Granzymes and Apoptosis: Targeting the Cell Cycle

Cell Death: The Significance of Apoptosis

1980 • 7,281 citations

The polypeptide encoded by the cDNA for human cell surface antigen Fas can mediate apoptosis

1991 • 2,815 citations

Social controls on cell survival and cell death

1992 • 2,641 citations

Molecular cloning and expression of the fas ligand, a novel member of the tumor necrosis factor family

1993 • 2,546 citations

The C. elegans cell death gene ced-3 encodes a protein similar to mammalian interleukin-1β-converting enzyme

1993 • 2,484 citations

Cyclin is degraded by the ubiquitin pathway

1991 • 2,355 citations

Mechanisms and Functions of Cell Death

1991 • 2,061 citations

Mammalian G1 cyclins

1993 • 1,990 citations

Cytotoxicity mediated by T cells and natural killer cells is greatly impaired in perforin-deficient mice

1994 • 1,772 citations

Chromatin cleavage in apoptosis: Association with condensed chromatin morphology and dependence on macromolecular synthesis

1984 • 1,586 citations

Cyclin: A protein specified by maternal mRNA in sea urchin eggs that is destroyed at each cleavage division

1983 • 1,506 citations

Induction of apoptosis in fibroblasts by IL-1β-converting enzyme, a mammalian homolog of the C. elegans cell death gene ced-3

1993 • 1,387 citations

ANIMAL CELL CYCLES AND THEIR CONTROL

1992 • 1,239 citations

Tyrosine phosphorylation of the fission yeast cdc2+ protein kinase regulates entry into mitosis

1989 • 1,237 citations

[2] Protein kinase catalytic domain sequence database: Identification of conserved features of primary structure and classification of family members

1991 • 1,225 citations

Complementation used to clone a human homologue of the fission yeast cell cycle control gene cdc2

1987 • 1,153 citations

Apoptotic death in epithelial cells: cleavage of DNA to 300 and/or 50 kb fragments prior to or in the absence of internucleosomal fragmentation.

1993 • 1,144 citations

The role of cyclin synthesis and degradation in the control of maturation promoting factor activity

1989 • 1,114 citations

Apoptosis and Programmed Cell Death in Immunity

1992 • 1,105 citations

Distinct Roles for Cyclin-Dependent Kinases in Cell Cycle Control

1993 • 1,096 citations

D type cyclins associate with multiple protein kinases and the DNA replication and repair factor PCNA

1992 • 1,023 citations

Viral inhibition of inflammation: Cowpox virus encodes an inhibitor of the interleukin-1β converting enzyme

1992 • 981 citations

A family of human cdc2-related protein kinases.

1992 • 928 citations

Molecular regulation of apoptosis: Genetic controls on cell death

1993 • 923 citations

Identification and properties of an atypical catalytic subunit (p34PSK-J3/cdk4) for mammalian D type G1 cyclins

1992 • 906 citations

cdc25 is a specific tyrosine phosphatase that directly activates p34cdc2

1991 • 870 citations

Human cyclins A and B1 are differentially located in the cell and undergo cell cycle-dependent nuclear transport.

1991 • 858 citations

Role of Ca2+ in toxic cell killing

1989 • 856 citations

Cytotoxic lymphocytes require granzyme B for the rapid induction of DNA fragmentation and apoptosis in allogeneic target cells

1994 • 844 citations

Structure and mechanism of interleukin-lβ converting enzyme

1994 • 842 citations

Fas involvement in Ca(2+)-independent T cell-mediated cytotoxicity.

1993 • 801 citations

Activation of cdc2 protein kinase during mitosis in human cells: Cell cycle-dependent phosphorylation and subunit rearrangement

1988 • 786 citations

In vitro disassembly of the nuclear lamina and M phase-specific phosphorylation of lamins by cdc2 kinase

1990 • 783 citations

Bcl-2 blocks apoptosis in cells lacking mitochondrial DNA

1993 • 758 citations

Human cyclin A is adenovirus E1A-associated protein p60 and behaves differently from cyclin B

1990 • 730 citations

Inactivation of the p34 ^cdc2 -Cyclin B Complex by the Human WEE1 Tyrosine Kinase

1992 • 688 citations

mik1 and wee1 cooperate in the inhibitory tyrosine phosphorylation of cdc2

1991 • 688 citations

Key morphological features of apoptosis may occur in the absence of internucleosomal DNA fragmentation

1992 • 685 citations

Phosphorylation and activation of human cdc25-C by cdc2--cyclin B and its involvement in the self-amplification of MPF at mitosis.

1993 • 675 citations

Cyclin is a component of maturation-promoting factor from Xenopus

1990 • 674 citations

cdc2 protein kinase is complexed with both cyclin A and B: Evidence for proteolytic inactivation of MPF

1989 • 666 citations

Mutations of phosphorylation sites in lamin A that prevent nuclear lamina disassembly in mitosis

1990 • 642 citations

Prevention of Vertebrate Neuronal Death by the crmA Gene

1994 • 618 citations

Endogenous endonuclease-induced DNA fragmentation: an early event in cell-mediated cytolysis.

1983 • 616 citations

Mechanism of Lymphocyte-Mediated Cytotoxicity

1985 • 602 citations

The cdc25 protein contains an intrinsic phosphatase activity

1991 • 595 citations

Dephosphorylation and activation of a p34cdc2/cyclin B complex in vitro by human CDC25 protein

1991 • 579 citations

Analysis of cell cycle-related gene expression in postmitotic neurons: Selective induction of cyclin D1 during programmed cell death

1994 • 576 citations

Premature p34 ^cdc2 Activation Required for Apoptosis

1994 • 568 citations

Crystal structure of the cysteine protease interleukin-1β-converting enzyme: A (p20/p10)2 homodimer

1994 • 567 citations

Do all programmed cell deaths occur via apoptosis?

1993 • 545 citations

Extracellular signal-regulated kinases: ERKs in progress.

1991 • 519 citations

Regulatory phosphorylation of the p34cdc2 protein kinase in vertebrates.

1991 • 502 citations

Evidence that the G1-S and G2-M transitions are controlled by different cdc2 proteins in higher eukaryotes

1991 • 493 citations

Human Wee1 kinase inhibits cell division by phosphorylating p34cdc2 exclusively on Tyr15.

1993 • 475 citations

Phosphorylation at Thr167 is required for Schizosaccharomyces pombe p34cdc2 function.

1991 • 459 citations

Cell Death Mechanisms and the Immune System

1991 • 459 citations

Role of phosphorylation in p34cdc2 activation: identification of an activating kinase.

1992 • 459 citations

Human wee1 maintains mitotic timing by protecting the nucleus from cytoplasmically activated cdc2 kinase

1993 • 456 citations

Purification of three cytotoxic lymphocyte granule serine proteases that induce apoptosis through distinct substrate and target cell interactions.

1992 • 447 citations

Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases: take your partners

1993 • 441 citations

Regulation of the cdc25 protein during the cell cycle in Xenopus extracts

1992 • 430 citations

Identification of cell cycle-regulated phosphorylation sites on nuclear lamin C

1990 • 425 citations

Dexamethasone-induced apoptosis involves cleavage of DNA to large fragments prior to internucleosomal fragmentation.

1993 • 419 citations

Isolation and biochemical and functional characterization of perforin 1 from cytolytic T-cell granules.

1985 • 398 citations

Programmed cell death, apoptosis and killer genes

1993 • 396 citations

A family of serine esterases in lytic granules of cytolytic T lymphocytes

1987 • 393 citations

The MO15 gene encodes the catalytic subunit of a protein kinase that activates cdc2 and other cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) through phosphorylation of Thr161 and its homologues.

1993 • 391 citations

A polyadenylate binding protein localized to the granules of cytolytic lymphocytes induces DNA fragmentation in target cells

1991 • 381 citations

A natural killer cell granule protein that induces DNA fragmentation and apoptosis.

1992 • 379 citations

The cdc2-related protein p40MO15 is the catalytic subunit of a protein kinase that can activate p33cdk2 and p34cdc2.

1993 • 377 citations

Activation of cyclin A-dependent protein kinases during apoptosis.

1994 • 352 citations

Human homolog of fission yeast cdc25 mitotic inducer is predominantly expressed in G2.

1990 • 352 citations

Identification of major nucleolar proteins as candidate mitotic substrates of cdc2 kinase

1990 • 344 citations

p80cdc25 mitotic inducer is the tyrosine phosphatase that activates p34cdc2 kinase in fission yeast.

1991 • 342 citations

MAP kinase by any other name smells just as sweet

1992 • 341 citations

cdc2 phosphorylation is required for its interaction with cyclin.

1991 • 338 citations

Cytolytic activity of purified cytoplasmic granules from cytotoxic rat large granular lymphocyte tumors.

1984 • 337 citations

Intermediate filament reorganization during mitosis is mediated by p34cdc2 phosphorylation of vimentin

1990 • 328 citations

Cell Cycle Regulation in the Yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe

1991 • 326 citations

CAK, the p34cdc2 activating kinase, contains a protein identical or closely related to p40MO15.

1993 • 326 citations

IL-1-converting enzyme requires aspartic acid residues for processing of the IL-1 beta precursor at two distinct sites and does not cleave 31-kDa IL-1 alpha.

1991 • 324 citations

A novel serine esterase expressed by cytotoxic T lymphocytes

1985 • 319 citations

Purified maturation promoting factor phosphorylates pp60c-src at the sites phosphorylated during fibroblast mitosis

1989 • 319 citations

Mutations of p34cdc2 phosphorylation sites induce premature mitotic events in HeLa cells: evidence for a double block to p34cdc2 kinase activation in vertebrates.

1991 • 318 citations

Periodic changes in phosphorylation of the Xenopus cdc25 phosphatase regulate its activity.

1992 • 294 citations

Elimination of cdc2 phosphorylation sites in the cdc25 phosphatase blocks initiation of M-phase.

1993 • 291 citations

A Central Role of Perforin in Cytolysis?

1991 • 288 citations

Mammalian growth-associated H1 histone kinase: a homolog of cdc2+/CDC28 protein kinases controlling mitotic entry in yeast and frog cells.

1989 • 265 citations

Human and murine cytotoxic T lymphocyte serine proteases: subsite mapping with peptide thioester substrates and inhibition of enzyme activity and cytolysis by isocoumarins

1991 • 255 citations

Cloning of a cDNA for a T Cell-Specific Serine Protease from a Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte

1986 • 247 citations

Novel Serine Proteases Encoded by Two Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte-Specific Genes

1986 • 246 citations

Cytotoxicity with target DNA breakdown by rat basophilic leukemia cells expressing both cytolysin and granzyme A

1992 • 243 citations

Serine esterase in cytolytic T lymphocytes

1986 • 240 citations

Targets of cyclin-dependent protein kinases

1993 • 240 citations

Mitosis-specific phosphorylation of p60c-src by p34cdc2-associated protein kinase

1989 • 239 citations

Purification and characterization of a novel proline-directed protein kinase from bovine brain.

1992 • 238 citations

Sequential activation and lethal hit measured by [Ca2+]i in individual cytolytic T cells and targets.

1987 • 231 citations

Internal Disintegration Model of Cytotoxic Lymphocyte-Induced Target Damage

1983 • 225 citations

Genome digestion is a dispensable consequence of physiological cell death mediated by cytotoxic T lymphocytes.

1992 • 225 citations

Delayed internucleosomal DNA fragmentation in programmed cell death

1993 • 222 citations

The FT210 cell line is a mouse G2 phase mutant with a temperature-sensitive CDC2 gene product

1990 • 222 citations

Wee1+-like gene in human cells

1991 • 211 citations

cdc25+ encodes a protein phosphatase that dephosphorylates p34cdc2.

1992 • 211 citations

Rabbit tumor necrosis factor: mechanism of action

1981 • 199 citations

Phosphorylation of myosin-II regulatory light chain by cyclin-p34cdc2: a mechanism for the timing of cytokinesis.

1992 • 197 citations

The inducible cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated gene transcript CTLA-1 sequence and gene localization to mouse chromosome 14

1986 • 197 citations

p34cdc2: the S and M kinase?

1990 • 192 citations

Induction of target cell DNA release by the cytotoxic T lymphocyte granule protease granzyme A.

1989 • 186 citations

Human cytotoxic lymphocyte granzyme B. Its purification from granules and the characterization of substrate and inhibitor specificity.

1991 • 185 citations

Negative regulation of the weel protein kinase by direct action of the nim1/cdr1 mitotic inducer

1993 • 184 citations

Apoptosis in C3H/10T1/2 mouse embryonic cells: evidence for internucleosomal DNA modification in the absence of double-strand cleavage.

1993 • 181 citations

Mechanisms of p34cdc2 regulation.

1993 • 178 citations

Two distinct mechanisms for negative regulation of the Wee1 protein kinase.

1993 • 178 citations

Nim1 kinase promotes mitosis by inactivating Wee1 tyrosine kinase

1993 • 161 citations

Differential Phosphorylation of c-Abl in Cell Cycle Determined by cdc 2 Kinase and Phosphatase Activity

1990 • 157 citations

Fas‐based lymphocyte‐mediated cytotoxicity against syngeneic activated lymphocytes: A regulatory pathway?

1994 • 157 citations

Phosphorylation and inactivation of the mitotic inhibitor Weel by the nim1/cdr1 kinase

1993 • 156 citations

The mechanism of cell-mediated cytotoxicity. I. Killing by murine cytotoxic T lymphocytes requires cell surface thiols and activated proteases.

1980 • 155 citations

Microinjection of p34cdc2 kinase induces marked changes in cell shape, cytoskeletal organization, and chromatin structure in mammalian fibroblasts

1990 • 153 citations

Phosphorylation of the beta subunit of casein kinase II in human A431 cells. Identification of the autophosphorylation site and a site phosphorylated by p34cdc2.

1991 • 149 citations

Increased expression of a 58-kDa protein kinase leads to changes in the CHO cell cycle.

1990 • 149 citations

Dephosphorylation of cdc2 on threonine 161 is required for cdc2 kinase inactivation and normal anaphase.

1992 • 145 citations

Cytolytic lymphocytes induce both apoptosis and necrosis in target cells.

1991 • 145 citations

Phosphorylation of casein kinase II by p34cdc2 in vitro and at mitosis.

1992 • 139 citations

Cyclins: wheels within wheels.

1991 • 139 citations

Cell specificity of granzyme gene expression.

1990 • 136 citations

A high proportion of T lymphocytes that infiltrate H-2-incompatible heart allografts in vivo express genes encoding cytotoxic cell-specific serine proteases, but do not express the MEL-14-defined lymph node homing receptor.

1988 • 130 citations

Mitosis-specific phosphorylation causes 83K non-muscle caldesmon to dissociate from microfilaments

1990 • 130 citations

Calcium ion concentrations and DNA fragmentation in target cell destruction by murine cloned cytotoxic T lymphocytes.

1988 • 120 citations

Mechanisms of immune lysis. II. CTL-induced nuclear disintegration of the target begins within minutes of cell contact.

1980 • 119 citations

Human granzyme B degrades aggrecan proteoglycan in matrix synthesized by chondrocytes.

1993 • 116 citations

Characterization of three serine esterases isolated from human IL-2 activated killer cells.

1988 • 114 citations

Mechanisms of immune lysis. III. Characterization of the nature and kinetics of the cytotoxic T lymphocyte-induced nuclear lesion in the target.

1982 • 113 citations

Effects of N alpha-tosyl-L-lysyl-chloromethylketone on the activity of cytotoxic T lymphocytes.

1980 • 105 citations

A noncytotoxic mast cell tumor line exhibits potent IgE-dependent cytotoxicity after transfection with the cytolysin/perforin gene

1991 • 104 citations

THE STRONG CORRELATION OF CYTOTOXIC T LYMPHOCYTE-SPECIFIC SERINE PROTEASE GENE TRANSCRIPTS WITH RENAL ALLOGRAFT REJECTION1,2

1992 • 104 citations

Mitotic control

1991 • 104 citations

Mitogen‐activated protein kinases phosphorylate nuclear lamins and display sequence specificity overlapping that of mitotic protein kinase p34^cdc2

1992 • 104 citations

Differences in target cell DNA fragmentation induced by mouse cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells.

1986 • 102 citations

Mechanisms of immune lysis. I. Physiological distinction between target cell death mediated by cytotoxic T lymphocytes and antibody plus complement.

1980 • 101 citations

Separate metabolic pathways leading to DNA fragmentation and apoptotic chromatin condensation.

1994 • 98 citations

Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 (MKK1) is negatively regulated by threonine phosphorylation.

1994 • 97 citations

The Isolation and Characterization of a Family of Serine Protease Genes Expressed in Activated Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes

1988 • 95 citations

Granzyme A binding to target cell proteins. Granzyme A binds to and cleaves nucleolin in vitro

1991 • 93 citations

Possible role for p34cdc2 kinase in etoposide-induced cell death of Chinese hamster ovary cells.

1990 • 91 citations

Phosphorylation of Xenopus cyclins B1 and B2 is not required for cell cycle transitions.

1991 • 88 citations

The function of lymphocyte proteases. Inhibition and restoration of granule-mediated lysis with isocoumarin serine protease inhibitors.

1991 • 87 citations

Granzyme A and perforin as markers for rejection in cardiac transplantation

1991 • 81 citations

DNA Fragmentation in Targets of CTL: An Example of Programmed Cell Death in the Immune System

1985 • 81 citations

Functional channel formation associated with cytotoxic T-cell granules.

1986 • 78 citations

Susceptibility to cytotoxic T lymphocyte-induced apoptosis is a function of the proliferative status of the target.

1994 • 77 citations

Inhibition of lymphocyte mediated cytotoxicity by perforin antisense oligonucleotides.

1990 • 73 citations

Cloned cytolytic T-effector cells and their malignant variants produce an extracellular matrix degrading trypsin-like serine proteinase.

1987 • 68 citations

Networking with mitogen-activated protein kinases

1993 • 65 citations

Phosphorylation of caldesmon by cdc2 kinase.

1991 • 63 citations

Quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis of cytotoxic cell proteinase gene transcripts in T cells. Pattern of expression is dependent on the nature of the stimulus.

1992 • 58 citations

Purification and cloning of a novel serine protease, RNK-Met-1, from the granules of a rat natural killer cell leukemia.

1992 • 57 citations

Isolation and complete structure of the lymphocyte serine protease granzyme G, a novel member of the granzyme multigene family in murine cytolytic T lymphocytes. Evolutionary origin of lymphocyte proteases

1989 • 56 citations

Cloning of a gene that encodes a new member of the human cytotoxic cell protease family

1990 • 55 citations

Subcellular localization of perforin and serine esterase in lymphokine-activated killer cells and cytotoxic T cells by immunogold labeling.

1991 • 50 citations

PERFORIN AND GRANZYME B EXPRESSION IS ASSOCIATED WITH SEVERE ACUTE REJECTION

1994 • 49 citations

Human cytotoxic lymphocyte tryptase. Its purification from granules and the characterization of inhibitor and substrate specificity.

1988 • 49 citations

Purification of a factor from the granules of a rat natural killer cell line (RNK) that reduces tumor cell growth and changes tumor morphology. Molecular identity with a granule serine protease (RNKP-1).

1992 • 45 citations

Differential expression of granzyme A and granzyme B proteases and their secretion by fresh rat natural killer cells (NK) and lymphokine‐activated killer cells with NK phenotype (LAK‐NK)

1992 • 41 citations

Immunohistochemical localization of granzyme B antigen in cytotoxic cells in human tissues.

1991 • 35 citations

Transfection of mouse cytotoxic T lymphocyte with an antisense granzyme A vector reduces lytic activity.

1992 • 33 citations

Regulation of the G₂-mitosis transition

1992 • 22 citations

Sulfonyl fluoride serine protease inhibitors inactivate RNK-16 lymphocyte granule proteases and reduce lysis by granule extracts and perforin

1992 • 21 citations

ENDOMYOCARDIAL BIOPSIES AFTER HEART TRANSPLANTATION

1993 • 19 citations

Differential effects of protein synthesis inhibition on CTL and targets in cell-mediated cytotoxicity

1990 • 17 citations

The influence of calcium, sodium, and the Na+/Ca2+ antiport on susceptibility to cytolysin/perforin-mediated cytolysis.

1990 • 11 citations

The Na+/Ca2+ exchanger regulates cytolysin/perforin-induced increases in intracellular Ca2+ and susceptibility to cytolysis.

1992 • 10 citations