The group polarization phenomenon.

The Nature of Prejudice

1954 • 13,437 citations

The Handbook of Social Psychology

1969 • 12,920 citations

The attraction paradigm

1972 • 4,186 citations

Studies of independence and conformity: I. A minority of one against a unanimous majority.

1956 • 3,998 citations

Victims of Groupthink

1972 • 2,346 citations

Consequences of prejudice against the null hypothesis.

1975 • 1,046 citations

The group as a polarizer of attitudes.

1969 • 1,008 citations

The Impact of College on Students

2020 • 971 citations

Cognitive Learning, Cognitive Response to Persuasion, and Attitude Change

1968 • 962 citations

Risk Taking: A Study in Cognition and Personality

1965 • 927 citations

Integration theory and attitude change.

1971 • 898 citations

Psychological Foundations of Attitudes

1968 • 839 citations

Group decision and social interaction: A theory of social decision schemes.

1973 • 696 citations

The American Jury

1971 • 579 citations

The American Jury.

1967 • 485 citations

Nominal Versus Interacting Group Processes for Committee Decision-Making Effectiveness.

1971 • 443 citations

Group influence on individual risk taking.

1962 • 423 citations

Group versus individual performance on tasks requiring ideational proficiency (brainstorming): A review

1973 • 419 citations

A comparison of individual and group decisions involving risk

1961 • 390 citations

Risk Taking: A Study in Cognition and Personality

1983 • 373 citations

Racially Separate or Together?

2001 • 285 citations

Effects of partially shared persuasive arguments on group-induced shifts: A group-problem-solving approach.

1974 • 250 citations

Choice shifts in group discussion: An introductory review.

1971 • 249 citations

Attitudes are alive and well and gainfully employed in the sphere of action.

1974 • 242 citations

Discussion Effects on Racial Attitudes

1970 • 240 citations

Components of group risk taking

1967 • 216 citations

Social differentiation and social originality

1974 • 204 citations

The roles of information, discussion, and consensus in group risk taking

1965 • 194 citations

Risk taking by individuals and groups: An assessment of research employing choice dilemmas.

1971 • 188 citations

Why do Groups Make Riskier Decisions Than Individuals?

1970 • 174 citations

Industrial Social Psychology

1961 • 164 citations

Comprehensibility of persuasive arguments as a determinant of opinion change.

1974 • 160 citations

What a person thinks upon learning he has chosen differently from others: Nice evidence for the persuasive-arguments explanation of choice shifts

1975 • 148 citations

Review and theoretical analysis of the effects of group processes upon individual and group decisions involving risk.

1971 • 146 citations

Intergroup relations and polarization of individual and collective judgments.

1969 • 132 citations

Testing two classes of theories about group induced shifts in individual choice

1973 • 129 citations

Determinants of scientific progress: The case of research on the risky shift.

1973 • 127 citations

Discussion-Induced Attitude Polarization

1975 • 124 citations

Familiarization, group discussion, and risk taking

1966 • 114 citations

Group induced shift toward risk: A critical appraisal.

1971 • 111 citations

Group-Induced Polarization in Simulated Juries

1976 • 109 citations

Interpersonal comparison versus persuasive argumentation: A more direct test of alternative explanations for group-induced shifts in individual choice

1973 • 106 citations

Risky shifts, cautious shifts, and group polarization

1971 • 102 citations

A social comparison of abilities interpretation of risk-taking behavior.

1970 • 99 citations

Conclusions: Toward an understanding of choice shifts in group discussion.

1971 • 98 citations

The risky shift in group betting

1969 • 93 citations

Transmission of attitude relevant information through a communication chain.

1974 • 86 citations

Enhancement of dominant attitudes in group discussion.

1971 • 84 citations

Group risk taking as a function of members' anxiety and defensiveness levels1

1967 • 80 citations

Group Discussion and the Influence of Defendant Characteristics in a Simulated Jury Setting

1974 • 77 citations

Modification of a judgmental style through group interaction.

1966 • 77 citations

Risk and conservatism in group decision-making

1968 • 69 citations

Social decision schemes under risk.

1974 • 61 citations

Choice Shifts and Extreme Behavior: Judicial Review in the Federal Courts

1973 • 59 citations

The American Jury

1966 • 57 citations

Is experimental social psychology advancing?

1972 • 56 citations

Proportion of risky to conservative arguments in a group discussion and choice shift.

1974 • 54 citations

The Exercise of Influence in Small Groups.

1965 • 53 citations

A decision-making analysis of persuasive argumentation and the choice-shift effect

1975 • 53 citations

Group position as a function of member attitudes: Choice shift effects from the perspective of social decision scheme theory.

1975 • 52 citations

Risk-as-value hypothesis: The relationship between perception of self, others, and the risky shift.

1971 • 50 citations

Informational influence in group discussion

1974 • 49 citations

Will an observer advise higher risk taking after hearing a discussion of the decision problem?

1967 • 49 citations

Further comment on the risky shift.

1974 • 48 citations

Information input and the group shift phenomenon in risk taking.

1971 • 43 citations

Group risk‐taking and group polarization

1971 • 42 citations

Group Risk Taking and Field Dependence-Independence of Group Members

1967 • 42 citations

Distribution of initial risk levels and group decisions involving risk.

1969 • 40 citations

Enhancement of Dominant Risk Tendencies in Group Discussion

1972 • 40 citations

Influencing ethnocentrism in small discussion groups through a film communication.

1958 • 39 citations

Normative and Informational Effects of Group Interaction

1974 • 39 citations

Design for a hopeful psychology.

1973 • 38 citations

An Analysis of Group Decisions Involving Risk ("The Risky Shift")

1969 • 37 citations

Effects of Physical Separation of Group Members upon Group Risk-taking

1967 • 36 citations

Group discussion and predicted ethical risk taking.

1966 • 36 citations

Effect of uncertainty on risk taking in individual and group decisions

1969 • 33 citations

Risky shift is eminently rational.

1971 • 31 citations

Experimental studies of small groups.

1953 • 30 citations

Order effects in answering risk dilemmas for self and others.

1971 • 30 citations

Attitude polarization: The relative influence of discussion group structure and reference group norms.

1973 • 30 citations

Are risk takers more persuasive than conservatives in group discussion?

1968 • 30 citations

Cognitive and affective processes influencing risk taking in groups: An expected utility approach.

1971 • 29 citations

Publicity of initial decisions and the risky shift phenomenon

1970 • 29 citations

Risky shift as a function of group members' value of risk and need for approval.

1971 • 28 citations

Group shift to caution at the race track

1973 • 27 citations

Studies in group decision II: Differences of positions, differences of opinion and group polarization

1972 • 27 citations

Self‐image, perception of peers' risk acceptance and risky shift

1972 • 27 citations

Discussion effects on militarism-pacifism: A test of the group polarization hypothesis.

1974 • 26 citations

Risky-shift phenomenon tested with consumer products as stimuli.

1971 • 25 citations

Perception of the sincerity and competence of a communicator as a function of the extremity of his position

1968 • 24 citations

Studies in group decision I: Social space, patterns of communication and group concensus

1972 • 24 citations

Effects of group discussion on estimates of culturally appropriate risk levels.

1971 • 23 citations

Choice Shifts In Political Decisionmaking: Federal Judges and Civil Liberties Cases

1973 • 22 citations

A further demonstration of group polarization

1972 • 21 citations

Effects of Norm-oriented Group Discussion on Individual Verbal Risk Taking and Conservatism

1968 • 20 citations

Group discussion and the stingy shift.

1974 • 20 citations

Extremity shifts, risk shifts and attitude shifts after group discussion

1972 • 20 citations

Bargaining strength and group polarization in intergroup negotiations

1972 • 20 citations

Pessimism-optimism and risk taking in individual and group contexts.

1970 • 19 citations

Group consensus and cultural values as determinants of risk taking.

1971 • 19 citations

Studies on polarization of judgments: I. Group effects on person perception

1972 • 18 citations

Majority Influence on Group Choices Among Bets.

1976 • 18 citations

Attribution of risk to others as a function of their ability.

1971 • 17 citations

The risky shift as a general choice shift.

1973 • 17 citations

Psychology at age 75: The psychology teacher comes into his own.

1968 • 17 citations

Relationships between perceived ability and attitude extremity.

1973 • 17 citations

The effects of discussion on group and individual choices among bets

1974 • 16 citations

An experimental study of the effects of group discussion upon the social attitudes of college students∗

1941 • 15 citations

Effects of familiarization and knowledge of others' odds choices on shifts to risk and caution.

1971 • 15 citations

Variance preferences and variance shifts in group investment decisions

1970 • 15 citations

Exposure to group discussion and predicted ethical risk taking.

1967 • 15 citations

Effect of pretesting on measures of individual risk preferences.

1973 • 14 citations

Studies on polarization of judgments: II. Person perception, ego involvement and group interaction

1972 • 14 citations

Group Risk Taking and Internal-External Control of Group Members

1970 • 14 citations

Discussion arguments, information about others’ responses, and risky shift

1971 • 14 citations

Studies on polarization of judgments: III. Majorities, minorities and social judgments

1973 • 13 citations

The preponderance of arguments in the risky shift phenomenon

1975 • 13 citations

Factors limiting the generality of the risky‐shift phenomenon

1972 • 12 citations

Responsibility diffusion and drive enhancement effects on risky shift1

1970 • 12 citations

What do differences between own, admired, and attributed choices have to do with group induced shifts in choice

1974 • 12 citations

Polarization and the Established Group

1973 • 12 citations

Conformity pressure as a determinant of risk taking: Replication and extension.

1973 • 11 citations

Discussion‐induced shift toward higher demands in negotiation

1974 • 11 citations

Group Discussion Effects on Conflict Behavior and Self-Justification

1976 • 11 citations

An apparent exception to the extremization of collective judgments

1971 • 11 citations

Effects of Discussion on Opinions Concerning Illegal Behavior

1974 • 11 citations

Attitude polarization, familiarization and group process

1973 • 10 citations

Attitude change through undirected group discussion.

1958 • 10 citations

Sermons on Racial Tolerance and the Parish Neighborhood Context¹

1974 • 10 citations

No risky shift effect with real groups and real risks

1970 • 10 citations

External validity and the risky shift: Empirical limits and theoretical implications.

1974 • 10 citations

The effects of conformity, information, and confidence upon subjects' willingness to take risk following a group discussion

1972 • 10 citations

Effect of group discussion on universalistic-particularistic orientation

1972 • 9 citations

Group-Induced Extremization: Review of Evidence and a Minority-Change Explanation

1973 • 9 citations

Is Risky Shift Due to Disproportionate Influence by Extreme Group Members?

1972 • 8 citations

Effects of group discussion on category width judgments.

1974 • 8 citations

Wary shift or risky shift?

1974 • 7 citations

Small-group polarization of judgments

1971 • 7 citations

MACHIAVELLIANISM, DISCUSSION TIME, AND GROUP SHIFT

1976 • 7 citations

Risky shift and social exchange in dyads

1969 • 6 citations

Small group discussion versus the lecture method: A study in individual decision making

1970 • 6 citations

The group risky-shift effect as a function of emotional bonds, actual consequences, and extent of responsibility.

1974 • 6 citations

Independent variables in the conference situation

1954 • 6 citations

Interpersonal Comparison Processes in Choice Dilemma Responding

1974 • 5 citations

The role of argumentation and comparison processes in choice shifts: Another assessment.

1974 • 4 citations

Group Influences on Probability Judgments concerning Social and Political Change

1974 • 3 citations

[Importance of a main dimension in collective judgments].

1970 • 3 citations

The influence of conference on opinion

1950 • 3 citations

Majority influence and cogency of argument in discussion

1962 • 2 citations

Extrémisation du risque en groupe

1971 • 2 citations