Cytokines: Powerful Regulators of Glial Cell Activation

Cutaneous Wound Healing

1999 • 5,878 citations

Tuberculosis Associated with Infliximab, a Tumor Necrosis Factor α–Neutralizing Agent

2001 • 3,631 citations

Targeted disruption of the mouse transforming growth factor-β1 gene results in multifocal inflammatory disease

1992 • 2,969 citations

Interleukin-6-type cytokine signalling through the gp130/Jak/STAT pathway

1998 • 2,072 citations

Transforming growth factor beta 1 null mutation in mice causes excessive inflammatory response and early death.

1993 • 1,941 citations

Reactive astrocytes: cellular and molecular cues to biological function

1997 • 1,760 citations

Perivascular Microglial Cells of the CNS Are Bone Marrow-Derived and Present Antigen in Vivo

1988 • 1,451 citations

Activation by IKKα of a Second, Evolutionary Conserved, NF-κB Signaling Pathway

2001 • 1,333 citations

Immune function of astrocytes

2001 • 1,263 citations

Cytokines and acute neurodegeneration

2001 • 1,095 citations

Leukocyte Infiltration, Neuronal Degeneration, and Neurite Outgrowth after Ablation of Scar-Forming, Reactive Astrocytes in Adult Transgenic Mice

1999 • 1,071 citations

EXACERBATIONS OF MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS IN PATIENTS TREATED WITH GAMMA INTERFERON

1987 • 1,062 citations

Neurologic disease induced in transgenic mice by cerebral overexpression of interleukin 6.

1993 • 1,009 citations

Regulation of Gliogenesis in the Central Nervous System by the JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway

1997 • 993 citations

TNFα promotes proliferation of oligodendrocyte progenitors and remyelination

2001 • 941 citations

Type 1 T regulatory cells

2001 • 829 citations

The adhesion molecule and cytokine profile of multiple sclerosis lesions

1995 • 761 citations

Identification of lymphotoxin and tumor necrosis factor in multiple sclerosis lesions.

1991 • 735 citations

Toll-like receptors: key mediators of microbe detection

2002 • 689 citations

Normal adult ramified microglia separated from other central nervous system macrophages by flow cytometric sorting. Phenotypic differences defined and direct ex vivo antigen presentation to myelin basic protein-reactive CD4+ T cells compared.

1995 • 622 citations

Targeting gene-modified hematopoietic cells to the central nervous system: Use of green fluorescent protein uncovers microglial engraftment

2001 • 618 citations

Interleukin-1 injected into mammalian brain stimulates astrogliosis and neovascularization

1988 • 587 citations

Increase in IL-6, IL-1 and TNF levels in rat brain following traumatic lesion

1993 • 517 citations

Toll‐like receptor 4: the missing link of the cerebral innate immune response triggered by circulating gram‐negative bacterial cell wall components

2001 • 494 citations

CNTF Protection of Oligodendrocytes Against Natural and Tumor Necrosis Factor-Induced Death

1993 • 486 citations

Transforming growth factor-beta 1 in the rat brain: increase after injury and inhibition of astrocyte proliferation

1992 • 486 citations

Basic principles of immunological surveillance of the normal central nervous system

2001 • 480 citations

Cytokine cytotoxicity against oligodendrocytes. Apoptosis induced by lymphotoxin.

1991 • 455 citations

Brain-immune connection: Immuno-regulatory properties of CNS-resident cells

2000 • 349 citations

Arginine metabolism and the synthesis of nitric oxide in the nervous system

2001 • 345 citations

Expression of a Dominant Negative Mutant of Interleukin-1β Converting Enzyme in Transgenic Mice Prevents Neuronal Cell Death Induced by Trophic Factor Withdrawal and Ischemic Brain Injury

1997 • 345 citations

Reactive astrogliosis in the neonatal mouse brain and its modulation by cytokines

1994 • 343 citations

Multiple Sclerosis

2002 • 314 citations

Developmental plasticity of CNS microglia

2001 • 309 citations

Effects of Transforming Growth Factor β₁, on Scar Production in the Injured Central Nervous System of the Rat

1994 • 302 citations

IL-12 production by central nervous system microglia is inhibited by astrocytes.

1997 • 263 citations

Astrocyte-specific but not neuron-specific transmembrane TNF triggers inflammation and degeneration in the central nervous system of transgenic mice.

1997 • 255 citations

Ischemic and Excitotoxic Brain Injury is Enhanced in Mice Lacking the p55 Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor

1998 • 254 citations

Cytokines ‐ killers in the brain?

1999 • 251 citations

Cutting Edge: Role of Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor in Inhibiting NK Cell Activity and Preserving Immune Privilege

1998 • 249 citations

Central nervous system perivascular cells are immunoregulatory cells that connect the CNS with the peripheral immune system

2001 • 238 citations

Autoimmunity associated with TGF-beta1-deficiency in mice is dependent on MHC class II antigen expression.

1996 • 236 citations

Human tumor necrosis factor alpha gene regulation by virus and lipopolysaccharide.

1990 • 236 citations

The central nervous system as an immunocompetent organ: role of glial cells in antigen presentation.

1996 • 230 citations

Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 Inhibits Mature Oligodendrocyte Apoptosis during Primary Demyelination

2000 • 230 citations

Chronic Overproduction of Transforming Growth Factor-β1 by Astrocytes Promotes Alzheimer's Disease-Like Microvascular Degeneration in Transgenic Mice

2000 • 225 citations

Gamma-interferon promotes proliferation of adult human astrocytes in vitro and reactive gliosis in the adult mouse brain in vivo.

1991 • 217 citations

The Clinical Course of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis and Inflammation Is Controlled by the Expression of Cd40 within the Central Nervous System

2001 • 215 citations

Differential expression, cytokine modulation, and specific functions of type-1 and type-2 tumor necrosis factor receptors in rat glia

1997 • 206 citations

Role of microglial-derived tumor necrosis factor in mediating CD14 transcription and nuclear factor kappa B activity in the brain during endotoxemia.

2000 • 205 citations

CD14-dependent clearance of apoptotic cells: relevance to the immune system

2000 • 191 citations

Intrathecal Delivery of IFN-γ Protects C57BL/6 Mice from Chronic-Progressive Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis by Increasing Apoptosis of Central Nervous System-Infiltrating Lymphocytes

2001 • 188 citations

Immunological aspects of microglia: relevance to Alzheimer's disease

2001 • 188 citations

TNFR1 signalling is critical for the development of demyelination and the limitation of T-cell responses during immune-mediated CNS disease

2000 • 186 citations

Targeted CNS Expression of Interferon-γ in Transgenic Mice Leads to Hypomyelination, Reactive Gliosis, and Abnormal Cerebellar Development

1996 • 184 citations

Astrocyte-Derived Monocyte-Chemoattractant Protein-1 Directs the Transmigration of Leukocytes Across a Model of the Human Blood-Brain Barrier

1998 • 182 citations

Direct Activation of Innate and Antigen-Presenting Functions of Microglia following Infection with Theiler's Virus

2001 • 174 citations

Expression of type II nitric oxide synthase in primary human astrocytes and microglia: role of IL-1beta and IL-1 receptor antagonist.

1996 • 174 citations

Role of Microglial-Derived Tumor Necrosis Factor in Mediating CD14 Transcription and Nuclear Factor κ B Activity in the Brain during Endotoxemia

2000 • 170 citations

Genetic models for CNS inflammation

2001 • 168 citations

Kinetics and Cellular Origin of Cytokines in the Central Nervous System: Insight into Mechanisms of Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein-Induced Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

2000 • 164 citations

Direct injection of cytokines into the spinal cord causes autoimmune encephalomyelitis-like inflammation

1990 • 163 citations

Regulatory T cells in spontaneous autoimmune encephalomyelitis

2001 • 162 citations

Neuronal death in cytokine-activated primary human brain cell culture: role of tumor necrosis factor-?

1999 • 161 citations

Astrogliosis in the Neonatal and Adult Murine Brain Post-Trauma: Elevation of Inflammatory Cytokines and the Lack of Requirement for Endogenous Interferon-γ

1997 • 151 citations

Tumor necrosis factor receptor deletion reduces nuclear factor-kappaB activation, cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein 2 expression, and functional recovery after traumatic spinal cord injury.

2001 • 148 citations

Loss of Lymphotoxin-α but Not Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Reduces Atherosclerosis in Mice

2002 • 140 citations

Cellular localization and expression patterns of interleukin‐10, interleukin‐4, and their receptors in multiple sclerosis lesions

2002 • 137 citations

Microglial Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Inflammatory T Cells Leads to Down-Regulation of Microglial Immune Activation

2001 • 135 citations

Interleukin-1β is Required for the Early Evolution of Reactive Astrogliosis Following CNS Lesion

2001 • 133 citations

Expression of Transforming Growth Factor (TGF)-β1, -β2, and -β3 Isoforms and TGF-β Type I and Type II Receptors in Multiple Sclerosis Lesions and Human Adult Astrocyte Cultures

1999 • 130 citations

Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Deletion Reduces Nuclear Factor-κB Activation, Cellular Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein 2 Expression, and Functional Recovery after Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury

2001 • 126 citations

IL-10 as a mediator in the HPA axis and brain

1999 • 121 citations

Differential Expression of TGF-β1, 2 and 3 Isotypes in Alzheimerʼs Disease: A Comparative Immunohistochemical Study with Cerebral Infarction, Aged Human and Mouse Control Brains

1995 • 118 citations

Cytokines in cerebral ischemia: Expression of transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β1) mRNA in the postischemic adult rat hippocampus

1995 • 113 citations

Interleukm‐1 receptor antagonist suppresses neurotrophin response in injured rat brain

1996 • 111 citations

Regulation of Nerve Growth Factor mRNA by Interleukin-1 in Rat Hippocampal Astrocytes Is Mediated by NFκB

1996 • 109 citations

Distinct patterns of stimulus-inducible chemokine mRNA accumulation in human fetal astrocytes and microglia

2000 • 104 citations

Does innate immune privilege exist?

2000 • 100 citations

Macrophage/Microglia regulation of astrocytic tenascin: synergistic action of transforming growth factor-beta and basic fibroblast growth factor.

1997 • 97 citations

Macrophage colony-stimulating factor mediates astrocyte-induced microglial ramification in human fetal central nervous system culture.

1994 • 92 citations

Functions of transforming growth factor‐β isoforms in the nervous system

2000 • 88 citations

Macrophage/Microglia Regulation of Astrocytic Tenascin: Synergistic Action of Transforming Growth Factor-β and Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor

1997 • 87 citations

IFNs Are Critical Regulators of IL-1 Receptor Antagonist and IL-1 Expression in Human Microglia

1998 • 82 citations

Interferon-γ Protects against Cuprizone-Induced Demyelination

2000 • 82 citations

Regulation of Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription and Suppressor of Cytokine-Signaling Gene Expression in the Brain of Mice with Astrocyte-Targeted Production of Interleukin-12 or Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

2002 • 77 citations

Cytokine, chemokine and chemokine receptor mRNA expression in different strains of normal mice: implications for establishment of a Th1/Th2 bias

1999 • 72 citations

CD4+ suppressor cells differentially affect the production of IFN-gamma by effector cells of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.

1989 • 71 citations

Cytokine‐induced changes in the ability of astrocytes to support migration of oligodendrocyte precursors and axon growth

1998 • 68 citations

Release of ciliary neurotrophic factor from cultured astrocytes and its modulation by cytokines

1995 • 59 citations

Role of Costimulation in the Induction of the IL-12/IL-12 Receptor Pathway and the Development of Autoimmunity

2000 • 59 citations

The critical role of IL-12 and the IL-12R?2 subunit in the generation of pathogenic autoreactive Th1 cells

1999 • 56 citations

Neuroendocrine properties of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF)

2001 • 55 citations

Rapid TGFβ1 effects on actin cytoskeleton of astrocytes: Comparison with other factors and implications for cell motility

1995 • 42 citations

Targeting IL-12, the Key Cytokine Driving Th1-Mediated Autoimmune Diseases

1997 • 33 citations

Transforming growth factor-beta in glomerular injury.

1994 • 33 citations

Microglia: growth factor and mitogen receptors.

1993 • 18 citations

Tumour necrosis factor-alpha and lymphotoxin-alpha in the pathology of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: is either one responsible or is there another ligand-mediating disease?

1998 • 9 citations