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Cell Surface Receptors for Gammaretroviruses

Data up to Jan 2025

Published2003
Citations71
References368

Total Citations Per Year

Abstract

References (368)

HIV-1 Entry Cofactor: Functional cDNA Cloning of a Seven-Transmembrane, G Protein-Coupled Receptor

1996 • 4,184 citations

Identification of a major co-receptor for primary isolates of HIV-1

1996 • 3,649 citations

HIV-1 entry into CD4+ cells is mediated by the chemokine receptor CC-CKR-5

1996 • 3,189 citations

Homozygous Defect in HIV-1 Coreceptor Accounts for Resistance of Some Multiply-Exposed Individuals to HIV-1 Infection

1996 • 3,106 citations

Receptor Binding and Membrane Fusion in Virus Entry: The Influenza Hemagglutinin

2000 • 2,603 citations

DC-SIGN, a Dendritic Cell–Specific HIV-1-Binding Protein that Enhances trans-Infection of T Cells

2000 • 2,384 citations

The β-Chemokine Receptors CCR3 and CCR5 Facilitate Infection by Primary HIV-1 Isolates

1996 • 2,326 citations

Major Facilitator Superfamily

1998 • 2,232 citations

Binding of Hepatitis C Virus to CD81

1998 • 2,042 citations

Core Structure of gp41 from the HIV Envelope Glycoprotein

1997 • 1,904 citations

A Dual-Tropic Primary HIV-1 Isolate That Uses Fusin and the β-Chemokine Receptors CKR-5, CKR-3, and CKR-2b as Fusion Cofactors

1996 • 1,868 citations

Physics of chemoreception

1977 • 1,844 citations

Initiation of translation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes

1999 • 1,379 citations

Change in Coreceptor Use Correlates with Disease Progression in HIV-1–Infected Individuals

1997 • 1,373 citations

Effects of CCR5 and CD4 Cell Surface Concentrations on Infections by Macrophagetropic Isolates of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1

1998 • 1,202 citations

The HIV coreceptors CXCR4 and CCR5 are differentially expressed and regulated on human T lymphocytes

1997 • 1,124 citations

SLAM (CDw150) is a cellular receptor for measles virus

2000 • 1,015 citations

Hepatitis C virus and other Flaviviridae viruses enter cells via low density lipoprotein receptor

1999 • 947 citations

A spring-loaded mechanism for the conformational change of influenza hemagglutinin

1993 • 854 citations

A new class of murine leukemia virus associated with development of spontaneous lymphomas.

1977 • 718 citations

A putative murine ecotropic retrovirus receptor gene encodes a multiple membrane-spanning protein and confers susceptibility to virus infection

1989 • 692 citations

An Envelope Glycoprotein of the Human Endogenous Retrovirus HERV-W Is Expressed in the Human Placenta and Fuses Cells Expressing the Type D Mammalian Retrovirus Receptor

2000 • 680 citations

MHC heterozygosity confers a selective advantage against multiple-strain infections

2002 • 668 citations

Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Spinoculation Enhances Infection through Virus Binding

2000 • 662 citations

Transition State Theory

1981 • 651 citations

Leukocyte Trafficking Mediated by Selectin-Carbohydrate Interactions

1995 • 648 citations

In vivo evolution of HIV-1 co-receptor usage and sensitivity to chemokine-mediated suppression

1997 • 642 citations

C-Type Lectins DC-SIGN and L-SIGN Mediate Cellular Entry by Ebola Virus in cis and in trans

2002 • 642 citations

THE IMMUNOGENETICS OF HUMAN INFECTIOUS DISEASES

1998 • 591 citations

Cell-surface receptors for gibbon ape leukemia virus and amphotropic murine retrovirus are inducible sodium-dependent phosphate symporters.

1994 • 586 citations

Quantification of CD4, CCR5, and CXCR4 levels on lymphocyte subsets, dendritic cells, and differentially conditioned monocyte-derived macrophages

1999 • 577 citations

VIRUS-CELL AND CELL-CELL FUSION

1996 • 559 citations

Transport of cationic amino acids by the mouse ecotropic retrovirus receptor

1991 • 552 citations

Perlecan, basal lamina proteoglycan, promotes basic fibroblast growth factor-receptor binding, mitogenesis, and angiogenesis

1994 • 541 citations

Origin and evolution of viruses.

1998 • 519 citations

Sialic Acid Species as a Determinant of the Host Range of Influenza A Viruses

2000 • 507 citations

Cloning and Functional Characterization of a System ASC-like Na+-dependent Neutral Amino Acid Transporter

1996 • 506 citations

Co-receptors for HIV-1 entry

1997 • 493 citations

Regulation of growth factor activation by proteoglycans: What is the role of the low affinity receptors?

1995 • 478 citations

Physical Chemistry: Principles and Applications in Biological Sciences

1978 • 464 citations

Alternate replication in B cells and epithelial cells switches tropism of Epstein–Barr virus

2002 • 445 citations

Multiply infected spleen cells in HIV patients

2002 • 442 citations

Cell-surface receptor for ecotropic murine retroviruses is a basic amino-acid transporter

1991 • 439 citations

Retrotransposons, Endogenous Retroviruses, and the Evolution of Retroelements

1997 • 409 citations

Host Range and Interference Studies of Three Classes of Pig Endogenous Retrovirus

1998 • 407 citations

Influenza hemagglutinin is spring-loaded by a metastable native conformation

1997 • 395 citations

Cloning of the cellular receptor for amphotropic murine retroviruses reveals homology to that for gibbon ape leukemia virus.

1994 • 377 citations

Xenotropic Viruses: Murine Leukemia Viruses Associated with NIH Swiss, NZB, and Other Mouse Strains

1973 • 368 citations

Cell Surface Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans: Selective Regulators of Ligand-Receptor Encounters

2000 • 360 citations

A receptor for subgroup A Rous sarcoma virus is related to the low density lipoprotein receptor

1993 • 351 citations

The Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule Is a Receptor for Rabies Virus

1998 • 351 citations

Membrane fusion mediated by the influenza virus hemagglutinin requires the concerted action of at least three hemagglutinin trimers.

1996 • 341 citations

Post-translational Modifications of Recombinant P-selectin Glycoprotein Ligand-1 Required for Binding to P- and E-selectin

1996 • 340 citations

Cell-surface expression of CD4 reduces HIV-1 infectivity by blocking Env incorporation in a Nef- and Vpu-inhibitable manner

1999 • 330 citations

Candidate tumor suppressor HYAL2 is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored cell-surface receptor for jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus, the envelope protein of which mediates oncogenic transformation

2001 • 328 citations

DC-SIGNR, a DC-SIGN homologue expressed in endothelial cells, binds to human and simian immunodeficiency viruses and activates infection in trans

2001 • 322 citations

Lymphomagenicity of recombinant mink cell focus-inducing murine leukemia viruses.

1980 • 316 citations

Chemokine Receptors: Keys to AIDS Pathogenesis?

1998 • 310 citations

Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Attachment to HeLa CD4 Cells Is CD4 Independent and gp120 Dependent and Requires Cell Surface Heparans

1998 • 302 citations

The transport of cationic amino acids across the plasma membrane of mammalian cells

1985 • 287 citations

Host-derived ICAM-1 glycoproteins incorporated on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 are biologically active and enhance viral infectivity

1997 • 280 citations

Retroviral Entry Mediated by Receptor Priming and Low pH Triggering of an Envelope Glycoprotein

2000 • 280 citations

Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Entry into Macrophages Mediated by Macropinocytosis

2001 • 278 citations

Retrovirus Envelope Glycoproteins

1990 • 276 citations

Virus receptors: binding, adhesion strengthening, and changes in viral structure

1994 • 273 citations

Selective employment of chemokine receptors as human immunodeficiency virus type 1 coreceptors determined by individual amino acids within the envelope V3 loop

1997 • 273 citations

Evolution of Cell Recognition by Viruses

2001 • 269 citations

Cloning of the Sodium-dependent, Broad-scope, Neutral Amino Acid Transporter Bo from a Human Placental Choriocarcinoma Cell Line

1996 • 268 citations

Characterization of a human gene conferring sensitivity to infection by gibbon ape leukemia virus.

1990 • 264 citations

CD4 Glycoprotein Degradation Induced by Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Vpu Protein Requires the Function of Proteasomes and the Ubiquitin-Conjugating Pathway

1998 • 259 citations

In vivoHIV-1 infection of CD45RA+CD4+T cells is established primarily by syncytium-inducing variants and correlates with the rate of CD4+T cell decline

2000 • 259 citations

RGD sequence of foot-and-mouth disease virus isessential for infecting cells via the natural receptor but can be bypassed by anantibody-dependent enhancement pathway.

1994 • 258 citations

Molecular Cloning of a Feline Leukemia Virus That Induces Fatal Immunodeficiency Disease in Cats

1988 • 258 citations

Receptor interference groups of 20 retroviruses plating on human cells

1990 • 249 citations

Inhibition of HIV-1 progeny virion release by cell-surface CD4 is relieved by expression of the viral Nef protein

1999 • 248 citations

The long cytoplasmic tail of gp41 is required in a cell type-dependent manner for HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein incorporation into virions

2000 • 244 citations

Syndecans Serve as Attachment Receptors for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 on Macrophages

2001 • 244 citations

Receptor choice determinants in the envelope glycoproteins of amphotropic, xenotropic, and polytropic murine leukemia viruses

1992 • 242 citations

CAR1, a TNFR–Related Protein, Is a Cellular Receptor for Cytopathic Avian Leukosis–Sarcoma Viruses and Mediates Apoptosis

1996 • 236 citations

N-Linked Glycosylation of the HIV Type-1 gp120 Envelope Glycoprotein as a Major Determinant of CCR5 and CXCR4 Coreceptor Utilization

2001 • 235 citations

Canine and Feline Parvoviruses Can Use Human or Feline Transferrin Receptors To Bind, Enter, and Infect Cells

2001 • 232 citations

Cooperation of Multiple CCR5 Coreceptors Is Required for Infections by Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1

2000 • 230 citations

HIV-1 attachment: another look

1999 • 227 citations

CD4 down-modulation during infection of human T cells with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 involves independent activities of vpu, env, and nef

1996 • 227 citations

Identification of Amino Acid Residues in CD81 Critical for Interaction with Hepatitis C Virus Envelope Glycoprotein E2

2000 • 226 citations

A human cell-surface receptor for xenotropic and polytropic murine leukemia viruses: Possible role in G protein-coupled signal transduction

1999 • 225 citations

DC-SIGN Interactions with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 and 2 and Simian Immunodeficiency Virus

2001 • 224 citations

Differential utilization of CCR5 by macrophage and T cell tropic simian immunodeficiency virus strains

1997 • 223 citations

Structure-Function Analysis of Hepatitis C Virus Envelope-CD81 Binding

2000 • 222 citations

The RD114/simian type D retrovirus receptor is a neutral amino acid transporter

1999 • 220 citations

Mosaic genome structure of simian immunodeficiency virus from west African green monkeys.

1994 • 213 citations

Dilation of the influenza hemagglutinin fusion pore revealed by the kinetics of individual cell-cell fusion events.

1996 • 210 citations

Membrane fusion of Semliki Forest virus involves homotrimers of the fusion protein

1992 • 210 citations

The pH independence of mammalian retrovirus infection

1990 • 210 citations

Mechanism of Nef-induced CD4 endocytosis: Nef connects CD4 with the chain of adaptor complexes

1998 • 209 citations

Extended Analysis of the In Vitro Tropism of Porcine Endogenous Retrovirus

2000 • 207 citations

The downregulation of CD4 and MHC‐I by primate lentiviruses: a paradigm for the modulation of cell surface receptors

1999 • 205 citations

Isolation of a chicken gene that confers susceptibility to infection by subgroup A avian leukosis and sarcoma viruses

1993 • 203 citations

Structure of a Murine Leukemia Virus Receptor-Binding Glycoprotein at 2.0 Angstrom Resolution

1997 • 202 citations

Fusion of Semliki forest virus with the plasma membrane can be induced by low pH.

1980 • 202 citations

A novel murine oncornavirus with dual eco- and xenotropic properties.

1975 • 201 citations

Multiple Groups of Novel Retroviral Genomes in Pigs and Related Species

2001 • 200 citations

Nucleotide sequences of a feline leukemia virus subgroup A envelope gene and long terminal repeat and evidence for the recombinational origin of subgroup B viruses

1986 • 199 citations

Cellular Receptors and Viral Glycoproteins Involved in Retrovirus Entry

1993 • 193 citations

Visualization of P-selectin Glycoprotein Ligand-1 as a Highly Extended Molecule and Mapping of Protein Epitopes for Monoclonal Antibodies

1996 • 193 citations

Evolution of HIV-1 coreceptor usage through interactions with distinct CCR5 and CXCR4 domains

1997 • 192 citations

pH-independent murine leukemia virus ecotropic envelope-mediated cell fusion: implications for the role of the R peptide and p12E TM in viral entry

1994 • 189 citations

Centrifugal enhancement of retroviral mediated gene transfer

1995 • 189 citations

Cloning and characterization of a cell surface receptor for xenotropic and polytropic murine leukemia viruses

1999 • 189 citations

Presence of Host ICAM-1 in Laboratory and Clinical Strains of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Increases Virus Infectivity and CD4+-T-Cell Depletion in Human Lymphoid Tissue, a Major Site of Replication In Vivo

2002 • 188 citations

The cellular receptor for gibbon ape leukemia virus is a novel high affinity sodium-dependent phosphate transporter.

1994 • 187 citations

Cationic amino acid transport into cultured animal cells. I. Influx into cultured human fibroblasts.

1982 • 185 citations

Identification of a low affinity, high capacity transporter of cationic amino acids in mouse liver.

1993 • 185 citations

The Envelope Glycoprotein of Human Endogenous Retrovirus Type W Uses a Divergent Family of Amino Acid Transporters/Cell Surface Receptors

2002 • 183 citations

Receptors and Entry Cofactors for Retroviruses Include Single and Multiple Transmembrane-Spanning Proteins as well as Newly Described Glycophosphatidylinositol-Anchored and Secreted Proteins

2001 • 183 citations

Host cyclophilin A mediates HIV-1 attachment to target cells via heparans

1999 • 180 citations

ASCT-1 Is a Neutral Amino Acid Exchanger with Chloride Channel Activity

1996 • 179 citations

cisExpression of DC-SIGN Allows for More Efficient Entry of Human and Simian Immunodeficiency Viruses via CD4 and a Coreceptor

2001 • 179 citations

HIV requires multiple gp120 molecules for CD4-mediated infection

1990 • 179 citations

Syncytium-inducing (SI) phenotype suppression at seroconversion after intramuscular inoculation of a non-syncytium-inducing/SI phenotypically mixed human immunodeficiency virus population

1995 • 177 citations

Role of the first and third extracellular domains of CXCR-4 in human immunodeficiency virus coreceptor activity

1997 • 177 citations

Independent Segregation of Loci for Activation of Biologically Distinguishable RNA C-Type Viruses in Mouse Cells

1973 • 176 citations

Fusion of influenza hemagglutinin-expressing fibroblasts with glycophorin-bearing liposomes: role of hemagglutinin surface density

1990 • 175 citations

Virological events leading to spontaneous AKR thymomas

1991 • 174 citations

A family of retroviruses that utilize related phosphate transporters for cell entry

1994 • 173 citations

Molecular Biology of Friend Viral Erythroleukemia

1989 • 173 citations

Viral Entry and Receptors

1997 • 160 citations

Correlation between cell killing and massive second-round superinfection by members of some subgroups of avian leukosis virus

1980 • 158 citations

Receptor-binding domain of murine leukemia virus envelope glycoproteins

1995 • 155 citations

Envelope-binding domain in the cationic amino acid transporter determines the host range of ecotropic murine retroviruses

1993 • 155 citations

Feline leukemia virus subgroup B uses the same cell surface receptor as gibbon ape leukemia virus

1992 • 155 citations

Structure and Classification of Retroviruses

1992 • 153 citations

Mouse transferrin receptor 1 is the cell entry receptor for mouse mammary tumor virus

2002 • 151 citations

Friend murine leukemia virus-induced leukemia is associated with the formation of mink cell focus-inducing viruses and is blocked in mice expressing endogenous mink cell focus-inducing xenotropic viral envelope genes.

1981 • 149 citations

Sequence analysis of amphotropic and 10A1 murine leukemia viruses: close relationship to mink cell focus-inducing viruses

1990 • 148 citations

A Sodium-Dependent Neutral-Amino-Acid Transporter Mediates Infections of Feline and Baboon Endogenous Retroviruses and Simian Type D Retroviruses

1999 • 148 citations

Differences in CD4 dependence for infectivity of laboratory-adapted and primary patient isolates of human immunodeficiency virus type 1

1994 • 148 citations

The adsorption of coliphage lambda to its host: Effect of variations in the surface density of receptor and in phage-receptor affinity

1976 • 148 citations

Measles Virus Infection in a Transgenic Model

1999 • 147 citations

Structural Features of the Glutamate Transporter Family

1999 • 146 citations

Characterization of the third member of the MCAT family of cationic amino acid transporters. Identification of a domain that determines the transport properties of the MCAT proteins.

1993 • 145 citations

Identification, Phylogeny, and Evolution of Retroviral Elements Based on Their Envelope Genes

2001 • 144 citations

The presence of host-derived HLA-DR1 on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 increases viral infectivity

1997 • 141 citations

A Putative Cell Surface Receptor for Anemia-Inducing Feline Leukemia Virus Subgroup C Is a Member of a Transporter Superfamily

1999 • 139 citations

Family of neutral and acidic amino acid transporters: molecular biology, physiology and medical implications

1997 • 136 citations

Evidence for the HIV-1 phenotype switch as a causal factor in acquired immunodeficiency

1998 • 136 citations

Receptors for polytropic and xenotropic mouse leukaemia viruses encoded by a single gene at Rmc1

1999 • 135 citations

Neutral amino acid transporter ASCT2 displays substrate-induced Na+ exchange and a substrate-gated anion conductance

2000 • 133 citations

Cloning of the cellular receptor for feline leukemia virus subgroup C (FeLV-C), a retrovirus that induces red cell aplasia

2000 • 133 citations

An amino-terminal fragment of the Friend murine leukemia virus envelope glycoprotein binds the ecotropic receptor

1991 • 129 citations

Initial Binding of Murine Leukemia Virus Particles to Cells Does Not Require Specific Env-Receptor Interaction

1999 • 128 citations

Na+-dependent phosphate cotransporters: the NaPi protein families

1998 • 126 citations

Processed Pseudogenes of Human Endogenous Retroviruses Generated by LINEs: Their Integration, Stability, and Distribution

2002 • 123 citations

Molecular mechanism for silencing virally transduced genes involves histone deacetylation and chromatin condensation

2000 • 123 citations

Dendritic-cell specific ICAM-3 grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN, CD209), a C-type surface lectin in human dendritic cells, is a receptor for Leishmania amastigotes

2002 • 122 citations

Multiple extracellular domains of CCR-5 contribute to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 entry and fusion

1997 • 122 citations

Identification of a Cellular Cofactor Required for Infection by Feline Leukemia Virus

2000 • 120 citations

A Model for the Topology of Excitatory Amino Acid Transporters Determined by the Extracellular Accessibility of Substituted Cysteines

2000 • 120 citations

Use of a gp120 Binding Assay To Dissect the Requirements and Kinetics of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Fusion Events

1999 • 118 citations

Virus particle adsorption I. Theory of adsorption and experiments on the attachment of particles to non-biological surfaces

1959 • 117 citations

Interclass Transmission and Phyletic Host Tracking in Murine Leukemia Virus-Related Retroviruses

1999 • 117 citations

Transduction of endogenous envelope genes by feline leukaemia virus in vitro

1988 • 117 citations

Cloning and Characterization of a Brain-specific Cationic Amino Acid Transporter

1997 • 114 citations

Characterization of the Equilibrium between the Native and Fusion-Inactive Conformation of Rabies Virus Glycoprotein Indicates That the Fusion Complex Is Made of Several Trimers

2002 • 112 citations

N-Linked Glycosylation and Sequence Changes in a Critical Negative Control Region of the ASCT1 and ASCT2 Neutral Amino Acid Transporters Determine Their Retroviral Receptor Functions

2003 • 112 citations

Xenotropic Type C Viruses

1978 • 112 citations

Molecular Determinants of Species Specificity in the Coronavirus Receptor Aminopeptidase N (CD13): Influence of N-Linked Glycosylation

2001 • 111 citations

Fv-4 resistance gene: a truncated endogenous murine leukemia virus with ecotropic interference properties

1989 • 111 citations

[38] Distinguishing amino acid transport systems of a given cell or tissue

1989 • 111 citations

Envelope-Dependent, Cyclophilin-Independent Effects of Glycosaminoglycans on Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Attachment and Infection

2002 • 110 citations

Host-mediated selection of influenza virus receptor variants. Sialic acid-alpha 2,6Gal-specific clones of A/duck/Ukraine/1/63 revert to sialic acid-alpha 2,3Gal-specific wild type in ovo.

1985 • 110 citations

A biosensor assay for studying ligand-membrane receptor interactions: Binding of antibodies and HIV-1 Env to chemokine receptors

2000 • 109 citations

A New Member of the Cationic Amino Acid Transporter Family Is Preferentially Expressed in Adult Mouse Brain

1997 • 108 citations

N-Linked Glycosylation of CXCR4 Masks Coreceptor Function for CCR5-Dependent Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Isolates

2000 • 106 citations

Cell killing by spleen necrosis virus is correlated with a transient accumulation of spleen necrosis virus DNA

1979 • 105 citations

Different recombinant murine leukemia viruses use different cell surface receptors

1984 • 105 citations

Functional dissection of the Moloney murine leukemia virus envelope protein gp70

1997 • 104 citations

Tunicamycin treatment of CHO cells abrogates multiple blocks to retrovirus infection, one of which is due to a secreted inhibitor

1992 • 102 citations

Posttranslational oligomerization and cooperative acid activation of mixed influenza hemagglutinin trimers.

1988 • 102 citations

Molecular and functional characterization of intestinal Na(+)-dependent neutral amino acid transporter B0

1997 • 101 citations

Binding of Hepatitis C Virus E2 Glycoprotein to CD81 Does Not Correlate with Species Permissiveness to Infection

2000 • 101 citations

Normal DBA/2 mouse cells synthesize a glycoprotein which interferes with MCF virus infection

1982 • 100 citations

Requirements for different components of the host cell cytoskeleton distinguish ecotropic murine leukemia virus entry via endocytosis from entry via surface fusion

1997 • 99 citations

Role of reticuloendotheliosis virus envelope glycoprotein in superinfection interference

1989 • 98 citations

Mechanisms of Cell Killing/Cytopathic Effects by Nonhuman Retroviruses

1988 • 97 citations

Selective effect of feline leukaemia virus on early erythroid precursors

1982 • 96 citations

Viral genetic determinants of T-cell killing and immunodeficiency disease induction by the feline leukemia virus FeLV-FAIDS

1991 • 94 citations

Reversible interaction between coliphage lambda and its receptor protein

1975 • 94 citations

Receptor-triggered membrane association of a model retroviral glycoprotein

1998 • 93 citations

Temperature dependence of cell-cell fusion induced by the envelope glycoprotein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1

1995 • 93 citations

Identification of a cellular receptor for subgroup E avian leukosis virus

1997 • 92 citations

Feline Leukaemia Virus: Generation of Pathogenic and Oncogenic Variants

1991 • 91 citations

Different murine cell lines manifest unique patterns of interference to superinfection by murine leukemia viruses

1985 • 86 citations

A Critical Site in the Core of the CCR5 Chemokine Receptor Required for Binding and Infectivity of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1

1999 • 85 citations

Receptor-induced conformational changes in the subgroup A avian leukosis and sarcoma virus envelope glycoprotein

1995 • 85 citations

Activation of a Cell Entry Pathway Common to Type C Mammalian Retroviruses by Soluble Envelope Fragments

2000 • 83 citations

Avian reticuloendotheliosis viruses: evolutionary linkage with mammalian type C retroviruses

1979 • 81 citations

Diverse wild mouse origins of xenotropic, mink cell focus-forming, and two types of ecotropic proviral genes

1987 • 81 citations

Viral and cellular factors governing hamster cell infection by murine and gibbon ape leukemia viruses

1991 • 81 citations

Endogenousenv elements: Partners in generation of pathogenic feline leukemia viruses

1995 • 80 citations

Sodium-Dependent Neutral Amino Acid Transporter Type 1 Is an Auxiliary Receptor for Baboon Endogenous Retrovirus

2000 • 79 citations

Genetic organization of gibbon ape leukemia virus

1989 • 79 citations

Specific hybridization probes demonstrate fewer xenotropic than mink cell focus-forming murine leukemia virus env-related sequences in DNAs from inbred laboratory mice

1986 • 78 citations

Control of cationic amino acid transport and retroviral receptor functions in a membrane protein family.

1994 • 78 citations

Activation of Membrane Fusion by Murine Leukemia Viruses Is Controlled in cis or in trans by Interactions between the Receptor-Binding Domain and a Conserved Disulfide Loop of the Carboxy Terminus of the Surface Glycoprotein

2001 • 78 citations

Identification of amino acid residues critical for infection with ecotropic murine leukemia retrovirus

1993 • 77 citations

Definition of a domain of GLVR1 which is necessary for infection by gibbon ape leukemia virus and which is highly polymorphic between species

1993 • 76 citations

Historical Introduction to the General Properties of Retroviruses

1997 • 76 citations

Proximity of Two Oppositely Oriented Reentrant Loops in the Glutamate Transporter GLT-1 Identified by Paired Cysteine Mutagenesis

2002 • 75 citations

Mouse mammary tumor virus can mediate cell fusion at reduced pH

1984 • 75 citations

Reversal of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 IIIB to a Neutralization-Resistant Phenotype in an Accidentally Infected Laboratory Worker with a Progressive Clinical Course

2001 • 75 citations

The amphotropic murine leukemia virus receptor gene encodes a 71-kilodalton protein that is induced by phosphate depletion

1997 • 74 citations

Nucleotide sequence analysis establishes the role of endogenous murine leukemia virus DNA segments in formation of recombinant mink cell focus-forming murine leukemia viruses

1984 • 74 citations

Modular organization of the Friend murine leukemia virus envelope protein underlies the mechanism of infection

2001 • 74 citations

Cell Surface Heparan Sulfate Is a Receptor for Attachment of Envelope Protein-Free Retrovirus-like Particles and VSV-G Pseudotyped MLV-Derived Retrovirus Vectors to Target Cells

2002 • 74 citations

Two Functionally Distinct Forms of a Retroviral Receptor Explain the Nonreciprocal Receptor Interference among Subgroups B, D, and E Avian Leukosis Viruses

2001 • 73 citations

Cell Surface CD4 Interferes with the Infectivity of HIV-1 Particles Released from T Cells

2002 • 73 citations

Macrophage-Tropic HIV Induces and Exploits Dendritic Cell Chemotaxis

2000 • 71 citations

Cell Surface CD4 Inhibits HIV-1 Particle Release by Interfering with Vpu Activity

1999 • 71 citations

Mutation of amino acids within the gibbon ape leukemia virus (GALV) receptor differentially affects feline leukemia virus subgroup B, simian sarcoma-associated virus, and GALV infections

1993 • 70 citations

Identification of a Receptor-Binding Pocket on the Envelope Protein of Friend Murine Leukemia Virus

1999 • 70 citations

Membrane Fusion: The Influenza Paradigm

1995 • 70 citations

Retrovirus receptors

1999 • 70 citations

Cooperative subunit interactions within the oligomeric envelope glycoprotein of HIV-1: Functional complementation of specific defects in gp120 and gp41

2000 • 70 citations

Properties of a unique form of the murine amphotropic leukemia virus receptor expressed on hamster cells

1994 • 69 citations

Susceptibility of wild mouse cells to exogenous infection with xenotropic leukemia viruses: control by a single dominant locus on chromosome 1

1985 • 69 citations

Loss of N-linked glycans in the V3-loop region of gp120 is correlated to an enhanced infectivity of HIV-1

2001 • 69 citations

Interactions among HIV gp120, CD4, and CXCR4: Dependence on CD4 Expression Level, gp120 Viral Origin, Conservation of the gp120 COOH- and NH2-Termini and V1/V2 and V3 Loops, and Sensitivity to Neutralizing Antibodies

1998 • 69 citations

Complete nucleotide sequence of simian endogenous type D retrovirus with intact genome organization: evidence for ancestry to simian retrovirus and baboon endogenous virus

1997 • 68 citations

Rabies virus binding at neuromuscular junctions

1985 • 68 citations

Transmembrane Topology of PiT-2, a Phosphate Transporter-Retrovirus Receptor

2001 • 67 citations

Infectious Entry by Amphotropic as well as Ecotropic Murine Leukemia Viruses Occurs through an Endocytic Pathway

2001 • 67 citations

N-linked glycosylation of the receptor for murine ecotropic retroviruses is altered in virus-infected cells

1993 • 67 citations

Recombinant feline leukemia virus genes detected in naturally occurring feline lymphosarcomas

1993 • 67 citations

Receptor Binding Transforms the Surface Subunit of the Mammalian C-Type Retrovirus Envelope Protein from an Inhibitor to an Activator of Fusion

2001 • 66 citations

Fv-4: Identification of the Defect in Env and the Mechanism of Resistance to Ecotropic Murine Leukemia Virus

2001 • 66 citations

Three distinct envelope domains, variably present in subgroup B feline leukemia virus recombinants, mediate Pit1 and Pit2 receptor recognition

1997 • 66 citations

Fusion of Rous sarcoma virus with host cells does not require exposure to low pH

1990 • 66 citations

Genetic mapping of a mouse chromosomal locus required for mink cell focus-forming virus replication

1983 • 65 citations

Molecular characterization of a neuropathogenic and nonerythroleukemogenic variant of Friend murine leukemia virus PVC-211

1992 • 65 citations

The physico-chemical factors that govern retrovirus-mediated gene transfer.

1997 • 64 citations

Spleen necrosis virus, an avian immunosuppressive retrovirus, shares a receptor with the type D simian retroviruses

1992 • 64 citations

Partial dissociation of subgroup C phenotype and in vivo behaviour in feline leukaemia viruses with chimeric envelope genes

1992 • 64 citations

Viral Entry through CXCR4 Is a Pathogenic Factor and Therapeutic Target in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Disease

2000 • 62 citations

Membrane Fusion by Influenza Hemagglutinin

1995 • 62 citations

Characterization of a naturally occurring ecotropic receptor that does not facilitate entry of all ecotropic murine retroviruses

1993 • 62 citations

Entry of Alphaviruses

1986 • 62 citations

Glycosylation-dependent inactivation of the ecotropic murine leukemia virus receptor

1994 • 61 citations

The dual-function hamster receptor for amphotropic murine leukemia virus (MuLV), 10A1 MuLV, and gibbon ape leukemia virus is a phosphate symporter

1995 • 60 citations

Discovery of a New Endogenous Type C Retrovirus (FcEV) in Cats: Evidence for RD-114 Being an FcEV Gag-Pol /Baboon Endogenous Virus BaEV Env Recombinant

1999 • 60 citations

Evidence for nonspecific adsorption of targeted retrovirus vector particles to cells

2001 • 59 citations

Polymorphisms of the Cell Surface Receptor Control Mouse Susceptibilities to Xenotropic and Polytropic Leukemia Viruses

1999 • 59 citations

Chimeras of receptors for gibbon ape leukemia virus/feline leukemia virus B and amphotropic murine leukemia virus reveal different modes of receptor recognition by retrovirus

1995 • 58 citations

Single-amino-acid substitution in an antigenic site of influenza virus hemagglutinin can alter the specificity of binding to cell membrane-associated gangliosides

1989 • 56 citations

Virus particle adsorption

1960 • 55 citations

Correlation of specific virus-astrocyte interactions and cytopathic effects induced by ts1, a neurovirulent mutant of Moloney murine leukemia virus

1993 • 55 citations

Structure and Mechanism of a Coreceptor for Infection by a Pathogenic Feline Retrovirus

2003 • 54 citations

Improved detection of replication-competent retrovirus

1996 • 53 citations

Isolation and characterization of a 2.3-kilobase-pair cDNA fragment encoding the binding domain of the bovine leukemia virus cell receptor

1993 • 52 citations

Suppression of a Fusion Defect by Second Site Mutations in the Ecotropic Murine Leukemia Virus Surface Protein

1999 • 50 citations

In Vivo Evolution of a Novel, Syncytium-Inducing and Cytopathic Feline Leukemia Virus Variant

1998 • 50 citations

Soluble Receptor-Induced Retroviral Infection of Receptor-Deficient Cells

2000 • 50 citations

Effects of ecotropic murine retroviruses on the dual-function cell surface receptor/basic amino acid transporter.

1992 • 49 citations

Two Highly Conserved Glutamate Residues Critical for Type III Sodium-dependent Phosphate Transport Revealed by Uncoupling Transport Function from Retroviral Receptor Function

2002 • 49 citations

Sodium-Dependent Homo- and Hetero-Exchange of Neutral Amino Acids Mediated by the Amino Acid Transporter ATB°

1998 • 49 citations

A point mutation in the env gene of a murine leukemia virus induces syncytium formation and neurologic disease

1994 • 48 citations

Phosphate transport processes in eukaryotic cells

1989 • 48 citations

Variable regions A and B in the envelope glycoproteins of feline leukemia virus subgroup B and amphotropic murine leukemia virus interact with discrete receptor domains

1997 • 47 citations

Specificity in Receptor Usage by T-Cell-Tropic Feline Leukemia Viruses: Implications for the In Vivo Tropism of Immunodeficiency-Inducing Variants

2001 • 47 citations

Role of Hemagglutinin Surface Density in the Initial Stages of Influenza Virus Fusion: Lack of Evidence for Cooperativity

2000 • 47 citations

Frequent Substitution Polymorphisms in African Green Monkey CCR5 Cluster at Critical Sites for Infections by Simian Immunodeficiency Virus SIVagm, Implying Ancient Virus-Host Coevolution

2001 • 47 citations

Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Pathogenesis in SCID-hu Mice Correlates with Syncytium-Inducing Phenotype and Viral Replication

2000 • 47 citations

Inhibitors of retrovirus infection are secreted by several hamster cell lines and are also present in hamster sera

1993 • 46 citations

Functional Domains in the Retroviral Transmembrane Protein

1998 • 46 citations

Retroviral infection and expression of cationic amino acid transporters in rodent hepatocytes

1993 • 45 citations

A novel murine retrovirus identified during testing for helper virus in human gene transfer trials

1996 • 45 citations

Structure and Distribution of Endogenous Nonecotropic Murine Leukemia Viruses in Wild Mice

1998 • 45 citations

Adaptive Mutations in the V3 Loop of gp120 Enhance Fusogenicity of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 and Enable Use of a CCR5 Coreceptor That Lacks the Amino-Terminal Sulfated Region

2001 • 45 citations

A Novel Membrane Protein Is a Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus Receptor

1998 • 45 citations

Murine retroviruses use at least six different receptors for entry into Mus dunni cells

1997 • 44 citations

Substitution of a single amino acid residue is sufficient to allow the human amphotropic murine leukemia virus receptor to also function as a gibbon ape leukemia virus receptor

1996 • 44 citations

Feline Pit2 Functions as a Receptor for Subgroup B Feline Leukemia Viruses

2001 • 44 citations

4 Haematological disorders associated with feline retrovirus infections

1995 • 43 citations

Genomic Masking of Nondefective Recombinant Murine Leukemia Virus in Moloney Virus Stocks

1978 • 43 citations

Substitutions in a Homologous Region of Extracellular Loop 2 of CXCR4 and CCR5 Alter Coreceptor Activities for HIV-1 Membrane Fusion and Virus Entry

2000 • 43 citations

Exceptional fusogenicity of Chinese hamster ovary cells with murine retroviruses suggests roles for cellular factor(s) and receptor clusters in the membrane fusion process

1996 • 43 citations

Cytopathicity of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Primary Isolates Depends on Coreceptor Usage and Not Patient Disease Status

2001 • 42 citations

The Intact Retroviral Env Glycoprotein of Human Foamy Virus Is a Trimer

2000 • 42 citations

Functional interactions between monomers of the retroviral envelope protein complex

1997 • 42 citations

Selection of an avian retrovirus mutant with extended receptor usage

1997 • 41 citations

Separable Mechanisms of Attachment and Cell Uptake during Retrovirus Infection

2000 • 41 citations

Receptor co-operation in retrovirus entry: recruitment of an auxiliary entry mechanism after retargeted binding

1997 • 40 citations

Infectious entry of murine retroviruses into mouse cells: evidence of a postadsorption step inhibited by acidic pH

1985 • 40 citations

Feline leukemia virus subgroup C phenotype evolves through distinct alterations near the N terminus of the envelope surface glycoprotein.

1992 • 40 citations

Retrovirus-induced feline pure red cell aplasia. Hematopoietic progenitors are infected with feline leukemia virus and erythroid burst-forming cells are uniquely sensitive to heterologous complement.

1987 • 39 citations

Identification of Key Residues in Subgroup A Avian Leukosis Virus Envelope Determining Receptor Binding Affinity and Infectivity of Cells Expressing Chicken or Quail Tva Receptor

2001 • 39 citations

Haemopoietic colony formation (BFU-E, GM-CFC) during the development of pure red cell hypoplasia induced in the cat by feline leukaemia virus

1983 • 39 citations

Microglial infection by a neurovirulent murine retrovirus results in defective processing of envelope protein and intracellular budding of virus particles

1994 • 39 citations

Identification of Envelope Determinants of Feline Leukemia Virus Subgroup B That Permit Infection and Gene Transfer to Cells Expressing Human Pit1 or Pit2

2001 • 38 citations

Biologically selected recombinants between Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV) subgroup a and an endogenous FeLV element

1992 • 37 citations

Noninfectious virus-like particles produced by Moloney murine leukemia virus-based retrovirus packaging cells deficient in viral envelope become infectious in the presence of lipofection reagents

1997 • 37 citations

Cationic liposomes (Lipofectin) mediate retroviral infection in the absence of specific receptors

1990 • 37 citations

Increased Cat3-mediated Cationic Amino Acid Transport Functionally Compensates in Cat1 Knockout Cell Lines

1998 • 36 citations

Analysis of the unique hamster cell tropism of ecotropic murine leukemia virus PVC-211

1996 • 36 citations

Induction of Syncytia by Neuropathogenic Murine Leukemia Viruses Depends on Receptor Density, Host Cell Determinants, and the Intrinsic Fusion Potential of Envelope Protein

1999 • 36 citations

Retrovirus‐induced feline pure red cell aplasia: The kinetics of erythroid marrow failure

1987 • 35 citations

Characterization of a Polytropic Murine Leukemia Virus Proviral Sequence Associated with the Virus Resistance GeneRmcfof DBA/2 Mice

2002 • 35 citations

Pit2 Assemblies at the Cell Surface Are Modulated by Extracellular Inorganic Phosphate Concentration

2002 • 35 citations

Comparison of cDNAs encoding the gibbon ape leukaemia virus receptor from susceptible and non-susceptible murine cells

1994 • 35 citations

Polymorphisms of the Hepatitis A Virus Cellular Receptor 1 in African Green Monkey Kidney Cells Result in Antigenic Variants That Do Not React with Protective Monoclonal Antibody 190/4

1998 • 34 citations

Relationship between SU Subdomains That Regulate the Receptor-Mediated Transition from the Native (Fusion-Inhibited) to the Fusion-Active Conformation of the Murine Leukemia Virus Glycoprotein

2002 • 34 citations

Cellular and Species Resistance to Murine Amphotropic, Gibbon Ape, and Feline Subgroup C Leukemia Viruses Is Strongly Influenced by Receptor Expression Levels and by Receptor Masking Mechanisms

2000 • 34 citations

Susceptibility of BALB/c mice carrying various DBA/2 genes to development of Friend murine leukemia virus-induced erythroleukemia.

1985 • 34 citations

Evidence for Common Structural Determinants of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Coreceptor Activity Provided through Functional Analysis of CCR5/CXCR4 Chimeric Coreceptors

2001 • 34 citations

A Unique Heparin-Binding Domain in the Envelope Protein of the Neuropathogenic PVC-211 Murine Leukemia Virus May Contribute to Its Brain Capillary Endothelial Cell Tropism

2001 • 34 citations

Beta-lipoproteins influence the serum level of hepatitis C virus.

2001 • 33 citations

Reticuloendotheliosis type C and primate type D oncoretroviruses are members of the same receptor interference group

1992 • 33 citations

Subcellular Redistribution of Pit-2 P i Transporter/Amphotropic Leukemia Virus (A-MuLV) Receptor in A-MuLV-Infected NIH 3T3 Fibroblasts: Involvement in Superinfection Interference

2000 • 32 citations

Spleen necrosis virus, an avian retrovirus, can infect primate cells

1991 • 32 citations

Effects of Subtle Changes in the SU Protein of Ecotropic Murine Leukemia Virus on Its Brain Capillary Endothelial Cell Tropism and Interference Properties

1996 • 32 citations

Hematopoietic target cells of anemogenic subgroup C versus nonanemogenic subgroup A feline leukemia virus

1992 • 31 citations

Cytopathic Effects of Non-Syncytium-Inducing and Syncytium-Inducing Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Variants on Different CD4+-T-Cell Subsets Are Determined Only by Coreceptor Expression

2001 • 31 citations

Evidence for Cooperation between Murine Leukemia Virus Env Molecules in Mixed Oligomers

1998 • 31 citations

Analysis of Receptor Usage by Ecotropic Murine Retroviruses, Using Green Fluorescent Protein-Tagged Cationic Amino Acid Transporters

1999 • 30 citations

Truncated Forms of the Dual Function Human ASCT2 Neutral Amino Acid Transporter/Retroviral Receptor Are Translationally Initiated at Multiple Alternative CUG and GUG Codons

2001 • 30 citations

Leukemia induction by a new strain of Friend mink cell focus-inducing virus: synergistic effect of Friend ecotropic murine leukemia virus

1984 • 30 citations

Definition of a 14-Amino-Acid Peptide Essential for the Interaction between the Murine Leukemia Virus Amphotropic Envelope Glycoprotein and Its Receptor

1998 • 30 citations

Free and integrated recombinant murine leukemia virus DNAs appear in preleukemic thymuses of AKR/J mice

1984 • 30 citations

Novel Endogenous Type C Retrovirus in Baboons: Complete Sequence, Providing Evidence for Baboon Endogenous Virus gag-pol Ancestry

1999 • 30 citations

Mink Cell Focus-Forming Murine Leukemia Virus Killing of Mink Cells Involves Apoptosis and Superinfection

2001 • 27 citations

Molecular cloning of Mus dunni endogenous virus: an unusual retrovirus in a new murine viral interference group with a wide host range

1997 • 27 citations

Neutral amino acid transporter ASCT2 displays substrate-induced Na+ exchange and a substrate-gated anion conductance

2000 • 27 citations

Identification of a putative receptor for subgroup A feline leukemia virus on feline T cells

1992 • 26 citations

A Critical Site in the Cell Surface Receptor for Ecotropic Murine Retroviruses Required for Amino Acid Transport but Not for Viral Reception

1994 • 26 citations

Avian Reticuloendotheliosis Virus Strain A and Spleen Necrosis Virus Do Not Infect Human Cells

2000 • 26 citations

Distinct superinfection interference properties yet similar receptor utilization by cytopathic and noncytopathic feline leukemia viruses

1993 • 26 citations

The Japanese feral mouse Pit1 and Pit2 homologs lack an acidic residue at position 550 but still function as gibbon ape leukemia virus receptors: implications for virus binding motif

1996 • 25 citations

Efficient Cell Infection by Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus-Derived Particles Requires Minimal Amounts of Envelope Glycoprotein

2000 • 25 citations

Isolation of a Novel Subgroup B Feline Leukemia Virus from a Cat Infected with FeLV-A

1994 • 25 citations

Genetic basis for resistance to polytropic murine leukemia viruses in the wild mouse species Mus castaneus

1996 • 24 citations

The Host Range and Interference Properties of Two Closely Related Feline Leukemia Variants Suggest That They Use Distinct Receptors

1998 • 24 citations

Fusion-Defective Gibbon Ape Leukemia Virus Vectors Can Be Rescued by Homologous but Not Heterologous Soluble Envelope Proteins

2002 • 24 citations

Studies in feline long-term marrow culture: hematopoiesis on normal and feline leukemia virus infected stromal cells

1992 • 23 citations

Single Amino Acid Insertion in Loop 4 Confers Amphotropic Murine Leukemia Virus Receptor Function upon Murine Pit1

1998 • 23 citations

A Comprehensive Approach to Mapping the Interacting Surfaces of Murine Amphotropic and Feline Subgroup B Leukemia Viruses with Their Cell Surface Receptors

2000 • 23 citations

Expression of xenotropic-like env RNA sequences in normal DBA/2 and NZB mouse tissues

1984 • 22 citations

Genetic and Biochemical Analyses of Receptor and Cofactor Determinants for T-Cell-Tropic Feline Leukemia Virus Infection

2002 • 20 citations

Interference with superinfection and with cell killing and determination of host range and growth kinetics mediated by feline leukemia virus surface glycoproteins

1993 • 20 citations

ts1, a temperature-sensitive mutant of Moloney murine leukemia virus TB, can infect both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells but requires CD4+ T cells in order to cause paralysis and immunodeficiency

1992 • 20 citations

Gibbon Ape Leukemia Virus Receptor Functions of Type III Phosphate Transporters from CHOK1 Cells Are Disrupted by Two Distinct Mechanisms

1999 • 20 citations

Cytopathic Feline Leukemia Viruses Cause Apoptosis in Hemolymphatic Cells

1996 • 19 citations

Mutational analysis of the proposed gibbon ape leukemia virus binding site in Pit1 suggests that other regions are important for infection

1997 • 19 citations

Contribution of Virus-Receptor Interaction to Distinct Viral Proliferation of Neuropathogenic and Nonneuropathogenic Murine Leukemia Viruses in Rat Glial Cells

1999 • 19 citations

Studies in feline long-term marrow culture: hematopoiesis on normal and feline leukemia virus infected stromal cells

1992 • 18 citations

Entry of Amphotropic Murine Leukemia Virus Is Influenced by Residues in the Putative Second Extracellular Domain of Its Receptor, Pit2

1998 • 18 citations

Receptor-Mediated Interference Mechanism Responsible for Resistance to Polytropic Leukemia Viruses in Mus castaneus

1999 • 18 citations

Amphotropic Murine Leukemia Virus Entry Is Determined by Specific Combinations of Residues from Receptor Loops 2 and 4

1999 • 18 citations

A 13-Amino-Acid Pit1-Specific Loop 4 Sequence Confers Feline Leukemia Virus Subgroup B Receptor Function upon Pit2

2000 • 14 citations

Mus cervicolor Murine Leukemia Virus Isolate M813 Belongs to a Unique Receptor Interference Group

2001 • 14 citations

Infectious feline leukaemia virus is erythrosuppressive in vitro

1986 • 13 citations

In vivo infection of marrow stromal fibroblasts by feline leukemia virus.

1992 • 13 citations

Coexpression of a Nonsyncytium Inducer HIV-1 Glycoprotein Inhibits Syncytium Formation by Another HIV-1 Env Protein

1996 • 12 citations

Cell surface receptor for ecotropic host-range mouse retroviruses: a cationic amino acid transporter

1994 • 9 citations

Genetic Control of a Mouse Serum Lipoprotein Factor That Inactivates Murine Leukemia Viruses: Evaluation of Apolipoprotein F as a Candidate

2002 • 9 citations

Recombinant Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV) Variants Establish a Limited Infection with Altered Cell Tropism in Specific-pathogen-free Cats in the Absence of FeLV Subgroup A Helper Virus

1999 • 8 citations

Molecular Mechanism of an Ecotropic MuLV Restriction Gene Akvr-1/FV-4 in California Wild Mice

1986 • 6 citations

The Envelopes of Two Ecotropic Murine Leukemia Viruses Display Distinct Efficiencies in Retroviral Vaccination by Interference

1994 • 6 citations

Deleted Work

1955 • 0 citations

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Cell Surface Receptors for Gammaretroviruses (2003) – Current topics in microbiology and immunology | Metascience Observatory Explorer