Apoptosis and necrosis in toxicology: A continuum or distinct modes of cell death?

Apoptosis: A Basic Biological Phenomenon with Wideranging Implications in Tissue Kinetics

1972 • 15,349 citations

Apoptosis in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Disease

1995 • 6,610 citations

Glucocorticoid-induced thymocyte apoptosis is associated with endogenous endonuclease activation

1980 • 4,591 citations

Bcl-2 functions in an antioxidant pathway to prevent apoptosis

1993 • 3,465 citations

Casarett and Doull's Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons

1992 • 3,276 citations

Social controls on cell survival and cell death

1992 • 2,641 citations

Cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase by a proteinase with properties like ICE

1994 • 2,575 citations

Apoptosis and necrosis: two distinct events induced, respectively, by mild and intense insults with N-methyl-D-aspartate or nitric oxide/superoxide in cortical cell cultures.

1995 • 1,968 citations

Lethal effect of the anti-Fas antibody in mice

1993 • 1,915 citations

Features of apoptotic cells measured by flow cytometry

1992 • 1,912 citations

Glutamate-induced neuronal death: A succession of necrosis or apoptosis depending on mitochondrial function

1995 • 1,892 citations

Specific proteolytic cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase: an early marker of chemotherapy-induced apoptosis.

1993 • 1,888 citations

Developmental cell death: morphological diversity and multiple mechanisms

1990 • 1,695 citations

Bcl-2 inhibition of neural death: decreased generation of reactive oxygen species

1993 • 1,692 citations

Calcium Dependence of Toxic Cell Death: A Final Common Pathway

1979 • 1,478 citations

Apoptosis: Mechanisms and Roles in Pathology

1991 • 1,368 citations

In situ detection of fragmented dna (tunel assay) fails to discriminate among apoptosis, necrosis, and autolytic cell death: A cautionary note

1995 • 1,171 citations

Casarett and Doull's toxicology: The basic science of poisons

1996 • 1,168 citations

Apoptotic death in epithelial cells: cleavage of DNA to 300 and/or 50 kb fragments prior to or in the absence of internucleosomal fragmentation.

1993 • 1,144 citations

Apoptosis

1993 • 972 citations

Ionizing radiation acts on cellular membranes to generate ceramide and initiate apoptosis.

1994 • 890 citations

Apoptosis induced by anticancer drugs

1992 • 861 citations

Role of Ca2+ in toxic cell killing

1989 • 856 citations

Dose‐dependent induction of apoptosis in human tumour cell lines by widely diverging stimuli

1991 • 816 citations

Poly(ADP-Ribose) in the Cellular Response to DNA Damage

1985 • 771 citations

Mice lacking ADPRT and poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation develop normally but are susceptible to skin disease.

1995 • 767 citations

Bcl-2 blocks apoptosis in cells lacking mitochondrial DNA

1993 • 758 citations

Toxic drug effects associated with oxygen metabolism: Redox cycling and lipid peroxidation

1981 • 650 citations

A License to Kill

1996 • 649 citations

Calcium‐mediated cell injury and cell death

1995 • 638 citations

Programmed cell death and Bcl-2 protection in very low oxygen

1995 • 638 citations

Small Stress Proteins as Novel Regulators of Apoptosis

1996 • 614 citations

Reactive oxygen species are downstream mediators of p53-dependent apoptosis.

1996 • 590 citations

Programmed cell death and Bcl-2 protection in the absence of a nucleus.

1994 • 560 citations

Glucocorticoids activate a suicide process in thymocytes through an elevation of cytosolic Ca2+ concentration

1989 • 549 citations

Blebbing, free Ca2+ and mitochondrial membrane potential preceding cell death in hepatocytes

1987 • 533 citations

Calcium‐activated DNA fragmentation kills immature thymocytes

1989 • 533 citations

Targeted gene disruption of Hsp70-2 results in failed meiosis, germ cell apoptosis, and male infertility.

1996 • 531 citations

Calcium-Mediated Mechanisms in Chemically Induced Cell Death

1992 • 518 citations

Apoptosis-the molecular basis of cell death

1992 • 517 citations

Necrosis and apoptosis: distinct modes of cell death with fundamentally different significance.

1982 • 500 citations

Advances in second messenger and phosphoprotein research

1992 • 481 citations

Cathepsin D protease mediates programmed cell death induced by interferon-gamma, Fas/APO-1 and TNF-alpha.

1996 • 467 citations

Neural apoptosis

1995 • 464 citations

Internucleosomal DNA Cleavage Should not be the Sole Criterion for Identifying Apoptosis

1992 • 462 citations

Definition and incidence of apoptosis : an historical perspective

1991 • 458 citations

In situ detection of fragmented DNA (tunel assay) fails to discriminate among apoptosis, necrosis, and autolytic cell death: A cautionary note*1

1995 • 453 citations

Calpain activation in apoptosis

1994 • 445 citations

Mechanisms of death induced by cisplatin in proximal tubular epithelial cells: apoptosis vs. necrosis

1996 • 442 citations

Cell death by apoptosis and its protective role against disease

1992 • 439 citations

Apoptosis: molecular mechanisms in programmed cell death.

1991 • 425 citations

Apoptosis: The Molecular Basis of Cell Death

1991 • 425 citations

Transducers of life and death: TNF receptor superfamily and associated proteins.

1996 • 423 citations

Mitochondrial respiratory chain inhibitors induce apoptosis

1994 • 403 citations

Topoisomerase II-reactive chemotherapeutic drugs induce apoptosis in thymocytes.

1991 • 392 citations

Constitutive expression of the machinery for programmed cell death.

1996 • 386 citations

Different prooxidant levels stimulate growth, trigger apoptosis, or produce necrosis of insulin-secreting RINm5F cells. The role of intracellular polyamines.

1994 • 372 citations

Daunorubicin-induced apoptosis: triggering of ceramide generation through sphingomyelin hydrolysis.

1996 • 371 citations

Potentiated Necrosis of Cultured Cortical Neurons by Neurotrophins

1995 • 360 citations

Apoptosis and necrosis. Basic types and mechanisms of cell death.

1993 • 353 citations

Sequential acquisition of mitochondrial and plasma membrane alterations during early lymphocyte apoptosis.

1996 • 353 citations

Rapid killing of human neutrophils by the potent activator phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) accompanied by changes different from typical apoptosis or necrosis

1996 • 341 citations

Signalling mechanisms and oxidative stress in apoptosis

1995 • 306 citations

Unraveling Immune Privilege

1995 • 302 citations

An electron‐microscope study of the mode of cell death induced by cancer‐chemotherapeutic agents in populations of proliferating normal and neoplastic cells

1975 • 300 citations

Cleavage of actin by interleukin 1 beta-converting enzyme to reverse DNase I inhibition.

1996 • 298 citations

Multiple pathways originate at the Fas/APO-1 (CD95) receptor: sequential involvement of phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C and acidic sphingomyelinase in the propagation of the apoptotic signal.

1995 • 295 citations

Apoptosis as a mechanism of keratinocyte death in toxic epidermal necrolysis

1996 • 293 citations

Glutamate triggers internucleosomal DNA cleavage in neuronal cells

1991 • 276 citations

Microfilament reorganization during apoptosis: the role of Gas2, a possible substrate for ICE-like proteases.

1995 • 265 citations

Apoptosis: Molecular Control Point in Toxicity

1994 • 263 citations

Requirement of an ICE-Like Protease for Induction of Apoptosis and Ceramide Generation by REAPER

1996 • 262 citations

Retardation of chemical hypoxia-induced necrotic cell death by Bcl-2 and ICE inhibitors: possible involvement of common mediators in apoptotic and necrotic signal transductions.

1996 • 260 citations

Bcl-2 expression prevents activation of the ICE protease cascade.

1996 • 254 citations

Microfilament-disrupting agents prevent the formation of apoptotic bodies in tumor cells undergoing apoptosis.

1992 • 250 citations

Drug Metabolism and Drug Toxicity

1985 • 249 citations

Degradation of lamin B1 precedes oligonucleosomal DNA fragmentation in apoptotic thymocytes and isolated thymocyte nuclei.

1995 • 242 citations

Mechanisms of cell death

1989 • 237 citations

Apoptosis in leukocytes

1995 • 235 citations

Ionophore-induced apoptosis: Role of DNA fragmentation and calcium fluxes

1991 • 235 citations

Apoptosis and necrosis induced in different hippocampal neuron populations by repetitive perforant path stimulation in the rat

1996 • 227 citations

Cell death: programmed, apoptosis, necrosis, or other?

1995 • 220 citations

Energy Metabolism during Apoptosis

1997 • 206 citations

Cell death: Current difficulties in discriminating apoptosis from necrosis in the context of pathological processes in vivo

1995 • 205 citations

Characterization of Radiation-induced Apoptosis in the Small Intestine and Its Biological Implications

1994 • 202 citations

Invited Commentary is Apoptosis Mediated by Reactive Oxygen Species?

1994 • 201 citations

The role of cytosolic Ca2+ in cell injury, necrosis and apoptosis

1992 • 199 citations

Requirement of phospholipase C-gamma 2 activation in surface immunoglobulin M-induced B cell apoptosis.

1995 • 199 citations

Mitochondrial Modifications during Rat Thymocyte Apoptosis: A Study at the Single Cell Level

1994 • 192 citations

Tumor necrosis factor alpha induces apoptosis in mammary adenocarcinoma cells by an increase in intranuclear free Ca2+ concentration and DNA fragmentation.

1992 • 190 citations

The formation of plasma membrane blebs in hepatocytes exposed to agents that increase cytosolic Ca²⁺ is mediated by the activation of a non‐lysosomal proteolytic system

1986 • 188 citations

Cellular death and necrosis: Chemical, physical and morphologic changes in rat liver

1960 • 182 citations

Induction of two different modes of cell death, apoptosis and necrosis, in rat liver after a single dose of thioacetamide.

1991 • 180 citations

Endonuclease activation during apoptosis: The role of cytosolic Ca2+ and pH

1992 • 179 citations

A role for metals and free radicals in the induction of apoptosis in thymocytes

1994 • 175 citations

Mechanisms of cell death

1991 • 174 citations

Stimulation of endogenous endonuclease activity in hepatocytes exposed to oxidative stress

1988 • 174 citations

Different Cleavage Pattern for Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase during Necrosis and Apoptosis in HL-60 Cells

1996 • 166 citations

Janus faces of NF-κB: Neurodestruction versus neuroprotection

1997 • 163 citations

Apoptosis and inflammation

1995 • 161 citations

Apoptosis, cancer and the p53 tumour suppressor gene

1995 • 149 citations

The toxic plant proteins ricin and abrin induce apoptotic changes in mammalian lymphoid tissues and intestine

1987 • 147 citations

Silica-Induced Apoptosis Mediated via Scavenger Receptor in Human Alveolar Macrophages

1996 • 145 citations

Demonstration of extensive chromatin cleavage in transplanted Morris hepatoma 7777 tissue: apoptosis or necrosis?

1993 • 141 citations

Activation of intracellular proteases is an early event in TNF-induced apoptosis.

1995 • 129 citations

The role of altered [Ca2+]i regulation in apoptosis, oncosis, and necrosis

1996 • 126 citations

Apoptosis in the Nervous System: Morphological Features, Methods, Pathology, and Prevention.

1995 • 121 citations

Early loss of large genomic DNA in vivo with accumulation of Ca2+ in the nucleus during acetaminophen-induced liver injury

1990 • 120 citations

Light and electron microscopic study of the normal and pathological thymus of the rat

1967 • 115 citations

Tributyltin increases cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration in thymocytes by mobilizing intracellular Ca2+, activating a Ca2+ entry pathway, and inhibiting Ca2+ efflux

1992 • 110 citations

Events in Apoptosis

1996 • 109 citations

The killer and the executioner: how apoptosis controls malignancy

1995 • 104 citations

Acetaminophen-induced cytotoxicity in cultured mouse hepatocytes: Correlation of nuclear Ca2+ accumulation and early DNA fragmentation with cell death

1991 • 102 citations

Induction of apoptosis by organotin compounds in vitro: neuronal protection with antisense oligonucleotides directed against stannin.

1996 • 101 citations

Apoptosis—the mechanism of cell death in dimethylnitrosamine‐induced hepatotoxicity

1989 • 101 citations

The implications of a unified theory of programmed cell death, polyamines, oxyradicals and histogenesis in the embryo.

1993 • 99 citations

Role of reactive oxygen metabolites in DNA damage and cell death in chemical hypoxic injury to LLC-PK1 cells

1996 • 98 citations

Apoptosis: Cell Death Under Homeostatic Control

1987 • 98 citations

Nitric Oxide (NO) in Apoptotic versus Necrotic RAW 264.7 Macrophage Cell Death: The Role of NO-Donor Exposure, NAD+Content, and p53 Accumulation

1996 • 98 citations

Cleavage of DNA to Large Kilobase Pair Fragments Occurs in Some Forms of Necrosis as Well as Apoptosis

1995 • 98 citations

Apoptosis as a Mechanism of Tributyltin Cytotoxicity to Thymocytes: Relationship of Apoptotic Markers to Biochemical and Cellular Effects

1993 • 97 citations

Cytochalasin B induces cellular DNA fragmentation

1990 • 93 citations

Techniques in apoptosis

1996 • 92 citations

Role of Ceramide in Stimulation of the Transcription of Cytosolic Phospholipase A2and Cyclooxygenase 2

1996 • 90 citations

Drug metabolism and drug toxicity

1984 • 88 citations

Apoptosis: lessons from in vitro systems

1995 • 87 citations

Apoptosis in the human liver during allograft rejection and end‐stage liver disease

1995 • 87 citations

Cytolysis induced by human lymphotoxin.

1972 • 85 citations

Bis(tri-n-butyltin)oxide induces programmed cell death (apoptosis) in immature rat thymocytes

1991 • 83 citations

Rapid induction of apoptosis in rat liver by cycloheximide.

1992 • 83 citations

Multiple Proteases Are Involved in Thymocyte Apoptosis

1995 • 82 citations

Recognition of apoptotic cells by phagocytes

1996 • 79 citations

Mechanisms of Lysis by Cytotoxic T Cells

1995 • 79 citations

Kinetic and Physical Studies of Cell Death Induced By Chemotherapeutic Agents Or Hyperthermia

1986 • 79 citations

Morphology of ricin and abrin exposed endothelial cells is consistent with apoptotic cell death

1996 • 78 citations

Modulation of the antioxidant defence as a factor in apoptosis.

1996 • 77 citations

1-Methyl-4-phenyl-pyridinium ion (MPP+) causes DNA fragmentation and increases the Bcl-2 expression in human neuroblastoma, SH-SY5Y cells, through different mechanisms

1995 • 76 citations

A cleavage-site-directed inhibitor of interleukin-1β-converting enzyme-like proteases inhibits apoptosis in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes

1996 • 76 citations

Decreased production of reactive oxygen intermediates is an early event during in vitro apoptosis of rat thymocytes

1996 • 75 citations

Modulation of Cell Death Pathways to Apoptosis and Necrosis of H2O2-Treated Rat Thymocytes by Lipocortin I

1996 • 73 citations

Biochemical Basis of Hepatocellular Injury

1996 • 70 citations

8 Calcium Regulation of Apoptosis

1995 • 68 citations

The role of the nucleus and other compartments in toxic cell death produced by alkylating hepatotoxicants

1992 • 64 citations

Different Apoptotic Pathways Mediated by Fas and the Tumor‐Necrosis‐Factor Receptor

1996 • 53 citations

A pre‐existing protease is a common effector of thymocyte apoptosis mediated by diverse stimuli

1995 • 53 citations

Elevated cPLA₂ levels as a mechanism by which the p70 TNF and p75 NGF receptors enhance apoptosis

1996 • 51 citations

Two-stage Cell Shrinkage and the OER for Radiation-induced Apoptosis of Rat Thymocytes

1993 • 51 citations

Promotion and Inhibition of Activation‐Induced Apoptosis in T‐Cell Hybridomas by Oncogenes and Related Signals

1994 • 51 citations

Temporal and spatial patterns of proto-oncogene expression at early stages of toxic liver injury in the rat.

1991 • 49 citations

Activation of the Na(+)/H(+) antiporter, Na+/HCO3(-)/CO3(2-) cotransporter, or Cl(-)/HCO3(-) exchanger in spontaneous thymocyte apoptosis.

1996 • 49 citations

1,1-Dichloroethylene: an apoptotic hepatotoxin?

1984 • 48 citations

Lack of correlation between early intracellular calcium ion rises and the onset of apoptosis in thymocytes

1994 • 44 citations

DMBA-induced cytotoxicity in lymphoid and nonlymphoid organs of B6C3F1 mice: Relation of cell death to target cell intracellular calcium and DNA damage

1992 • 43 citations

N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors mediate cyanide-induced cytotoxicity in hippocampal cultures.

1993 • 43 citations

Calcium Channel Blockers Induce Thymic Apoptosisin Vivoin Rats

1996 • 42 citations

Differential Staining of DNA Strand Breaks in Dying Cells by Non-radioactive in situ Nick Translation.

1995 • 41 citations

Novel Cl--Dependent Intracellular pH Regulation in Murine MDR 1 Transfectants and Potential Implications

1994 • 39 citations

3,4-Dichloropropionanilide-Induced Atrophy of the Thymus: Mechanisms of Toxicity and Recovery

1996 • 39 citations

Cell acidification in apoptosis

1996 • 38 citations

The cell biology of apoptosis: Evidence for the implication of mitochondria

1996 • 38 citations

Induction of apoptosis and cathepsin D in limbs exposed in vitro to an activated analog of cyclophosphamide

1995 • 34 citations

Is Activation of Lysosomal Enzymes Responsible for Paracetamol-induced Hepatotoxicity and Nephrotoxicity?

1996 • 33 citations

Bcl-2 protects murine erythroleukemia cells from p53-dependent and -independent radiation-induced cell death

1995 • 33 citations

Expression of a specific marker of avian programmed cell death in both apoptosis and necrosis.

1994 • 32 citations

Kinetics of apoptosis and secondary necrosis in cultured rat thymocytes and S.49 mouse lymphoma and CEM human leukemia cells

1994 • 29 citations

Annexin V A specific probe for apoptotic cells

1996 • 28 citations

Expression of myc, fos, and ha‐ras in the livers of furan‐treated f344 rats and b6c3f₁ mice

1994 • 26 citations

Oddball p53 in testicular tumors

1996 • 25 citations

Function and activation of the transcription factor NF-KB in the response to toxins and pathogens

1995 • 23 citations

Tyrphostin induces non‐apoptotic programmed cell death in colon tumor cells

1995 • 22 citations

Apoptosis of cells lacking mitochondrial DNA

1996 • 18 citations

Neuronal apoptosis versus necrosis induced by glutamate or free radicals

1996 • 17 citations

Paracetamol toxicity in hamster isolated hepatocytes: The increase in cytosolic calcium accompanies, rather than precedes, loss of viability

1992 • 17 citations

Phosphatidylinositol 4,5‐bisphosphate hydrolysis accompanies T cell receptor‐induced apoptosis of murine thymocytes within the thymus

1995 • 16 citations

PROTEINASES IN RENAL CELL DEATH

1996 • 16 citations

Halocarbon hepatotoxicity is not initiated by Ca2+-stimulated endonuclease activation

1989 • 15 citations

The Involvement of Apoptosis in Etoposide-Induced Thymic Atrophy

1994 • 11 citations

Granuloma formation in the liver of Balb/c mice intoxicated with carbon tetrachloride

1993 • 8 citations

Extracellular calcium is not required for gliotoxin or dexamethasone-induced DNA fragmentation: A reappraisal of the use of EGTA

1995 • 8 citations

1,1-Dichloroethylene: An Apoptotic Hepatotoxin?

1984 • 6 citations

Expression of the protooncogene mdm2 markedly increases in response to carbon tetrachloride but not after partial hepatectomy in contrast to p53.

1995 • 6 citations

Cross-linked Cytokeratin Polypeptides in Liver and Hepatoma Cells: Possible Association with the Process of Cell Degeneration and Death

1993 • 6 citations

Both Human Fas and Chimeric Fas/TNFR-1 Mediate Complete Cell Death in Murine NIH/3T3 Cells with Less Distinct Nuclear Fragmentation.

1996 • 3 citations

Apoptosis of rat hepatocyte after the administration of carbon tetrachloride(CCL4) , Dept. of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical & Dental University, Tokyo, Japan

1995 • 1 citations

Deleted Work

1955 • 0 citations