Patient Controlled Analgesia Pharmacogenetic Study

The purpose of this research study is to identify factors and genes (the nucleic acid material that determines the makeup of the human body) that may be associated with acute and chronic post-surgical pain as well as develop pharmacometric models for response to opioids, like morphine and hydromorphone. While children undergioing different surgeries will be recruited for acute outcomes, children undergoing spine fusion will be followed for 10-12 months for evaluation of psychological and genomic factors affecting chronic post-surgical pain, with a goal of identifying genetic and epigenetic risk models for prediction of acute and chronic post-surgical pain. Although opioids are used every day, some children have bad reactions from their use, like breathing problems, sedation, etc. The investigators want to study factors that may be associated with pain sensitivity, opioid requirements after surgery, their metabolism, efficacy and their side-effects. The investigators expect that the information obtained in this research study will help to develop effective, safer, and tailored treatment options in the future.