Toxic epidermal necrolysis: current evidence, practical management and future directions

Intensive Insulin Therapy in Critically Ill Patients

2001 • 9,943 citations

An Essential Role for NF-κB in Preventing TNF-α-Induced Cell Death

1996 • 3,094 citations

TNF- and Cancer Therapy-Induced Apoptosis: Potentiation by Inhibition of NF-κB

1996 • 2,665 citations

Suppression of TNF-α-Induced Apoptosis by NF-κB

1996 • 2,623 citations

Preventing Complications of Central Venous Catheterization

2003 • 2,126 citations

Fas and Perforin Pathways as Major Mechanisms of T Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity

1994 • 1,558 citations

Zinc and immune function: the biological basis of altered resistance to infection

1998 • 1,558 citations

SCORTEN: A Severity-of-Illness Score for Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis

2000 • 1,077 citations

Cytolytic T-cell cytotoxicity is mediated through perforin and Fas lytic pathways

1994 • 1,073 citations

Control of inducible chemoresistance: Enhanced anti-tumor therapy through increased apoptosis by inhibition of NF-κB

1999 • 1,001 citations

Inhibition of toxic epidermal necrolysis by blockade of CD95 with human intravenous immunoglobulin

1999 • 867 citations

Conversion of Membrane-bound Fas(CD95) Ligand to Its Soluble Form Is Associated with Downregulation of Its Proapoptotic Activity and Loss of Liver Toxicity

1998 • 789 citations

Tumor necrosis factor.

1992 • 601 citations

Thalidomide Costimulates Primary Human T Lymphocytes, Preferentially Inducing Proliferation, Cytokine Production, and Cytotoxic Responses in the CD8+ Subset

1998 • 576 citations

Tumor Necrosis Factor Induces Bcl-2 and Bcl-x Expression through NFκB Activation in Primary Hippocampal Neurons

1999 • 552 citations

Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis and Stevens-Johnson Syndrome

2000 • 477 citations

Excessive Intake of Zinc Impairs Immune Responses

1984 • 476 citations

Akt Regulates Cell Survival and Apoptosis at a Postmitochondrial Level

2000 • 469 citations

Randomised comparison of thalidomide versus placebo in toxic epidermal necrolysis

1998 • 417 citations

Toxic epidermal necrolysis (Lyell syndrome). Incidence and drug etiology in France, 1981-1985

1990 • 398 citations

Improved Burn Center Survival of Patients with Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis Managed without Corticosteroids

1986 • 391 citations

Intravenous Immunoglobulin Treatment for Stevens-Johnson Syndrome and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis

2003 • 371 citations

Activation of drug-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in individuals allergic to sulfonamides, phenytoin, and carbamazepine.

1995 • 351 citations

Treatment of Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis With High-Dose Intravenous Immunoglobulins

2003 • 315 citations

Drug Specific Cytotoxic T-Cells in the Skin Lesions of a Patient with Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis

2002 • 297 citations

Apoptosis as a mechanism of keratinocyte death in toxic epidermal necrolysis

1996 • 293 citations

Regulation of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand sensitivity in primary and transformed human keratinocytes.

2000 • 292 citations

A Multicenter Review of Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis Treated in U.S. Burn Centers at the End of the Twentieth Century

2002 • 289 citations

Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis and Stevens-Johnson Syndrome Are Induced by Soluble Fas Ligand

2003 • 288 citations

Analysis of the Acute Ophthalmic Manifestations of the Erythema Multiforme/Stevens-Johnson Syndrome/Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis Disease Spectrum

1995 • 274 citations

Zinc and immunity.

1998 • 245 citations

Delayed reactions to drugs show levels of perforin, granzyme B, and Fas-L to be related to disease severity

2002 • 241 citations

HLA-restricted, processing- and metabolism-independent pathway of drug recognition by human alpha beta T lymphocytes.

1998 • 238 citations

Glucocorticoid and progesterone inhibit involution and programmed cell death in the mouse mammary gland.

1995 • 238 citations

Negative regulation of nuclear factor-kappaB activation and function by glucocorticoids

2002 • 237 citations

Analysis of Intravenous Immunoglobulin for the Treatment of Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis Using SCORTEN

2003 • 227 citations

Negative transcriptional regulation of human interleukin 2 (IL-2) gene by glucocorticoids through interference with nuclear transcription factors AP-1 and NF-AT.

1993 • 211 citations

Treatment of Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis with Cyclosporin A

2000 • 206 citations

Pulmonary complications in toxic epidermal necrolysis: a prospective clinical study

1997 • 198 citations

Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis

1987 • 191 citations

Infiltration of cytotoxic T cells in drug‐induced cutaneous eruptions

2000 • 185 citations

Fas/Fas Ligand Interaction Contributes to UV-Induced Apoptosis in Human Keratinocytes

1997 • 183 citations

The influence of zinc on apoptosis.

1995 • 176 citations

Expression of Fas Antigen on Keratinocytes In Vivo and Induction of Apoptosis in Cultured Keratinocytes

1994 • 175 citations

Cutaneous T-cell recruitment in toxic epidermal necrolysis. Further evidence of CD8+ lymphocyte involvement

1993 • 170 citations

Regulation of caspase activation and apoptosis by cellular zinc fluxes and zinc deprivation: A review

1999 • 169 citations

Treatment of toxic epidermal necrolysis with intravenous immunoglobulin in children

2002 • 161 citations

A 10-Year Experience With Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis

2000 • 160 citations

Targeting keratinocyte apoptosis in the treatment of atopic dermatitis and allergic contact dermatitis

2001 • 155 citations

Macrophages and tumor necrosis factor alpha in toxic epidermal necrolysis

1994 • 154 citations

Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis: Does Immunoglobulin Make a Difference?

2004 • 153 citations

Efficacy of cyclophosphamide in toxic epidermal necrolysis

1991 • 152 citations

Burn center care for patients with toxic epidermal necrolysis.

1995 • 151 citations

Toxic epidermal necrolysis: A review

1991 • 150 citations

Dexamethasone inhibits lung epithelial cell apoptosis induced by IFN-γ and Fas

1997 • 148 citations

Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis Syndrome: Mortality Rate Reduced with Early Referral to Regional Burn Center

1998 • 147 citations

T‐cell‐mediated cytotoxicity against keratinocytes in sulfamethoxazol‐induced skin reaction

1998 • 145 citations

Investigation of Mechanisms in Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis Induced by Carbamazepine

1994 • 142 citations

Intravenous Immunoglobulin Does Not Improve Outcome in Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis

2004 • 141 citations

Amniotic membrane in the surgical management of acute toxic epidermal necrolysis

2002 • 137 citations

Plasmapheresis as an adjunct treatment in toxic epidermal necrolysis

1999 • 135 citations

Plasmapheresis in Severe Drug-Induced Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis

1985 • 130 citations

The significance of zinc for leukocyte biology

1998 • 123 citations

T-Cell Subsets in Drug-Induced Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis

1991 • 120 citations

Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis Treated with Intravenous High-Dose Immunoglobulins: Our Experience

2001 • 115 citations

Role of NF-κB in the Apoptotic-resistant Phenotype of Keratinocytes

1999 • 114 citations

Mechanism of azathioprine-induced injury to hepatocytes: roles of glutathione depletion and mitochondrial injury

2001 • 111 citations

NF-κB determines localization and features of cell death in epidermis

2000 • 110 citations

Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis Syndrome: Mortality Rate Reduced with Early Referral to Regional Burn Center

1998 • 110 citations

Corticosteroid Therapy in an Additional 13 Cases of Stevens-Johnson Syndrome: A Total Series of 67 Cases

2000 • 107 citations

Interleukin-1 Protects Transformed Keratinocytes from Tumor Necrosis Factor-related Apoptosis-inducing Ligand

1998 • 106 citations

Perforin-Independent CD8⁺T-Cell–Mediated Cytotoxicity of Alveolar Epithelial Cells Is Preferentially Mediated by Tumor Necrosis Factor- α

1999 • 105 citations

Super high flux hemofiltration: a new technique for cytokine removal

2002 • 100 citations

T-lymphocyte subsets and interleukin-2 production in zinc-deficient rats

1986 • 99 citations

Plasmapheresis in toxic epidermal necrolysis

1997 • 99 citations

Erythema Multiforme and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis: A Comparative Study

1997 • 98 citations

Crosstalk Between Keratinocytes and T Lymphocytes via Fas/Fas Ligand Interaction: Modulation by Cytokines

1999 • 95 citations

Acquisition of granzyme B and Fas ligand proteins by human keratinocytes contributes to epidermal cell defense.

1997 • 95 citations

The 55-kD tumor necrosis factor receptor on human keratinocytes is regulated by tumor necrosis factor-alpha and by ultraviolet B radiation.

1993 • 93 citations

Dexamethasone and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Act Together to Induce the Cellular Inhibitor of Apoptosis-2 Gene and Prevent Apoptosis in a Variety of Cell Types

2002 • 92 citations

Toxic epidermal necrolysis in a burns centre: A 6-year review

1996 • 90 citations

TNF Receptor p55 Plays a Pivotal Role in Murine Keratinocyte Apoptosis Induced by Ultraviolet B Irradiation

1999 • 85 citations

Distribution of apoptosis-mediating Fas antigen in human skin and effects of anti-Fas monoclonal antibody on human epidermal keratinocyte and squamous cell carcinoma cell lines

1994 • 81 citations

Outcome of Patients with Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis Syndrome Revisited

2002 • 81 citations

High‐dose proinflammatory cytokines induce apoptosis of hair bulb keratinocytes in vivo

2000 • 81 citations

Dermatologic side effects of thalidomide in patients with multiple myeloma

2003 • 81 citations

Lack of significant treatment effect of plasma exchange in the treatment of drug-induced toxic epidermal necrolysis?

1999 • 80 citations

Glucagonoma syndrome

1987 • 80 citations

Excessive intake of zinc impairs immune responses

1984 • 80 citations

Delineation of an Antiapoptotic Action of Glucocorticoids in Hepatoma Cells: The Role of Nuclear Factor-κB

2000 • 77 citations

Plasma Exchange in Patients with Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis

2002 • 76 citations

Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis

1997 • 74 citations

T-Cell Subsets

1982 • 73 citations

Glucocorticoids Protect against Apoptosis Induced by Serum Deprivation, Cyclic Adenosine 3′,5′-Monophosphate and p53 Activation in Immortalized Human Granulosa Cells: Involvement of Bcl-2**This work was supported by grants from Israel Academy of Sciences.

2001 • 72 citations

Keratinocytes constitutively express the Fas antigen that mediates apoptosis in IFN?-treated cultured keratinocytes

1995 • 71 citations

Characteristics of toxic epidermal necrolysis in patients undergoing long-term glucocorticoid therapy.

1995 • 69 citations

Lamotrigine‐induced toxic epidermal necrolysis treated with intravenous cyclosporin: A discussion of pathogenesis and immunosuppressive management

1996 • 67 citations

Plasma Exchange (Pe) Treatment in Drug-Induced Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (Ten)

1991 • 67 citations

Nitric Oxide Synthase in Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis and Stevens–Johnson Syndrome

2000 • 65 citations

Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis

1975 • 63 citations

Photo-induced toxic epidermal necrolysis caused by clobazam

1996 • 63 citations

Burn Rounds:Stevens-Johnson Syndrome and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis: A Pathophysiologic Review with Recommendations for a Treatment Protocol

1983 • 61 citations

Spontaneous apoptosis in primary cultures of human and rat hepatocytes: molecular mechanisms and regulation by dexamethasone

2002 • 60 citations

Toxic epidermal necrolysis in patients receiving glucocorticosteroids.

1991 • 59 citations

TNF- elimination with high cut-off haemofilters: a feasible clinical modality for septic patients?

2003 • 57 citations

Toxic epidermal necrolysis: an analysis of referral patterns and steroid usage.

1997 • 57 citations

Role of NF-κB Activity in Apoptotic Response of Keratinocytes Mediated by Interferon-γ, Tumor Necrosis Factor-α, and Tumor-Necrosis-Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand

2001 • 56 citations

Skin Coverage With Biobrane Biomaterial for the Treatment of Patients With Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis

1999 • 54 citations

Statin-induced apoptosis of vascular endothelial cells is blocked by dexamethasone

2002 • 54 citations

Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis

1997 • 53 citations

Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis

1995 • 53 citations

Glucocorticoids reduce ischemia-reperfusion-induced myocardial apoptosis in immature hearts

2002 • 51 citations

Toxic epidermal necrolysis treated with cyclosporin and granulocyte colony stimulating factor

1997 • 49 citations

ROLE OF MITOCHONDRIA IN CIPROFLOXACIN INDUCED APOPTOSIS IN BLADDER CANCER CELLS

2002 • 48 citations

Toxic epidermal necrolysis. A step forward in treatment

1987 • 47 citations

Importance of increased ultrafiltration volume and impact on mortality: sepsis and cytokine story and the role of continuous veno-venous haemofiltration

2001 • 46 citations

Apoptosis Induced by Microtubule Disrupting Drugs in Cultured Human Lymphoma Cells

1993 • 46 citations

Soluble Interleukin 2 Receptor and Interleukin 1α in Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis

2002 • 44 citations

Suppression of apoptosis by glucocorticoids in glomerular endothelial cells: effects on proapoptotic pathways

2000 • 44 citations

Zinc-Mediated Reduction of Apoptosis in Cardiac Allografts

2000 • 42 citations

Autoamplification of apoptosis following ligation of CD95-L, TRAIL and TNF-α

2000 • 42 citations

Gene Expression Levels of Cytokine Profile and Cytotoxic Markers in Non-Immediate Reactions to Drugs

2002 • 40 citations

Management of Nonstaphylococcal Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis: Follow-Up Study of 16 Case Histories

1990 • 39 citations

Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis with Severe Gastrointestinal Mucosal Cell Death: A Patient Who Excreted Long Tubes of Dead Intestinal Epithelium

1998 • 38 citations

Nutrition Requirements in Patients with Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis

1997 • 37 citations

Toxic epidermal necrolysis – a retrospective study

1997 • 36 citations

Recombinant granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in the management of toxic epidermal necrolysis

1996 • 32 citations

Successful dexamethasone pulse therapy in a toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) patient featuring recurrent TEN to oxazepam

2001 • 32 citations

Soluble fractions of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6 and of their receptors in toxic epidermal necrolysis: a comparison with second-degree burns.

1998 • 31 citations

Thalidomide‐Induced Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis

1999 • 31 citations

Cytokine Removal in Septic Patients with Continuous Venovenous Hemofiltration

2003 • 29 citations

T-cell subsets in drug-induced toxic epidermal necrolysis. Possible pathogenic mechanism induced by CD8-positive T cells

1991 • 28 citations

Improvement of the lymphoproliferative immune response and apoptosis inhibition upon in vitro treatment with zinc of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from HIV+ individuals

1998 • 28 citations

Investigation of mechanisms in toxic epidermal necrolysis induced by carbamazepine

1994 • 27 citations

Toxic epidermal necrolysis: a burn-centre challenge.

1991 • 24 citations

Cyclosporin A-Sensitive Calcium Signaling Represses NFκB Activation in Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells and Enhances NFκB Activation in Jurkat T-Cells

1997 • 24 citations

Use of Biobrane in the Treatment of Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis

1995 • 23 citations

Zinc chloride–mediated reduction of apoptosis as an adjunct immunosuppressive modality in cardiac transplantation

2002 • 22 citations

The use of a PEG tube in a burn centre

2002 • 22 citations

T cells in drug allergy

2002 • 22 citations

Toxic epidermal necrolysis in a patient with severe aplastic anemia treated with cyclosporin A and G-CSF.

2001 • 22 citations

Glucocorticoids Protect against Apoptosis Induced by Serum Deprivation, Cyclic Adenosine 3',5'-Monophosphate and p53 Activation in Immortalized Human Granulosa Cells: Involvement of Bcl-2

2001 • 22 citations

Plasmapheresis in severe drug-induced toxic epidermal necrolysis

1985 • 21 citations

Cyclosporin A blocks the expression of lymphotoxin α, but not lymphotoxin β, in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells

2002 • 20 citations

Nutrition and cellular immunity in hospital patients

1986 • 20 citations

Delineation of an Antiapoptotic Action of Glucocorticoids in Hepatoma Cells: The Role of Nuclear Factor- B

2000 • 16 citations

Captopril-Induced Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis and Agranulocytosis Successfully Treated With Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor

1999 • 16 citations

Intravenous Immunoglobulin Does Not Improve Outcome in Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis

2003 • 14 citations

Plasmapherese und immunpathogenetische Aspekte bei der toxischen epidermalen Nekrolyse

1996 • 13 citations

ERYTHEMA MULTIFORME AND TOXIC EPIDERMAL NECROLYSIS

2004 • 12 citations

Characteristics of toxic epidermal necrolysis in patients undergoing long-term glucocorticoid therapy

1995 • 12 citations

Apoptosis with positive direct immunofluorescence findings in a patient with necrolytic migratory erythema.

1998 • 11 citations

Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis

1991 • 10 citations

Toxic epidermal necrolysis. A review of 75 cases in children

1975 • 9 citations

Restoration of mitochondrial function reverses developmental neuronal death in vitro

2001 • 8 citations

Management of toxic epidermal necrolysis.

2002 • 6 citations

True

2002 • 5 citations

Lack of significant treatment effect of plasma exchange in the treatment of drug-induced toxic epidermal necrolysis?

1999 • 5 citations

[Acquired zinc deficiency mimicking glucagonoma dermatitis. Histology and electron microscopy].

1984 • 4 citations

Toxic epidermal necrolysis treated with cyclosporin and granulocyte colony stimulating factor

1997 • 4 citations

ROLE OF MITOCHONDRIA IN CIPROFLOXACIN INDUCED APOPTOSIS IN BLADDER CANCER CELLS

2002 • 3 citations

Recombinant granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in the management of toxic epidermal necrolysis

1996 • 3 citations

[Effects of dexamethasone on apoptosis and expression of Fas/FasL system in lung tissues of ALI rats].

2000 • 3 citations