The endothelin system in septic and endotoxin shock

A novel potent vasoconstrictor peptide produced by vascular endothelial cells

1988 • 10,786 citations

Cloning and expression of a cDNA encoding an endothelin receptor

1990 • 2,590 citations

The human endothelin family: three structurally and pharmacologically distinct isopeptides predicted by three separate genes.

1989 • 2,551 citations

Cloning of a cDNA encoding a non-isopeptide-selective subtype of the endothelin receptor

1990 • 2,432 citations

The Natural History of the Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS)

1995 • 2,007 citations

Expression of Endothelin-1 in the Lungs of Patients with Pulmonary Hypertension

1993 • 1,829 citations

Endothelins: molecular biology, biochemistry, pharmacology, physiology, and pathophysiology.

1994 • 1,631 citations

Pressor effects of circulating endothelin are limited by its removal in the pulmonary circulation and by the release of prostacyclin and endothelium-derived relaxing factor.

1988 • 1,417 citations

Release of endothelin from the porcine aorta. Inhibition by endothelium-derived nitric oxide.

1990 • 1,066 citations

Increased Plasma Endothelin-1 in Pulmonary Hypertension: Marker or Mediator of Disease?

1991 • 983 citations

ECE-1: A membrane-bound metalloprotease that catalyzes the proteolytic activation of big endothelin-1

1994 • 932 citations

Yearbook of Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine 2002

2002 • 883 citations

Tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 1beta are responsible for in vitro myocardial cell depression induced by human septic shock serum.

1996 • 770 citations

Hypoxia induces endothelin gene expression and secretion in cultured human endothelium.

1991 • 691 citations

Anti-inflammatory therapies to treat sepsis and septic shock

1997 • 656 citations

Plasma endothelin correlates with the extent of pulmonary hypertension in patients with chronic congestive heart failure.

1992 • 653 citations

Polar secretion of endothelin-1 by cultured endothelial cells.

1992 • 650 citations

Contribution of endogenous generation of endothelin-1 to basal vascular tone

1994 • 588 citations

The Effect of an Endothelin-Receptor Antagonist, Bosentan, on Blood Pressure in Patients with Essential Hypertension

1998 • 559 citations

Microcirculatory oxygenation and shunting in sepsis and shock

1999 • 536 citations

Both ETA and ETB receptors mediate contraction to endothelin-1 in human blood vessels.

1994 • 521 citations

Endothelin-converting Enzyme-2 Is a Membrane-bound, Phosphoramidon-sensitive Metalloprotease with Acidic pH Optimum

1995 • 496 citations

Hemodynamic shear stress stimulates endothelin production by cultured endothelial cells

1989 • 496 citations

Endothelins, peptides with potent vasoactive properties, are produced by human macrophages.

1990 • 462 citations

Transforming growth factor-β stimulates the expression of endothelin mRNA by vascular endothelial cells

1989 • 420 citations

Coronary hemodynamics and myocardial metabolism of lactate, free fatty acids, glucose, and ketones in patients with septic shock.

1987 • 370 citations

Endothelin 1, an endothelium-derived peptide, is expressed in neurons of the human spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia.

1989 • 349 citations

Positive inotropic action of novel vasoconstrictor peptide endothelin on guinea pig atria

1988 • 347 citations

The natural history of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). A prospective study

1995 • 345 citations

Secretory mechanism of immunoreactive endothelin in cultured bovine endothelial cells

1989 • 304 citations

Transcriptional regulation of the endothelin-1 gene by TNF-alpha

1992 • 292 citations

Short-Term Oral Endothelin-Receptor Antagonist Therapy in Conventionally Treated Patients With Symptomatic Severe Chronic Heart Failure

1998 • 292 citations

Pulmonary clearance of circulating endothelin-1 in dogs in vivo: exclusive role of ET_Breceptors

1996 • 286 citations

Cardiovascular, renal, and endocrine responses to intravenous endothelin in conscious dogs

1988 • 279 citations

Endotoxin stimulates endothelin-release in vivo and in vitro as determined by radioimmunoassay

1989 • 265 citations

Characterization and localization of endothelin receptor subtypes in the human atrioventricular conducting system and myocardium.

1993 • 262 citations

The acute respiratory distress syndrome: Definitions, severity and clinical outcome An analysis of 101 clinical investigations

1996 • 246 citations

A specific endothelin subtype A receptor antagonist protects against injury in renal disease progression

1993 • 236 citations

Myocardial cell injury in septic shock

1999 • 231 citations

Elevated Plasma Endothelin-1 Concentrations Are Associated with the Severity of Illness in Patients with Sepsis

1991 • 227 citations

Inducibleendothelin mRNA expression and peptide secretion in cultured human vascular smooth muscle cells

1990 • 210 citations

Positive chronotropic effects of endothelin, a novel endothelium-derived vasoconstrictor peptide

1988 • 203 citations

Effect of endothelin-1 on neutrophil adhesion to endothelial cells and perfused heart.

1993 • 198 citations

An open-label dose escalation study of the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, NG-methyl-L-arginine hydrochloride (546C88), in patients with septic shock

1999 • 196 citations

Levels of endothelin in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of patients with symptomatic asthma and reversible airflow obstruction

1991 • 194 citations

Endothelin has biological actions at pathophysiological concentrations.

1991 • 191 citations

Endothelin-1 Is Produced and Secreted by Neonatal Rat Cardiac Myocytes in Vitro

1993 • 189 citations

Conversion of Big Endothelin-1 to 21-Residue Endothelin-1 Is Essential for Expression of Full Vasoconstrictor Activity

1989 • 184 citations

Formation of endothelin by cultured airway epithelial cells

1989 • 180 citations

Cytopathic hypoxia in sepsis

1997 • 170 citations

BQ-123, a peptidic endothelin ETA receptor antagonist, prevents the early cerebral vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage after intracisternal but not intravenous injection

1993 • 163 citations

Endothelin ET_A and ET_B mRNA and receptors expressed by smooth muscle in the human vasculature: majority of the ET_A sub‐type

1995 • 160 citations

Endothelin-1 in Acute Lung Injury and the Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome

1993 • 158 citations

Endothelin induction of adhesion molecule expression on human brain microvascular endothelial cells

1993 • 150 citations

The Fate of Radioiodinated Endothelin-1 and Endothelin-3 in the Rat

1989 • 149 citations

Protective effect of a selective endothelin receptor antagonist, BQ-123, in ischemic acute renal failure in rats

1992 • 143 citations

Specific Binding of Endothelin on Human Bronchial Smooth Muscle Cells in Culture and Secretion of Endothelin-like Material from Bronchial Epithelial Cells

1990 • 140 citations

Pharmacology of tezosentan, new endothelin receptor antagonist designed for parenteral use.

1999 • 139 citations

Elevated plasma levels of endothelin in patients with sepsis syndrome.

1991 • 137 citations

Distribution of Endothelin-like Immunoreactivity and mRNA in the Developing and Adult Human Lung

1991 • 136 citations

Heterogeneity of gut capillary transit times and impaired gut oxygen extraction in endotoxemic pigs

1996 • 134 citations

Paracrine effects of endocardial endothelial cells on myocyte contraction mediated via endothelin

1993 • 125 citations

Vessel- and target cell-specific actions of endothelin-1 and endothelin-3 in rat liver

1995 • 122 citations

Endothelin in the gastrointestinal tract

1990 • 121 citations

Endothelin-1 inhibits AVP-stimulated osmotic water permeability in rat inner medullary collecting duct

1991 • 120 citations

Endothelin ETA- and ETB-Receptor-Mediated Vasoconstriction in Rat Pulmonary Arteries and Arterioles

1994 • 119 citations

Tissue specific distribution, clearance and vascular effects of endothelin in the pig

1989 • 110 citations

Acute pro‐inflammatory actions of endothelin‐1 in the guinea‐pig lung: involvement of ET_A and ET_B receptors

1995 • 108 citations

Endothelin-1 in Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome

1993 • 107 citations

Reactive oxygen species modulate endothelin-I-induced c-fos gene expression in cardiomyocytes

1999 • 106 citations

Activation of endothelin ET_A receptors masks the constrictor role of endothelin ET_B receptors in rat isolated small mesenteric arteries

1997 • 105 citations

Effects of separate and combined ETA and ETB blockade on ET-1-induced constriction in perfused rat lungs

1995 • 103 citations

POTENTIAL ROLES FOR ENDOTHELINS IN SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE SYNDROME WITH A PARTICULAR RELATIONSHIP TO CYTOKINES

1996 • 102 citations

Endothelin-induced Endocytosis of Cell Surface ET @! Receptors

1995 • 102 citations

Regulation of endothelin-1 synthesis in cultured guinea pig airway epithelial cells by various cytokines

1992 • 99 citations

Production of Endothelin-1 in Vascular Endothelial Cells Is Regulated by Factors Associated with Vascular Injury

1992 • 98 citations

Endothelin-1 enhances vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression in tumor necrosis factor α-stimulated vascular endothelial cells

1999 • 95 citations

Synergistic inhibition by BQ‐123 and BQ‐788 of endothelin‐1‐induced contractions of the rabbit pulmonary artery

1994 • 95 citations

Endothelin Receptor Antagonism

1995 • 91 citations

Plasma endothelin-1 in acute myocardial infarction with heart failure

1993 • 89 citations

Lethal ischemia due to intracoronary endothelin in pigs

1989 • 89 citations

Receptor externalization determines sustained contractile responses to endothelin-1 in the rat aorta

1993 • 88 citations

Tone-dependent responses to endothelin in the isolated perfused fetal sheep pulmonary circulation in situ

1991 • 88 citations

Endothelin Receptor Subtype B Mediates Autoinduction of Endothelin-1 in Rat Mesangial Cells

1995 • 85 citations

Endothelins belong to the assortment of mast cell-derived and mast cell-bound cytokines.

1992 • 84 citations

Myocardial Dysfunction in Sepsis

1989 • 84 citations

Reactivity of endothelin-1 on human and canine large veins compared with large arteries in vitro

1989 • 79 citations

Long-lasting vasoconstriction and efficient regional extraction of endothelin-1 in human splanchnic and renal tissues

1991 • 76 citations

Enhancement by endothelin‐1 of microvascular permeability via the activation of ET_A receptors

1993 • 72 citations

Differences in vascular effects and removal of endothelin‐1 in human lung, brain, and skeletal muscle,

1993 • 72 citations

Regional Hemodynamic Effects and Clearance of Endothelin-1 in Humans

1992 • 72 citations

Bosentan‐improved cardiopulmonary vascular performance and increased plasma levels of endothelin‐1 in porcine endotoxin shock

1996 • 68 citations

Biochemical and functional characterization of endothelin peptides with special reference to vascular effects.

1991 • 68 citations

Role of endothelin 1 in hemorrhagic shock-induced gastric mucosal injury in rats

1994 • 66 citations

Molecular Characterization of a Novel Human Endothelin Receptor Splice Variant

1996 • 65 citations

Cardiopulmonary effects of endothelin-1 in man

1997 • 64 citations

A time-dependent balance between endothelins and nitric oxide regulating portal resistance after endotoxin

1996 • 63 citations

Leukocytes and decreased left-ventricular contractility during endotoxemia in rabbits.

1997 • 60 citations

Expression of Endothelin Peptides and Mrna in the Human Heart

1996 • 60 citations

Endotoxin pretreatment enhances portal venous contractile response to endothelin-1

1996 • 56 citations

Improvement of renal dysfunction in dogs with endotoxemia 0000by a nonselective endothelin receptor antagonist

1999 • 55 citations

Increased plasma levels of endothelin‐like immunoreactivity during endotoxin administration in the pig

1989 • 54 citations

The Endothelins in the Pulmonary System

1996 • 54 citations

The contribution of tumour necrosis factor‐α and endothelin‐1 to the increase of coronary resistance in hearts from rats treated with endotoxin

1995 • 53 citations

Effects of the endothelin receptor antagonist, SB 209670, on circulatory failure and organ injury in endotoxic shock in the anaesthetized rat

1996 • 53 citations

CARDIOPULMONARY DYSFUNCTION DURING PORCINE ENDOTOXIN SHOCK IS EFFECTIVELY COUNTERACTED BY THE ENDOTHELIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST BOSENTAN

1997 • 52 citations

The endothelin receptor antagonist bosentan restores gut oxygen delivery and reverses intestinal mucosal acidosis in porcine endotoxin shock

1998 • 49 citations

Pathophysiologic role of endothelin-1 in renal function in rats with endotoxin shock.

1994 • 48 citations

Alternations in liver hemodynamics in an intact porcine model of endotoxin shock

1995 • 48 citations

Mechanism of action of endothelin in rat cardiac muscle: cross‐bridge kinetics and myosin light chain phosphorylation

1997 • 48 citations

Prolonged leukocyte transit time in coronary microcirculation of endotoxemic pigs

1995 • 48 citations

Functional role of endothelin ETA and ETB receptors in venous and arterial smooth muscle

1995 • 47 citations

Endothelin-1-induced increases in microvascular permeability in isolated, perfused rat lungs requires leukocytes and plasma.

1993 • 46 citations

The endothelin receptor antagonist, bosentan, in combination with the cyclooxygenase inhibitor, diclofenac, counteracts pulmonary hypertension in porcine endotoxin shock

1997 • 45 citations

Physiologic and pathophysiologic roles of endothelin in the kidney

1994 • 44 citations

New approaches to acute lung injury

1996 • 44 citations

Effect of selective blockade of endothelin ET_B receptors on the liver dysfunction and injury caused by endotoxaemia in the rat

1996 • 44 citations

Endothelins Mediate Intestinal Hypoperfusion during Bacteremia

1993 • 43 citations

The effects of bosentan, aminoguanidine and l-canavanine on mesenteric blood flow, spleen and liver in endotoxaemic mice

1999 • 42 citations

The distribution and density of receptor subtypes for endothelin‐1 in peripheral lung of the rat, guinea‐pig and pig

1996 • 42 citations

Tissue Expression of Endothelin-1 mRNA in Endotoxaemia

1996 • 42 citations

Endothelin-Mediated Positive Inotropic Effect Induced by Reactive Oxygen Species in Isolated Cardiac Muscle

1995 • 41 citations

ENDOTHELIN-1 AS A REGULATOR OF HEPATIC MICROCIRCULATION

1994 • 41 citations

Endothelin-1 induces liver vasoconstriction through both ETA and ETB receptors

1997 • 41 citations

Endothelin causes portal and pulmonary hypertension in porcine endotoxemic shock

1997 • 40 citations

Endothelin-1 in the gastric mucosa in stress ulcers of critically ill patients.

1997 • 39 citations

Enhancement of the hypotensive and vasodilator effects of endotoxaemia in conscious rats by the endothelin antagonist, SB 209670

1995 • 39 citations

Coexpression Studies with Endothelin Receptor Subtypes Indicate the Existence of Intracellular Cross-Talk between ETA and ETB Receptors

1997 • 39 citations

Effects on haemodynamics by selective endothelin ETB receptor and combined endothelin ETA/ETB receptor antagonism during endotoxin shock

1999 • 38 citations

An orally active non-selective endothelin receptor antagonist, bosentan, markedly reduces injury in a rat model of colitis

1996 • 38 citations

Roles of ET-1 in endotoxin-induced microcirculatory disturbance in rat small intestine

1996 • 37 citations

Endothelin-1 as an aggravating factor of disseminated intravascular coagulation associated with malignant neoplasms

1994 • 37 citations

The endothelin A receptor antagonist LU 135252 protects the myocardium from neutrophil injury during ischaemia/reperfusion

1998 • 36 citations

Effects of endothelin on hemodynamics, prostaglandins, blood coagulation and renal function

1995 • 36 citations

Endotoxin stimulates lymphocyte-endothelial interactions in rat intestinal Peyer's patches and villus mucosa

1996 • 35 citations

Left ventricular function during lethal and sublethal endotoxemia in swine

1986 • 34 citations

Actions and interactions of endothelins, prostacyclin and nitric oxide in the gastric mucosa.

1993 • 34 citations

Gastric ulcer induced by submucosal injection of ET-1: role of potent vasoconstriction and intraluminal acid

1993 • 33 citations

Ibuprofen attenuates plasma tumor necrosis factor activity during sepsis-induced acute lung injury

1991 • 33 citations

Negative chronotropic and inotropic effects of endothelin isopeptides in mammalian cardiac muscle

1997 • 31 citations

Endothelin A—receptor blockade worsens endotoxin-induced hepatic microcirculatory changes and necrosis

1998 • 29 citations

Inhibitory effects of diclofenac on the endotoxin shock response in relation to endothelin turnover in the pig

1995 • 28 citations

Blocking of the Endothelin System: The Development of Receptor Antagonists

1998 • 28 citations

ENDOTHELIN (ET)-1 INDUCED MUCOSAL DAMAGE IN THE RAT SMALL INTESTINE

1998 • 28 citations

Endothelin<SUB>A</SUB>-receptor antagonism attenuates pulmonary hypertension in porcine endotoxin shock

1999 • 28 citations

Role of endogenous endothelin-1 in stress-induced gastric mucosal damage and acid secretion in rats

1998 • 27 citations

Role of Endogenous Endothelin in Gastric Mucosal Injury Induced by Hemorrhagic Shock in Rats

1995 • 27 citations

Differentiated effects on splanchnic homeostasis by selective and non‐selective endothelin receptor antagonism in porcine endotoxaemia

1999 • 26 citations

Inhibitory effects of TAK‐044 on endothelin induced vasoconstriction in various canine arteries and porcine coronary arteries: a comparison with selective ET_A and ET_B receptor antagonists

1997 • 25 citations

Role of endothelin in disseminated intravascular coagulation

1992 • 25 citations

Cardiovascular and Renal Actions of the EndothelinB Receptor in Pigs

1997 • 24 citations

Endothelin in the pulmonary circulation with special reference to hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction.

1997 • 23 citations

Blood levels of endothelin-1 and thrombomodulin in patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation and sepsis.

1995 • 23 citations

Endothelin B receptor-mediated vasoconstriction induced by endothelin A receptor antagonist

1998 • 22 citations

Endothelin production in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells—Modulation by the atrial, brain, and C-type natriuretic peptide system

1997 • 20 citations

Pharmacological heterogeneity of constrictions mediated by endothelin receptors in rat pulmonary arteries

1997 • 20 citations

Endothelin-1-induced contraction of pulmonary arteries from endotoxemic rats is attenuated by the endothelin-A receptor antagonist, BQ123

1996 • 19 citations

Bosentan, a novel synthetic mixed-type endothelin receptor antagonist, attenuates acute gastric mucosal lesions induced by indomethacin and HCl in the rat: Role of endogenous endothelin-1

1997 • 19 citations

Porcine intrinsic pulmonary and systemic vascular tone is endothelin‐dependent

1994 • 18 citations

Pathologic Role of Endothelin-1 in Septic Shock

1998 • 18 citations

Hepatic sinusoidal cells and sinusoidal circulation

1995 • 18 citations

The effects of coronary vasodilatation on cardiac performance during endotoxin shock.

1976 • 18 citations

Hepatoprotective Effect of a Nonselective Endothelin Receptor Antagonist (TAK-044) in the Transplanted Liver

1997 • 17 citations

Endothelin-1 expression in the small intestine during chronic peritonitis.

1995 • 16 citations

Thromboxane A2-Receptor Blockade and Prostacyclin in Porcine Escherichia coli Shock

1989 • 16 citations

Heterogeneity of Endothelin-B Receptors in Rabbit Pulmonary Resistance Arteries

1998 • 15 citations

Effects of antiendothelin treatment on the early hemodynamic changes in hyperdynamic endotoxemia.

1997 • 15 citations

In Vivo Hemodynamic and Inotropic Effects of the EndothelinB Agonist IRL 1620

1995 • 14 citations

ENDOTHELIN-1 INDUCES ENDOTHELIAL BARRIER FAILURE IN THE CAT HINDLIMB

1999 • 14 citations

Nitric oxide, myocardial failure and septic shock

1995 • 13 citations

ET-3 is extracted by and induces potent vasoconstriction in human splanchnic and renal vasculatures

1995 • 12 citations

Increase in immunoreactivity to endothelin-1 in the mucosal vasculature and epithelium of the large intestine during chronic hypoxia.

1994 • 12 citations

Endothelin 1 aggravates acute liver injury in perfused livers of rats after treatment withd -galactosamine

1998 • 11 citations

The role of endothelin in radiocontrast nephropathy

1997 • 11 citations

Expression and cellular location of endothelin-1 mRNA in rat liver following endotoxemia.

1997 • 11 citations

Clinical Trials of Novel Therapeutic Agents: Why did they fail?

1995 • 11 citations

Distinct Endothelin-B Receptors Mediate the Effects of Sarafotoxin S6c and IRL1620 in the Ileum

1998 • 11 citations

Hemodynamic and Inotropic Effects of the Endothelin A Antagonist BQ-610 In Vivo

1998 • 10 citations

ENDOTHELIN‐3‐INDUCED MICROVASCULAR INCOMPETENCE AND MITOCHONDRIAL DAMAGE IN RAT MYOCARDIUM

1992 • 10 citations

Role of endothelin-1 in the activation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes.

1997 • 9 citations

Effects of dobutamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine on intramucosal pH and hemodynamics of dogs during endotoxic shock.

1998 • 9 citations

Potential Pathophysiologic Role of Endothelin-1 in Canine Pericardial Fluid

1998 • 8 citations

Endotoxin versus bacteremia: a comparison focusing on clinical relevance.

1995 • 7 citations

Role of Endothelin in Acute Renal Failure

1997 • 6 citations

Effects of coronary vasodilation on cardiac performance during endotoxin shock

1975 • 5 citations

Effects of Neutral Endopeptidase Inhibition on the Clearance of Exogenously Administered Endothelin in Sprague-Dawley Rats

1993 • 5 citations

Splanchnic organ homeostasis in experimental endotoxin shock : with special reference to the endothelin and renin-angiotensin systems

1999 • 3 citations

Effects of endothelin-1 on bacterial clearancein rabbits

1999 • 3 citations

The C‐terminal fragment of big endothelin‐1 does not potentiate the vasoactive effects of endothelin‐1

1998 • 2 citations

Effects of endothelin-1 on bacterial clearance in rabbits

1999 • 2 citations

Effect of endothelin-1 on some hemostatic parameters in normotensive rats.

1996 • 2 citations

The endothelin system and cardiopulmonary dysfunction in porcine endotoxin shock

1999 • 1 citations