A blast from the past: clearance of apoptotic cells regulates immune responses

Macrophages that have ingested apoptotic cells in vitro inhibit proinflammatory cytokine production through autocrine/paracrine mechanisms involving TGF-beta, PGE2, and PAF.

1998 • 3,085 citations

Dendritic cells acquire antigen from apoptotic cells and induce class I-restricted CTLs

1998 • 2,378 citations

CD95's deadly mission in the immune system

2000 • 1,714 citations

Natural adjuvants: Endogenous activators of dendritic cells

1999 • 1,611 citations

Corpse clearance defines the meaning of cell death

2000 • 1,528 citations

A receptor for phosphatidylserine-specific clearance of apoptotic cells

2000 • 1,480 citations

Homozygous C1q deficiency causes glomerulonephritis associated with multiple apoptotic bodies

1998 • 1,431 citations

Consequences of Cell Death

2000 • 1,382 citations

Identification of a factor that links apoptotic cells to phagocytes

2002 • 1,323 citations

Necrotic but not apoptotic cell death releases heat shock proteins, which deliver a partial maturation signal to dendritic cells and activate the NF-κB pathway

2000 • 1,299 citations

Immature Dendritic Cells Phagocytose Apoptotic Cells via αvβ5 and CD36, and Cross-present Antigens to Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes

1998 • 1,226 citations

Phagocytosis and clearance of apoptotic cells is mediated by MER

2001 • 1,153 citations

C1q and Mannose Binding Lectin Engagement of Cell Surface Calreticulin and Cd91 Initiates Macropinocytosis and Uptake of Apoptotic Cells

2001 • 1,122 citations

CD91 Is a Common Receptor for Heat Shock Proteins gp96, hsp90, hsp70, and Calreticulin

2001 • 1,118 citations

Phosphatidylserine-dependent ingestion of apoptotic cells promotes TGF-β1 secretion and the resolution of inflammation

2002 • 1,090 citations

Identification of Two Distinct Mechanisms of Phagocytosis Controlled by Different Rho GTPases

1998 • 993 citations

A Discrete Subpopulation of Dendritic Cells Transports Apoptotic Intestinal Epithelial Cells to T Cell Areas of Mesenteric Lymph Nodes

2000 • 908 citations

Phosphatidylserine-dependent ingestion of apoptotic cells promotes TGF-β1 secretion and the resolution of inflammation

2002 • 897 citations

Vitronectin receptor-mediated phagocytosis of cells undergoing apoptosis

1990 • 871 citations

Impaired phagocytosis of apoptotic cell material by monocyte-derived macrophages from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus

1998 • 825 citations

Thrombospondin cooperates with CD36 and the vitronectin receptor in macrophage recognition of neutrophils undergoing apoptosis.

1992 • 818 citations

Features of systemic lupus erythematosus in Dnase1-deficient mice

2000 • 781 citations

A Hierarchical Role for Classical Pathway Complement Proteins in the Clearance of Apoptotic Cells in Vivo

2000 • 733 citations

The role of phosphatidylserine in recognition of apoptotic cells by phagocytes

1998 • 724 citations

Complement-dependent Clearance of Apoptotic Cells by Human Macrophages

1998 • 692 citations

Human CD14 mediates recognition and phagocytosis of apoptotic cells

1998 • 685 citations

C-Reactive Protein Binds to Apoptotic Cells, Protects the Cells from Assembly of the Terminal Complement Components, and Sustains an Antiinflammatory Innate Immune Response

2000 • 681 citations

Mechanisms of phosphatidylserine exposure, a phagocyte recognition signal, on apoptotic T lymphocytes.

1995 • 675 citations

Homeostatic Regulation of the Immune System by Receptor Tyrosine Kinases of the Tyro 3 Family

2001 • 673 citations

Natural antibodies with the T15 idiotype may act in atherosclerosis, apoptotic clearance, and protective immunity

2000 • 669 citations

Efficient Presentation of Phagocytosed Cellular Fragments on the Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II Products of Dendritic Cells

1998 • 649 citations

Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes modulate the maturation of dendritic cells

1999 • 633 citations

Cutting Edge: Lipoxins Rapidly Stimulate Nonphlogistic Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Neutrophils by Monocyte-Derived Macrophages

2000 • 620 citations

Opposing effects of glucocorticoids on the rate of apoptosis in neutrophilic and eosinophilic granulocytes.

1996 • 613 citations

Systemic Exposure to Irradiated Apoptotic Cells Induces Autoantibody Production

1998 • 573 citations

Selective transport of internalized antigens to the cytosol for MHC class I presentation in dendritic cells

1999 • 564 citations

Phosphatidylserine (PS) induces PS receptor–mediated macropinocytosis and promotes clearance of apoptotic cells

2001 • 541 citations

ABC1 promotes engulfment of apoptotic cells and transbilayer redistribution of phosphatidylserine.

2000 • 529 citations

Receptors for C3b and C3bi promote phagocytosis but not the release of toxic oxygen from human phagocytes.

1983 • 495 citations

Serum amyloid P component controls chromatin degradation and prevents antinuclear autoimmunity

1999 • 491 citations

Monoclonal antibodies against oxidized low-density lipoprotein bind to apoptotic cells and inhibit their phagocytosis by elicited macrophages: Evidence that oxidation-specific epitopes mediate macrophage recognition

1999 • 461 citations

Macrophage recognition of cells undergoing programmed cell death (apoptosis).

1985 • 460 citations

Uptake of apoptotic cells drives the growth of a pathogenic trypanosome in macrophages

2000 • 452 citations

Phagocyte receptors for apoptotic cells: recognition, uptake, and consequences

2001 • 427 citations

Role for the class A macrophage scavenger receptor in the phagocytosis of apoptotic thymocytes in vitro.

1996 • 427 citations

DNA-dependent protein kinase is one of a subset of autoantigens specifically cleaved early during apoptosis.

1995 • 422 citations

TGF-β Released by Apoptotic T Cells Contributes to an Immunosuppressive Milieu

2001 • 414 citations

CED-2/CrkII and CED-10/Rac control phagocytosis and cell migration in Caenorhabditis elegans

2000 • 410 citations

Dendritic cell maturation is required for the cross-tolerization of CD8+ T cells

2001 • 407 citations

Phagocyte receptors for apoptotic cells: recognition, uptake, and consequences

2001 • 394 citations

CD36 gene transfer confers capacity for phagocytosis of cells undergoing apoptosis.

1995 • 392 citations

Caspase-1 Activation of IL-1β and IL-18 Are Essential for Shigella flexneri–Induced Inflammation

2000 • 388 citations

Lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor 1 mediates phagocytosis of aged/apoptotic cells in endothelial cells

1998 • 385 citations

C. elegans phagocytosis and cell-migration protein CED-5 is similar to human DOCK180

1998 • 377 citations

Caspase 1-independent IL-1β release and inflammation induced by the apoptosis inducer Fas ligand

1998 • 377 citations

Apoptosis disables CD31-mediated cell detachment from phagocytes promoting binding and engulfment

2002 • 375 citations

αvβ5 integrin recruits the CrkII–Dock180–Rac1 complex for phagocytosis of apoptotic cells

2000 • 375 citations

Differential Effects of Apoptotic Versus Lysed Cells on Macrophage Production of Cytokines: Role of Proteases

2001 • 371 citations

Inflammatory-type responses after exposure to ionizing radiation in vivo: a mechanism for radiation-induced bystander effects?

2001 • 371 citations

Bystander apoptosis triggers dendritic cell maturation and antigen-presenting function.

1998 • 353 citations

Phagocytosis promotes programmed cell death in C. elegans

2001 • 348 citations

Transcriptional and translational regulation of inflammatory mediator production by endogenous TGF-beta in macrophages that have ingested apoptotic cells.

1999 • 338 citations

Phagocytosis of senescent neutrophils by human monocyte-derived macrophages and rabbit inflammatory macrophages.

1982 • 326 citations

A role for CD36 in the regulation of dendritic cell function

2001 • 315 citations

Phagocytosis of aged human neutrophils by macrophages is mediated by a novel "charge-sensitive" recognition mechanism.

1989 • 298 citations

Engulfment genes cooperate with ced-3 to promote cell death in Caenorhabditis elegans

2001 • 297 citations

Cutting Edge: Bystander Apoptosis Triggers Dendritic Cell Maturation and Antigen-Presenting Function

1998 • 295 citations

Immunogenicity of Apoptotic Cells In Vivo: Role of Antigen Load, Antigen-Presenting Cells, and Cytokines

1999 • 295 citations

Recognition of oxidatively damaged and apoptotic cells by an oxidized low density lipoprotein receptor on mouse peritoneal macrophages: role of membrane phosphatidylserine.

1995 • 293 citations

Glucocorticoids Promote Nonphlogistic Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Leukocytes

1999 • 292 citations

Inhibitory Effects of Apoptotic Cell Ingestion upon Endotoxin-Driven Myeloid Dendritic Cell Maturation

2002 • 285 citations

Phagocytosis of apoptotic neutrophils does not induce macrophage release of thromboxane B2

1992 • 284 citations

Transcriptional and Translational Regulation of Inflammatory Mediator Production by Endogenous TGF-β in Macrophages That Have Ingested Apoptotic Cells

1999 • 282 citations

Regulation of Interleukin-12 by Complement Receptor 3 Signaling

1997 • 280 citations

Lipoxins, Aspirin-Triggered Epi-Lipoxins, Lipoxin Stable Analogues, and the Resolution of Inflammation

2002 • 280 citations

Phagocytosis Triggers Macrophage Release of Fas Ligand and Induces Apoptosis of Bystander Leukocytes

1999 • 274 citations

Processing of engulfed apoptotic bodies yields T cell epitopes.

1997 • 267 citations

The selective engulfment of apoptotic bodies by dendritic cells is mediated by the αvβ3 integrin and requires intracellular and extracellular calcium

1997 • 262 citations

A Role for Oxidative Stress in Apoptosis: Oxidation and Externalization of Phosphatidylserine Is Required for Macrophage Clearance of Cells Undergoing Fas-Mediated Apoptosis

2002 • 260 citations

Human monocyte-derived macrophage phagocytosis of senescent eosinophils undergoing apoptosis. Mediation by alpha v beta 3/CD36/thrombospondin recognition mechanism and lack of phlogistic response.

1996 • 244 citations

Regulation of Phospholipid Scramblase Activity during Apoptosis and Cell Activation by Protein Kinase Cδ

2000 • 242 citations

Lipopolysaccharide Induces Rapid Production of IL-10 by Monocytes in the Presence of Apoptotic Neutrophils

2002 • 223 citations

Antiinflammatory Effects of CD95 Ligand (FasL)-induced Apoptosis

1998 • 220 citations

Differences between the clearance of apoptotic cells by professional and non-professional phagocytes

2000 • 214 citations

Anti-phospholipid autoantibodies bind to apoptotic, but not viable, thymocytes in a beta 2-glycoprotein I-dependent manner.

1996 • 210 citations

Surfactant Protein A Enhances Alveolar Macrophage Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Neutrophils

2001 • 209 citations

Apoptotic cell clearance in systemic lupus erythematosus: I. Opsonization by antiphospholipid antibodies

1998 • 203 citations

Anti-SSA/Ro and Anti-SSB/La Autoantibodies Bind the Surface of Apoptotic Fetal Cardiocytes and Promote Secretion of TNF-α by Macrophages

2000 • 189 citations

The clearance of apoptotic cells in the liver is mediated by the asialoglycoprotein receptor

1992 • 185 citations

Macrophage Recognition of ICAM-3 on Apoptotic Leukocytes

1999 • 183 citations

Distinct Modes of Macrophage Recognition for Apoptotic and Necrotic Cells Are Not Specified Exclusively by Phosphatidylserine Exposure

2001 • 177 citations

Requirement for Rho GTPases and PI 3-kinases during apoptotic cell phagocytosis by macrophages

2001 • 160 citations

Glucocorticoid Augmentation of Macrophage Capacity for Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells Is Associated with Reduced p130Cas Expression, Loss of Paxillin/pyk2 Phosphorylation, and High Levels of Active Rac

2001 • 159 citations

Complement binding is an early feature of necrotic and a rather late event during apoptotic cell death

2001 • 159 citations

Engulfment of apoptotic cells involves the redistribution of membrane phosphatidylserine on phagocyte and prey

1999 • 157 citations

Blebs and Apoptotic Bodies Are B Cell Autoantigens

2002 • 157 citations

Building better vaccines: how apoptotic cell death can induce inflammation and activate innate and adaptive immunity

2000 • 153 citations

CD44 regulates phagocytosis of apoptotic neutrophil granulocytes, but not apoptotic lymphocytes, by human macrophages.

1997 • 150 citations

Immune Clearance of Phosphatidylserine-expressing Cells by Phagocytes

1997 • 148 citations

Lipoxins: revelations on resolution

2001 • 145 citations

Cutting Edge: Differential Effect of Apoptotic Versus Necrotic Tumor Cells on Macrophage Antitumor Activities

1999 • 142 citations

Microglial Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Inflammatory T Cells Leads to Down-Regulation of Microglial Immune Activation

2001 • 135 citations

Human glomerular mesangial cell phagocytosis of apoptotic neutrophils: mediation by a novel CD36-independent vitronectin receptor/thrombospondin recognition mechanism that is uncoupled from chemokine secretion.

1997 • 131 citations

Cutting Edge: The Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein Is Required for Efficient Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells

2001 • 125 citations

Activated Macrophages Direct Apoptosis and Suppress Mitosis of Mesangial Cells

2000 • 123 citations

Constitutive Apoptosis in Human Neutrophils Requires Synergy between Calpains and the Proteasome Downstream of Caspases

1998 • 120 citations

Chromatin-Independent Binding of Serum Amyloid P Component to Apoptotic Cells

2001 • 119 citations

A monocyte chemotactic factor, S19 ribosomal protein dimer, in phagocytic clearance of apoptotic cells.

1998 • 116 citations

Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibodies Induce Reactive Oxygen-Dependent Dysregulation of Primed Neutrophil Apoptosis and Clearance by Macrophages

2000 • 109 citations

Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1/CD31) acts as a regulator of B-cell development, B-cell antigen receptor (BCR)–mediated activation, and autoimmune disease

2002 • 107 citations

Structural basis for autoantibody recognition of phosphatidylserine-β2 glycoprotein I and apoptotic cells

2001 • 105 citations

Nonphlogistic Clearance of Late Apoptotic Neutrophils by Macrophages: Efficient Phagocytosis Independent of β2 Integrins

2001 • 102 citations

Apoptotic Thymocyte Clearance in Scavenger Receptor Class A-Deficient Mice Is Apparently Normal

2000 • 98 citations

Production of Proinflammatory Cytokines by Phorbol Myristate Acetate-Treated THP-1 Cells and Monocyte-Derived Macrophages After Phagocytosis of Apoptotic CTLL-2 Cells

1998 • 95 citations

Dendritic cell presentation of antigens from apoptotic cells in a proinflammatory context: Role of opsonizing anti-?2-glycoprotein I antibodies

1999 • 90 citations

Evidence for a Conserved Role for CrkII and Rac in Engulfment of Apoptotic Cells

2001 • 79 citations

Deficient In Vitro and In Vivo Phagocytosis of Apoptotic T Cells by Resident Murine Alveolar Macrophages

2000 • 74 citations

CD36 Is Differentially Expressed by CD8+ Splenic Dendritic Cells But Is Not Required for Cross-Presentation In Vivo

2002 • 73 citations

CD36 or αvβ3 and αvβ5 Integrins Are Not Essential for MHC Class I Cross-Presentation of Cell-Associated Antigen by CD8α+ Murine Dendritic Cells

2002 • 63 citations

Suppression by Apoptotic Cells Defines Tumor Necrosis Factor-Mediated Induction of Glomerular Mesangial Cell Apoptosis by Activated Macrophages

2001 • 56 citations

Ultraviolet-Radiation-Induced Keratinocyte Apoptosis in C1q-Deficient Mice

2001 • 45 citations

No constitutive defect in phagocytosis of apoptotic cells by resident peritoneal macrophages from pre-morbid lupus mice

2001 • 24 citations

Unresponsiveness of Peripheral T Cells Induced by Apoptotic Bodies Derived from Autologous T Cells

1999 • 11 citations

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