Cytokines and their interactions with other inflammatory mediators in the pathogenesis of sepsis and septic shock

Anti-cachectin/TNF monoclonal antibodies prevent septic shock during lethal bacteraemia

1987 • 2,492 citations

Passive Immunization Against Cachectin/Tumor Necrosis Factor Protects Mice from Lethal Effect of Endotoxin

1985 • 2,380 citations

Interleukin-1 and interleukin-1 antagonism

1991 • 2,276 citations

Interleukin-6: An Overview

1990 • 1,910 citations

The Biology of Cachectin/TNF -- A Primary Mediator of the Host Response

1989 • 1,679 citations

Identification of an inducible endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecule.

1987 • 1,639 citations

Tumor necrosis factor (cachectin) is an endogenous pyrogen and induces production of interleukin 1.

1986 • 1,501 citations

Modulation of endothelial cell hemostatic properties by tumor necrosis factor.

1986 • 1,335 citations

The complex pattern of cytokines in serum from patients with meningococcal septic shock. Association between interleukin 6, interleukin 1, and fatal outcome.

1989 • 1,183 citations

ENDOTOXINS AND DISEASE MECHANISMS

1987 • 1,119 citations

Interleukin 1 acts on cultured human vascular endothelium to increase the adhesion of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, monocytes, and related leukocyte cell lines.

1985 • 1,110 citations

ASSOCIATION BETWEEN TUMOUR NECROSIS FACTOR IN SERUM AND FATAL OUTCOME IN PATIENTS WITH MENINGOCOCCAL DISEASE

1987 • 1,108 citations

The Vβ-specific superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin B: Stimulation of mature T cells and clonal deletion in neonatal mice

1989 • 1,095 citations

Recombinant tumor necrosis factor induces procoagulant activity in cultured human vascular endothelium: characterization and comparison with the actions of interleukin 1.

1986 • 1,079 citations

Interleukin 1 induces a shock-like state in rabbits. Synergism with tumor necrosis factor and the effect of cyclooxygenase inhibition.

1988 • 990 citations

Interleukin 1 (IL-1) induces biosynthesis and cell surface expression of procoagulant activity in human vascular endothelial cells.

1984 • 944 citations

Induction of Manganous Superoxide Dismutase by Tumor Necrosis Factor: Possible Protective Mechanism

1988 • 933 citations

Characterization of receptors for human tumour necrosis factor and their regulation by γ-interferon

1985 • 896 citations

Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist reduces mortality from endotoxin shock

1990 • 865 citations

Stimulation of neutrophils by tumor necrosis factor.

1986 • 847 citations

Increased plasma levels of interleukin-6 in sepsis [see comments]

1989 • 813 citations

Circulating Interleukin-1 and Tumor Necrosis Factor in Septic Shock and Experimental Endotoxin Fever

1990 • 765 citations

Tumor Necrosis Factor and Interleuktn-1 in the Serum of Children with Severe Infectious Purpura

1988 • 735 citations

Tumor necrosis factor/cachectin interacts with endothelial cell receptors to induce release of interleukin 1.

1986 • 709 citations

Activation of Coagulation after Administration of Tumor Necrosis Factor to Normal Subjects

1990 • 681 citations

Antibodies to cachectin/tumor necrosis factor reduce interleukin 1 beta and interleukin 6 appearance during lethal bacteremia.

1989 • 651 citations

Participation of tumor necrosis factor in the mediation of gram negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide-induced injury in rabbits.

1988 • 603 citations

IL-6 inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis factor production in cultured human monocytes, U937 cells, and in mice.

1989 • 578 citations

Endotoxin and tumor necrosis factor challenges in dogs simulate the cardiovascular profile of human septic shock.

1989 • 567 citations

Prognostic Values of Tumor Necrosis Factor/Cachectin, Interleukin-l, Interferon- , and Interferon- in the Serum of Patients with Septic Shock

1990 • 555 citations

Gamma interferon enhances macrophage transcription of the tumor necrosis factor/cachectin, interleukin 1, and urokinase genes, which are controlled by short-lived repressors.

1986 • 532 citations

Functional diversity of T lymphocytes due to secretion of different cytokine patterns

1991 • 530 citations

Cytokines as communication signals between leukocytes and endothelial cells

1989 • 528 citations

Tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1 serum levels during severe sepsis in humans

1989 • 485 citations

Prostaglandins posttranscriptionally inhibit monocyte expression of interleukin 1 activity by increasing intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate.

1986 • 462 citations

Detection of interleukin 8 and tumor necrosis factor in normal humans after intravenous endotoxin: the effect of antiinflammatory agents.

1991 • 452 citations

Macrophage inflammatory proteins 1 and 2: members of a novel superfamily of cytokines

1989 • 435 citations

A specific receptor antagonist for interleukin 1 prevents Escherichia coli ‐induced shock in rabbits

1991 • 435 citations

Interferon-Gamma, the Activated Macrophage, and Host Defense Against Microbial Challenge

1988 • 428 citations

Interleukin-6 stimulates the secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone in conscious, freely-moving rats

1988 • 428 citations

T cell stimulation by staphylococcal enterotoxins. Clonally variable response and requirement for major histocompatibility complex class II molecules on accessory or target cells.

1988 • 427 citations

Glucocorticoids inhibit transcriptional and post-transcriptional expression of interleukin 1 in U937 cells.

1987 • 376 citations

Tumor necrosis factor/cachectin stimulates peritoneal macrophages, polymorphonuclear neutrophils, and vascular endothelial cells to synthesize and release platelet-activating factor.

1987 • 364 citations

The toxicity of staphylococcal enterotoxin B in mice is mediated by T cells.

1990 • 347 citations

Anti-IL-6 monoclonal antibodies protect against lethal Escherichia coli infection and lethal tumor necrosis factor-alpha challenge in mice.

1990 • 343 citations

T‐Cell Responses to Mls and to Bacterial Proteins that Mimic its Behavior^#

1989 • 337 citations

Plasma Tumor Necrosis Factor in Patients with Septic Shock: Mortality Rate, Incidence of Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome, and Effects of Methylprednisolone Administration

1990 • 335 citations

Thrombosis and haemostasis

1988 • 327 citations

Interleukin 1 induces endothelial cell synthesis of plasminogen activator inhibitor.

1986 • 326 citations

Regulation of the fibrinolytic system of cultured human vascular endothelium by interleukin 1.

1986 • 325 citations

Monoclonal antibody against interferon gamma can prevent experimental cerebral malaria and its associated overproduction of tumor necrosis factor.

1989 • 320 citations

IL-8 in septic shock, endotoxemia, and after IL-1 administration.

1991 • 313 citations

Production and Properties of Migration Inhibitory Factor and Interferon in the Circulation of Mice with Delayed Hypersensitivity

1973 • 303 citations

Bowel necrosis induced by tumor necrosis factor in rats is mediated by platelet-activating factor.

1988 • 300 citations

A recombinant human receptor antagonist to interleukin 1 improves survival after lethal endotoxemia in mice.

1991 • 298 citations

Adrenalectomy sensitizes mice to the lethal effects of interleukin 1 and tumor necrosis factor.

1988 • 295 citations

Interleukin 1 induces interleukin 1. II. Recombinant human interleukin 1 induces interleukin 1 production by adult human vascular endothelial cells.

1987 • 279 citations

Essential fatty acids and immune response

1989 • 265 citations

Production of interleukin 1 by human endothelial cells.

1986 • 264 citations

A human inhibitor of tumor necrosis factor alpha.

1988 • 264 citations

Synergy between tumor necrosis factor and bacterial products causes hemorrhagic necrosis and lethal shock in normal mice.

1988 • 260 citations

The role of IFN-gamma in the pathology of experimental endotoxemia.

1990 • 257 citations

Interleukin 1 potentiates the lethal effect of tumor necrosis factor alpha/cachectin in mice.

1988 • 247 citations

A low dose of recombinant interleukin 1 protects granulocytopenic mice from lethal gram-negative infection.

1988 • 241 citations

A T cell-independent mechanism of macrophage activation by interferon-gamma.

1987 • 239 citations

Survival of primates in LD100 septic shock following therapy with antibody to tumor necrosis factor (TNF alpha).

1990 • 236 citations

Self-regulation of procoagulant events on the endothelial cell surface.

1985 • 231 citations

Toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 as an inducer of human tumor necrosis factors and gamma interferon.

1988 • 221 citations

Receptor Binding and Activation of Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils by Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha

1987 • 219 citations

Interferons as macrophage-activating factors. III. Preferential effects of interferon-gamma on the interleukin 1 secretory potential of fresh or aged human monocytes.

1985 • 217 citations

Interferon gamma, a mediator of lethal lipopolysaccharide-induced Shwartzman-like shock reactions in mice.

1990 • 216 citations

Acute inflammation and a Shwartzman-like reaction induced by interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor. Synergistic action of the cytokines in the induction of inflammation and microvascular injury.

1987 • 214 citations

Lymphotoxin

1988 • 205 citations

Monoclonal antibody to TN F in severe septic shock

1990 • 203 citations

Prophylactic and Therapeutic Effects of a Monoclonal Antibody to Tumor Necrosis Factor- in Experimental Gram-Negative Shock

1990 • 200 citations

Tolerance to tumor necrosis factor in rats and the relationship to endotoxin tolerance and toxicity.

1988 • 199 citations

Disseminated intravascular coagulation in rabbits induced by administration of endotoxin or tissue factor: effect of anti-tissue factor antibodies and measurement of plasma extrinsic pathway inhibitor activity

1990 • 199 citations

Hemorrhage induces an increase in serum TNF which is not associated with elevated levels of endotoxin

1990 • 186 citations

Tumor necrosis factor induces the production of urokinase-type plasminogen activator by human endothelial cells

1990 • 182 citations

Viral receptors of the immunoglobulin superfamily

1989 • 178 citations

In vivo anti‐tumour activity of recombinant human and murine TNF, alone and in combination with murine IFN‐γ, on a syngeneic murine melanoma

1986 • 173 citations

Preparations of lymphotoxin induce resistance to their own cytotoxic effect.

1984 • 168 citations

Interferon-gamma reduces macrophage-suppressive activity by inhibiting prostaglandin E2 release and inducing interleukin 1 production.

1984 • 166 citations

Recombinant tumor necrosis factor increases pulmonary vascular permeability independent of neutrophils.

1988 • 161 citations

Interferon-gamma: A Review

1989 • 156 citations

IL-1 induces IL-1. III. Specific inhibition of IL-1 production by IFN-gamma.

1988 • 155 citations

Induction of human interleukin-1 by a product of Staphylococcus aureus associated with toxic shock syndrome.

1984 • 152 citations

Granulocyte chemotactic protein/interleukin-8 induces plasma leakage and neutrophil accumulation in rabbit skin.

1989 • 149 citations

Biphasic platelet-activating factor synthesis by human monocytes stimulated with IL-1-beta, tumor necrosis factor, or IFN-gamma.

1988 • 147 citations

Enhanced resistance of mice to bacterial infection induced by recombinant human interleukin-1a

1987 • 146 citations

Serotonin and Melatonin Synthesis in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells: Stimulation by Interferon-7 as Part of an Immunomodulatory Pathway

1988 • 146 citations

Effects of recombinant human interleukin-1α, -1β, 2 and 6 on ACTH synthesis and release in the mouse pituitary tumour cell line AtT-20

1989 • 145 citations

Synergistic activation of human monocytes by granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and IFN-gamma. Increased TNF-alpha but not IL-1 activity.

1988 • 139 citations

The chemotactic activity for granulocytes produced by virally infected fibroblasts is identical to monocyte‐derived interleukin 8

1989 • 139 citations

Induction of Human Interleukin-l by Toxic-Shock-Syndrome Toxin-1

1985 • 138 citations

Bacterial lipopolysaccharide-induced interferon-gamma production: roles of interleukin 1 and interleukin 2.

1986 • 130 citations

Interferon messenger RNA is produced constitutively in the organs of normal individuals.

1987 • 130 citations

IL-1 induces IL-1. IV. IFN-gamma suppresses IL-1 but not lipopolysaccharide-induced transcription of IL-1.

1990 • 128 citations

Serum tumor necrosis factor levels in patients with infectious disease and septic shock.

1990 • 128 citations

Evidence for the existence of two forms of membrane tumor necrosis factor: an integral protein and a molecule attached to its receptor.

1989 • 119 citations

Lymphokines Enhance the Capacity of Human Monocytes to Secrete Reactive Oxygen Intermediates

1982 • 113 citations

Binding and complement activation by C-reactive protein via the collagen-like region of C1q and inhibition of these reactions by monoclonal antibodies to C-reactive protein and C1q.

1991 • 112 citations

Interferon-γ: Producer cells, activation stimuli, and molecular genetic regulation

1990 • 110 citations

T cell immunity and interferon-γ secretion during experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in Lewis rats

1991 • 107 citations

Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 and 2 are tumor necrosis factor/cachectin-responsive genes.

1988 • 105 citations

The Cardiovascular Pathophysiology of Sepsis

1989 • 105 citations

Interferon gamma induces synthesis of complement alternative pathway proteins by human endothelial cells in culture.

1988 • 104 citations

Purification of granulocyte chemotactic peptide/interleukin‐8 reveals N‐terminal sequence heterogeneity similar to that of β‐thromboglobulin

1989 • 98 citations

Differential effects of interferon-alpha and interferon-gamma on interleukin 1 secretion by monocytes.

1987 • 95 citations

Anti‐interferon‐γ antibody protects mice against the generalized Shwartzman reaction

1987 • 95 citations

Prevention and treatment of endotoxin and sepsis lethality with recombinant human tumor necrosis factor.

1989 • 85 citations

Regulation of monocyte/macrophage C2 production and HLA-DR expression by IL-4 (BSF-1) and IFN-gamma.

1989 • 81 citations

Purified interleukin-1 (IL-1) from human monocytes stimulates acute-phase protein synthesis by rodent hepatocytes in vitro.

1987 • 75 citations

Interferon γ: a master key in the immune system

1988 • 72 citations

Interferon-γ: Mechanism of action and therapeutic potential

1990 • 72 citations

Interferon gamma drastically modifies the regulation of interleukin 1 genes by endotoxin in U937 cells.

1990 • 63 citations

Cytokine control of acute phase protein expression.

1991 • 60 citations

Requirement for the continual presence of lipopolysaccharide for production of tumor necrosis factor by thioglycollate‐induced peritoneal murine macrophages

1986 • 52 citations

Interleukin-8 and related molecules

1991 • 51 citations

Macrophage tumoricidal activity induced by human C-reactive protein.

1986 • 50 citations

Interferon gamma and lipopolysaccharide promote macrophage adherence to basement membrane glycoproteins.

1989 • 50 citations

Tumor necrosis factor/cachectin. Induction of hemorrhagic necrosis in normal tissue requires the fifth component of complement (C5).

1988 • 49 citations

The Effect of Gamma Interferon on IL-1 Secretion of In Vitro Differentiated Human Macrophages

1985 • 46 citations

Spontaneous production of interferon-gamma in adult and newborn humans.

1984 • 42 citations

Cytokines, sepsis and the surgeon.

1989 • 42 citations

D-Arg-[Hyp3-D-Phe7]-bradykinin, a bradykinin antagonist, reduces mortality in a rat model of endotoxic shock.

1989 • 42 citations

Spontaneous and LPS-stimulated production of intracellular IL-1 beta by synovial macrophages in rheumatoid arthritis is inhibited by IFN-gamma.

1989 • 36 citations

Mediators of Sepsis

1987 • 36 citations

Neutrophil lysosomal degradation of human CRP: CRP-derived peptides modulate neutrophil function.

1988 • 32 citations

The Potential Role of Interferons and Interferon Antagonists in Inflammatory Disease

1989 • 32 citations

Failure of tumor necrosis factor to produce hypotensive shock in the absence of endotoxin.

1989 • 29 citations

Bacterial lipopolysaccharide potentiates gamma interferon-induced cytotoxicity for normal mouse and rat fibroblasts

1990 • 29 citations

Identification and distribution of two forms of the interleukin 1 receptor

1990 • 29 citations

Endotoxin-induced interferon-gamma production in culture cells derived from BCG-infected C3H/HeJ mice.

1988 • 26 citations

IFN-gamma production in tissues of mice during acute infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus.

1990 • 22 citations

Up-Regulation of Gamma Interferon Receptors on the Human Monocytic Cell Line U937 by 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 and Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor

1988 • 19 citations

Synergistic Interactions Between IFN-γ and IFN-β in Priming Murine Macrophages for Tumor Cell Killing

1988 • 18 citations

Inhibition by IL-1 of endothelial cell activation induced by tumor necrosis factor or lymphotoxin.

1988 • 17 citations

Interferon-gamma is cytotoxic for normal mouse fibroblasts: enhancement by tumor necrosis factor and interleukin 1.

1989 • 16 citations

Stimulation of T Cells and Induction of Interferon by Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin 1

1989 • 16 citations

Platelet response to aggregated C-reactive protein: fibrinogen-dependent and independent signals.

1988 • 4 citations

Endotoxin-Induced Impairment of Host Defenses

1989 • 3 citations

Endotoxins and Haemostasis

1976 • 3 citations

[Current developments in the field of sepsis: tumor necrosis factor (cachectin)].

1989 • 3 citations