Goal setting: A meta-analytic examination of the empirical evidence.

Meta-analysis in social research

1982 • 3,988 citations

Goal setting and task performance: 1969–1980.

1981 • 2,424 citations

Toward a theory of task motivation and incentives

1968 • 2,345 citations

Meta-Analysis: Cumulating Research Findings across Studies

1984 • 1,215 citations

Effect of self-efficacy, goals, and task strategies on task performance.

1984 • 906 citations

A Review of Research on the Application of Goal Setting in Organizations.

1975 • 564 citations

Joint effect of feedback and goal setting on performance: A field study of residential energy conservation.

1978 • 455 citations

Feedback: A necessary condition for the goal setting-performance relationship.

1977 • 348 citations

Type A behavior and faculty research productivity: What are the mechanisms?

1984 • 339 citations

Importance of participative goal setting and anticipated rewards on goal difficulty and job performance.

1978 • 259 citations

The role of task-goal attributes in employee performance.

1974 • 244 citations

THE IMPACT OF PARTICIPATION ON GOAL ACCEPTANCE AND PERFORMANCE: A TWO-STEP MODEL.

1985 • 239 citations

Studies of the relationship between satisfaction, goal-setting, and performance

1970 • 222 citations

Developing children's self-efficacy and skills: The roles of social comparative information and goal setting

1983 • 205 citations

Construct validation of an instrumentality-expectancy-task-goal model of work motivation: Some theoretical boundary conditions.

1973 • 198 citations

Improving job performance through training in goal setting.

1974 • 191 citations

Effects of job enrichment and task goals on satisfaction and productivity: Implications for job design.

1976 • 185 citations

Importance of supportive relationships in goal setting.

1979 • 184 citations

Effects of assigned and participative goal setting on performance and job satisfaction.

1976 • 179 citations

INTERRELATIONSHIPS AMONG EMPLOYEE PARTICIPATION, INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES, GOAL DIFFICULTY, GOAL ACCEPTANCE, GOAL INSTRUMENTALITY, AND PERFORMANCE

1978 • 178 citations

Motivation, behavior, and performance: A closer examination of goal setting and monetary incentives.

1978 • 164 citations

Effects of externally mediated goal setting on intrinsic motivation: A laboratory experiment.

1980 • 162 citations

The relationship of intentions to level of performance.

1966 • 157 citations

Effects of assigned versus participatively set goals, knowledge of results, and individual differences on employee behavior when goal difficulty is held constant.

1979 • 155 citations

Task-goal attributes, n achievement, and supervisory performance

1975 • 147 citations

Performance goals as determinants of level of performance and boredom.

1967 • 145 citations

The Motivational Effects of Participation Versus Goal Setting on Performance.

1983 • 144 citations

The motivational components of goal setting.

1976 • 137 citations

Relation of goal level to performance with a short work period and multiple goal levels.

1982 • 133 citations

Apples and Oranges: An Empirical Comparison of Commonly Used Indices of Interrater Agreement.

1983 • 132 citations

Maryland vs Michigan vs Minnesota: Another look at the relationship of expectancy and goal difficulty to task performance

1980 • 131 citations

Motivational effects of knowledge of results: Knowledge or goal setting?

1967 • 130 citations

The Effects of Goal Setting, External Feedback, and Self-Generated Feedback on Outcome Variables: A Field Experiment.

1982 • 127 citations

THE EFFECTS OF HOLDING GOAL DIFFICULTY CONSTANT ON ASSIGNED AND PARTICIPATIVELY SET GOALS.

1979 • 122 citations

Effects of goal setting and supervision on worker behavior in an industrial situation.

1973 • 118 citations

Goals and intentions as mediators of the effects of monetary incentives on behavior.

1968 • 118 citations

The effects of goal difficulty on performance: A field experiment

1966 • 115 citations

Different Goal Setting Treatment and Their Effects On Performance and Job Satisfaction.

1977 • 109 citations

Exploration of the effect of density and specificity of instructional objectives on learning from text.

1972 • 108 citations

The motivational strategies used by supervisors: Relationships to effectiveness indicators

1976 • 107 citations

Increasing productivity and decreasing time limits: A field replication of Parkinson's law.

1975 • 102 citations

Effects of deficient reporting on meta-analysis: A conceptual framework and reanalysis.

1985 • 101 citations

Goal setting, evaluation apprehension, and social cues as determinants of job performance and job satisfaction in a simulated organization.

1977 • 100 citations

THE EFFECTS OF SELF‐SET, PARTICIPATIVELY SET AND ASSIGNED GOALS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF GOVERNMENT EMPLOYEES

1982 • 96 citations

Cognitive aspects of psychomotor performance: The effects of performance goals on level of performance.

1966 • 95 citations

Influence of ability, assigned goals, and normative information on personal goals and performance: A challenge to the goal attainability assumption.

1983 • 95 citations

Parkinson's Law as a goal-setting phenomenon

1967 • 93 citations

Effect of previously assigned goals on self-set goals and performance.

1984 • 93 citations

Effects of assigned goal level and knowledge of results on arithmetic computation: A laboratory study.

1978 • 84 citations

Explaining performance variability: Contributions of goal setting, task characteristics, and evaluative contexts.

1982 • 81 citations

THE EFFECTS OF PARTICIPATION AND GOAL DIFFICULTY ON PERFORMANCE

1982 • 76 citations

CHARACTERISTICS OF EFFECTIVE EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE REVIEW AND DEVELOPMENT INTERVIEWS¹

1969 • 75 citations

The interaction of social influences and task experience on goals, performance, and performance satisfaction

1981 • 71 citations

Knowledge of score and goal level as determinants of work rate.

1969 • 71 citations

Joint effects of assigned goal level and incentive structure on task performance: A laboratory study.

1981 • 71 citations

Utilizing Feedback and Goal Setting to Increase Performance Appraisal Interviewer Skills of Managers.

1979 • 70 citations

Influence of achievement need on goal setting, performance, and feedback effectiveness.

1982 • 61 citations

Goal setting and the task process

1976 • 60 citations

Goal setting, performance and satisfaction in an interdependent task

1974 • 59 citations

The Effects of Goal-Setting, Rule-Learning, and Knowledge of Score on Performance

1966 • 58 citations

A study of the effects of task goal and schedule choice on work performance

1979 • 51 citations

Goal levels and task performance: A compelling replication of some compelling results.

1982 • 50 citations

Goal setting: The effects on an academic task with varying magnitudes of incentive.

1977 • 49 citations

Instructional objectives as directions to learners: Effect of passage length and amount of objective-relevant content.

1974 • 48 citations

A Study of Task-Goal Attributes, Higher Order Need Strength, and Performance.

1977 • 48 citations

Effects of goal setting and commitment on increasing metal recycling.

1982 • 47 citations

THE IMPORTANCE OF UNION ACCEPTANCE FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT THROUGH GOAL SETTING

1982 • 47 citations

A laboratory study of the effects of goal specificity on the relationship between probability of success and performance.

1978 • 47 citations

Relationship of Goal Level to Performance Level

1967 • 38 citations

Validating an in-basket test using an alternative set of leadership scoring dimensions.

1976 • 38 citations

Intentional vs arousal effects of goal-setting

1977 • 35 citations

A two-factor model of the effect of goal-descriptive directions on learning from text.

1975 • 30 citations

Education as a moderator of goal setting effectiveness

1977 • 28 citations

Effectiveness of Goal Setting as a Management Device: Research Note

1969 • 28 citations

Goal setting interview skills training: Simulated and on-the-job analyses.

1981 • 27 citations

Effects of an Organizational Control System on Managerial Satisfaction and Performance

1981 • 21 citations

An evaluation of level of aspiration as a training procedure

1964 • 20 citations

THE IMPACT OF GOAL SETTING ON SURVEY RETURNS.

1980 • 15 citations

The Effects of Challenging Goal Instructions Upon Goal Setting and Performance on a Reaction-Time Task

1981 • 9 citations

Effects of Manipulated Status on Performance, Goal Setting, Achievement Motivation, Anxiety, and Fear of Success

1980 • 9 citations

Collaborative Goal Setting in Performance Appraisal: A Field Experiment

1978 • 8 citations

The Effects of Locus of Control and Goal Setting on Persistence at a Learning Task.

1975 • 7 citations

The effects of norms and self-reward on goal setting and subsequent behavior

1981 • 4 citations

Dyadic goal setting : a longitudinal study of behavioral consensus, role dynamics, and goal consensus among managers and their subordinates

1977 • 1 citations