchronic Cadmium Intoxication

1993 • 78 citations

Induction of apoptosis by benzene metabolites in HL60 and CD34+ human bone marrow progenitor cells.

1996 • 77 citations

Overview of benzene‐induced aplastic anaemia

1996 • 71 citations

The Ah Receptor Is Not Involved in 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-mediated Apoptosis in Human Leukemic T Cell Lines

1998 • 71 citations

Proteasome activities decrease during dexamethasone-induced apoptosis of thymocytes

1998 • 68 citations

Tributyltin-Induced Apoptosis Requires Glycolytic Adenosine Trisphosphate Production

1999 • 66 citations

Overexpression of the Anti-apoptotic Oncogene, bcl-2, in the Thymus Does Not Prevent Thymic Atrophy Induced by Estradiol or 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin

1998 • 65 citations

Heat-shock protein 70 antisense oligomers enhance proteasome inhibitor-induced apoptosis

1999 • 62 citations

In vitro and in vivo studies on the degradation of metallothionein.

1994 • 61 citations

Antioxidant effect of diethyldithiocarbamate on microsomal lipid peroxidation assessed by low‐level chemiluminescence and alkane production

1983 • 60 citations

Studies of cadmium-thionein induced nephropathy: Time course of cadmium-thionein uptake and degradation

1983 • 58 citations

Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Regulation of Ceramide-induced Apoptosis in Murine Hepatoma 1c1c7 Cells

1999 • 56 citations

Suppression of apoptosis by Bcl-2 to enhance benzene metabolites-induced oxidative DNA damage and mutagenesis: A possible mechanism of carcinogenesis.

1999 • 56 citations

Rapid Cytoskeleton Modification in Thymocytes Induced by the Immunotoxicant Tributyltin

1994 • 55 citations

Dioxins: model chemicals for assessing receptor-mediated toxicity

1995 • 53 citations

Zinc stimulates DNA synthesis during its antiapoptotic action independently with increments of an antiapoptotic protein, Bcl-2, in porcine kidney LLC-PK(1) cells.

1999 • 50 citations

Activation And Deactivation Of Quinones Catalyzed By Dt-Diaphorase. Evidence For Bioreductive Activation Of Diaziquone (Azq) In Human Tumor Cells And Detoxification Of Benzene Metabolites In Bone Marrow Stroma

1990 • 50 citations

Impairment of human neutrophil oxidative burst by polychlorinated biphenyls: inhibition of superoxide dismutase activity

1998 • 46 citations

Modulation of apoptosis in rat thymocytes by analogs of staurosporine: lack of direct association with inhibition of protein kinase C.

1998 • 43 citations

Cytosolic Nuclease Activated by Caspase-3 and Inhibited by DFF-45

1998 • 38 citations

Long-term observations on tubular and glomerular function in cadmium-exposed persons.

1984 • 37 citations

Cytopathological Changes Induced by Cadmium-Exposure in Canine Proximal Tubular Cells: A Cytochemical and Ultrastructural Study

1994 • 37 citations

Role of Mitochondria and Calcium Ions in Tributyltin-Induced Gene Regulatory Pathways

1997 • 36 citations

Methylcholanthrene causes increased thymocyte apoptosis

1998 • 36 citations

Thymocyte injury after in vitro chemical exposure: potential mechanisms for thymic atrophy.

1992 • 36 citations

Release of mitochondrial cytochrome c is upstream of caspase activation in chemical-induced apoptosis in human monocytic tumour cells

1998 • 35 citations

The Putative Benzene Metabolite 2,3,5-Tris(glutathion-S-yl)hydroquinone Depletes Glutathione, Stimulates Sphingomyelin Turnover, and Induces Apoptosis in HL-60 Cells

2000 • 35 citations

2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) kills glucocorticoid-sensitive thymocytes invivo

1989 • 34 citations

Regulation of PreB Cell Apoptosis by Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor/Transcription Factor-Expressing Stromal/Adherent Cells

1999 • 34 citations

Altered DNA repair and dysregulation of p53 in IRF‐1 null hepatocytes

1998 • 33 citations

Modulation of the Toxicity and Macromolecular Binding of Benzene Metabolites by NAD(P)H:Quinone Oxidoreductase in Transfected HL-60 Cells

1999 • 32 citations

Effects of zinc and cadmium on apoptotic DNA fragmentation in isolated bovine liver nuclei.

1994 • 31 citations

An intercalation inhibitor altering the target selectivity of DNA damaging agents: Synthesis of site-specific aflatoxin B ₁ adducts in a p53 mutational hotspot

1997 • 29 citations

C-myc is not involved in cadmium-elicited apoptotic pathway in porcine kidney LLC-PK1 cells

1998 • 21 citations

Susceptibility of different subsets of immature thymocytes to apoptosis

1997 • 20 citations

Effects of Diethyldithiocarbamate on Activating Mechanisms of Neutrophils

1994 • 13 citations

Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate in bovine heart muscle mitochondria: its detection, characterization, and specific localization.

1973 • 10 citations

Human anti-pneumococcal polysaccharide antibody-response in SCID-PBL-hu mice: No suppression by PCB

1994 • 3 citations