The Croonian Lecture, 1993. The endothelium: maestro of the blood circulation

Nitric oxide: physiology, pathophysiology, and pharmacology.

1991 • 15,563 citations

The obligatory role of endothelial cells in the relaxation of arterial smooth muscle by acetylcholine

1980 • 12,033 citations

A novel potent vasoconstrictor peptide produced by vascular endothelial cells

1988 • 10,786 citations

Nitric oxide release accounts for the biological activity of endothelium-derived relaxing factor

1987 • 10,774 citations

The Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis — An Update

1986 • 4,951 citations

Vascular endothelial cells synthesize nitric oxide from L-arginine

1988 • 4,800 citations

Nitric oxide as a secretory product of mammalian cells

1992 • 4,437 citations

An enzyme isolated from arteries transforms prostaglandin endoperoxides to an unstable substance that inhibits platelet aggregation

1976 • 3,613 citations

Thromboxanes: a new group of biologically active compounds derived from prostaglandin endoperoxides.

1975 • 3,075 citations

Cloning and expression of a cDNA encoding an endothelin receptor

1990 • 2,590 citations

Endothelium-derived relaxing factor release on activation of NMDA receptors suggests role as intercellular messenger in the brain

1988 • 2,572 citations

The human endothelin family: three structurally and pharmacologically distinct isopeptides predicted by three separate genes.

1989 • 2,551 citations

Cloning of a cDNA encoding a non-isopeptide-selective subtype of the endothelin receptor

1990 • 2,432 citations

Superoxide anion is involved in the breakdown of endothelium-derived vascular relaxing factor

1986 • 2,416 citations

Abnormal Endothelium-Dependent Vascular Relaxation in Patients with Essential Hypertension

1990 • 2,388 citations

Cloned and expressed nitric oxide synthase structurally resembles cytochrome P-450 reductase

1991 • 2,371 citations

Nitric oxide: A cytotoxic activated macrophage effector molecule

1988 • 2,050 citations

Cloning and Characterization of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase from Mouse Macrophages

1992 • 1,914 citations

Design of Specific Inhibitors of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme: New Class of Orally Active Antihypertensive Agents

1977 • 1,851 citations

Role of endothelium-derived nitric oxide in the regulation of blood pressure.

1989 • 1,837 citations

Nitric oxide. A macrophage product responsible for cytostasis and respiratory inhibition in tumor target cells.

1989 • 1,747 citations

Expression of a mitogen-responsive gene encoding prostaglandin synthase is regulated by mRNA splicing.

1991 • 1,734 citations

EFFECTS OF ENDOTHELIUM-DERIVED NITRIC OXIDE ON PERIPHERAL ARTERIOLAR TONE IN MAN

1989 • 1,625 citations

Macrophage oxidation of L-arginine to nitrite and nitrate: nitric oxide is an intermediate

1988 • 1,622 citations

Free Radical Mechanisms in Tissue Injury

1988 • 1,585 citations

Pharmacology and endogenous roles of prostaglandin endoperoxides, thromboxane A2, and prostacyclin.

1978 • 1,559 citations

Macrophage Cytotoxicity: Role for L-Arginine Deiminase and Imino Nitrogen Oxidation to Nitrite

1987 • 1,533 citations

ENDOGENOUS NITRIC OXIDE INHIBITS HUMAN PLATELET ADHESION TO VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM

1987 • 1,450 citations

Pressor effects of circulating endothelin are limited by its removal in the pulmonary circulation and by the release of prostacyclin and endothelium-derived relaxing factor.

1988 • 1,417 citations

Selective blockade of endothelium-dependent and glyceryl trinitrate-induced relaxation by hemoglobin and by methylene blue in the rabbit aorta.

1985 • 1,266 citations

The anti‐aggregating properties of vascular endothelium: interactions between prostacyclin and nitric oxide

1987 • 1,171 citations

Mammalian nitrate biosynthesis: mouse macrophages produce nitrite and nitrate in response to Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide.

1985 • 1,146 citations

Glucocorticoids inhibit the expression of an inducible, but not the constitutive, nitric oxide synthase in vascular endothelial cells.

1990 • 1,117 citations

Nitric Oxide as a Mediator of Relaxation of the Corpus Cavernosum in Response to Nonadrenergic, Noncholinergic Neurotransmission

1992 • 1,028 citations

Arterial walls are protected against deposition of platelet thrombi by a substance (prostaglandin X) which they make from prostaglandin endoperoxides

1976 • 1,012 citations

Endothelial nitric oxide synthase: molecular cloning and characterization of a distinct constitutive enzyme isoform.

1992 • 1,004 citations

Vasorelaxant properties of the endothelium-derived relaxing factor more closely resemble S-nitrosocysteine than nitric oxide

1990 • 996 citations

Arterial walls generate from prostaglandin endoperoxides a substance (prostaglandin X) which relaxes strips of mesenteric and coeliac arteries and inhibits platelet aggregation

1976 • 956 citations

Indomethacin and Aspirin abolish Prostaglandin Release from the Spleen

1971 • 940 citations

Release of Additional Factors in Anaphylaxis and its Antagonism by Anti-inflammatory Drugs

1969 • 886 citations

Biological profiles of highly potent novel endothelin antagonists selective for the ETA receptor

1992 • 880 citations

Molecular cloning and functional expression of an inducible nitric oxide synthase from a murine macrophage cell line.

1992 • 877 citations

A specific inhibitor of nitric oxide formation from <scp>l</scp>‐arginine attenuates endothelium‐dependent relaxation

1989 • 862 citations

Isoforms of nitric oxide synthase Characterization and purification from different cell types

1991 • 827 citations

Cyclic guanosine monophosphate as a mediator of vasodilation.

1986 • 811 citations

Endothelin stimulates c‐fos and c‐myc expression and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells

1988 • 737 citations

Stimulation of guanylate cyclase by sodium nitroprusside, nitroglycerin and nitric oxide in various tissue preparations and comparison to the effects of sodium azide and hydroxylamine.

1977 • 692 citations

Differential formation of prostacyclin (PGX or PGI2) by layers of the arterial wall. An explanation for the anti-thrombotic properties of vascular endothelium

1977 • 683 citations

Macrophage synthesis of nitrite, nitrate, and N-nitrosamines: precursors and role of the respiratory burst.

1987 • 678 citations

Modulation of human platelet adenylate cyclase by prostacyclin (PGX)

1977 • 659 citations

Plasma endothelin correlates with the extent of pulmonary hypertension in patients with chronic congestive heart failure.

1992 • 653 citations

I. The Croonian Lecture

1810 • 634 citations

Synthesis of prostaglandin I2 (prostacyclin) by cultured human and bovine endothelial cells.

1977 • 625 citations

Characterization of a coronary vasoconstrictor produced by cultured endothelial cells

1985 • 616 citations

Cloning and expression of a cDNA encoding human endothelium-derived relaxing factor/nitric oxide synthase.

1992 • 616 citations

Cloned and expressed macrophage nitric oxide synthase contrasts with the brain enzyme.

1992 • 616 citations

A novel citrulline-forming enzyme implicated in the formation of nitric oxide by vascular endothelial cells

1989 • 612 citations

A lipid peroxide inhibits the enzyme in blood vessel microsomes that generates from prostaglandin endoperoxides the substance (prostaglandin X) which prevents platelet aggregation

1976 • 606 citations

THE ACTION OF CERTAIN ESTERS AND ETHERS OF CHOLINE, AND THEIR RELATION TO MUSCARINE

1914 • 604 citations

Effects of prostacyclin (PGX) on cyclic AMP concentrations in human platelets

1977 • 601 citations

Dexamethasone prevents the induction by endotoxin of a nitric oxide synthase and the associated effects on vascular tone: An insight into endotoxin shock

1990 • 596 citations

Endothelin stimulates phospholipase C, Na+/H+ exchange, c-fos expression, and mitogenesis in rat mesangial cells.

1989 • 561 citations

Endothelium‐dependent inhibition of platelet aggregation

1986 • 540 citations

Inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis reduces the hypotension induced by bacterial lipopolysaccharides in the rat in vivo

1990 • 536 citations

Involvement of nitric oxide in the reflex relaxation of the stomach to accommodate food or fluid

1991 • 530 citations

Pathophysiological role of endothelin revealed by the first orally active endothelin receptor antagonist

1993 • 529 citations

EPR demonstration of iron-nitrosyl complex formation by cytotoxic activated macrophages.

1990 • 512 citations

Endothelin is a potent mitogen for rat vascular smooth muscle cells

1989 • 509 citations

Biosynthesis of Prostaglandins

1991 • 503 citations

Plasma endothelin in chronic heart failure.

1992 • 494 citations

A BRADYKININ‐POTENTIATING FACTOR (BPF) PRESENT IN THE VENOM OF BOTHROPS JARARACA

1965 • 488 citations

A novel vasoactive peptide endothelin stimulates mitogenesis through inositol lipid turnover in Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts

1989 • 485 citations

Effects of Anti-inflammatory Drugs on Prostaglandin Biosynthesis

1972 • 478 citations

Molecular cloning and expression of a cDNA encoding endothelial cell nitric oxide synthase.

1992 • 477 citations

The enzymatic formation of prostaglandin E2 from arachidonic acid prostaglandins and related factors 32

1964 • 473 citations

The metabolism of L-arginine and its significance for the biosynthesis of endothelium-derived relaxing factor: cultured endothelial cells recycle L-citrulline to L-arginine.

1990 • 456 citations

Selective attenuation of endothelium-mediated vasodilation in atherosclerotic human coronary arteries.

1988 • 422 citations

Zur Kenntnis der pharmakologischen Wirkungen von Nativsekreten und Extrakten männlicher accessorischer Geschlechtsdrüsen

1934 • 403 citations

Nitric oxide‐mediated hyporeactivity to noradrenaline precedes the induction of nitric oxide synthase in endotoxin shock

1993 • 402 citations

Exercitatio anatomica de motv cordis et sangvinis in animalibvs

1628 • 380 citations

Sarafotoxin, a Novel Vasoconstrictor Peptide: Phosphoinositide Hydrolysis in Rat Heart and Brain

1988 • 362 citations

Vascular hyporeactivity to vasoconstrictor agents and hemodynamic decompensation in hemorrhagic shock is mediated by nitric oxide.

1993 • 357 citations

Localisation and stimulation of prostacyclin production in vascular cells

1978 • 356 citations

Metabolic fate of L-arginine in relation to microbiostatic capability of murine macrophages.

1990 • 356 citations

STUDIES ON THE ROLE OF LIPOPEROXIDES IN HUMAN PATHOLOGY

1952 • 347 citations

Effect of local intra-arterial NG-monomethyl-L-arginine in patients with hypertension: the nitric oxide dilator mechanism appears abnormal.

1992 • 343 citations

Arginine restores cholinergic relaxation of hypercholesterolemic rabbit thoracic aorta.

1991 • 340 citations

Smooth muscle cells and the pathogenesis of the lesions of atherosclerosis

1993 • 332 citations

Inactivation of ribonucleotide reductase by nitric oxide

1991 • 331 citations

Immunoreactive endothelin in human plasma: Marked elevations in patients in cardiogenic shock

1989 • 330 citations

Mediators produced by the endothelial cell.

1988 • 329 citations

Stimulation of calcium uptake in platelet membrane vesicles by adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate and protein kinase

1977 • 311 citations

Further studies on the enzymatic conversion of prostaglandin endoperoxide into prostacyclin by porcine aorta microsomes

1978 • 306 citations

Plasma immunoreactive endothelin in essential hypertension

1990 • 302 citations

A sensitive sandwich-enzyme immunoassay for human endothelin

1989 • 298 citations

[Plasma endothelin immunoreactivity in liver disease and the hepatorenal syndrome].

1993 • 295 citations

PLASMA ENDOTHELIN LEVELS IN PATIENTS WITH URAEMIA

1989 • 292 citations

Endothelin ET_A and ET_B receptors mediate vascular smooth muscle contraction

1992 • 286 citations

Cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate inhibits the availability of arachidonate to prostaglandin synthetase in human platelet suspensions.

1977 • 279 citations

SUCCESSFUL THERAPY OF ADVANCED ARTERIOSCLEROSIS OBLITERANS WITH PROSTACYCLIN

1979 • 279 citations

Receptor-mediated release of endothelium-derived relaxing factor and prostacyclin from bovine aortic endothelial cells is coupled.

1988 • 269 citations

Endothelium-derived relaxing factor reduces platelet adhesion to bovine endothelial cells.

1988 • 263 citations

Introduction of a nomenclature: Leukotrienes

1979 • 257 citations

Mechanical deformation of vessel wall and shear stress determine the basal release of endothelium-derived relaxing factor in the intact rabbit coronary vascular bed.

1992 • 253 citations

Elevated endothelin-1 in heart failure and loss of normal response to postural change.

1992 • 251 citations

Increased plasma level of endothelin-1 and coronary spasm induction in patients with vasospastic angina pectoris.

1991 • 243 citations

THE PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIONS OF POLYMETHYLENE BISTRIMETHYLAMMONIUM SALTS

1997 • 240 citations

An analysis of the responses of the isolated stomach to electrical stimulation and to drugs

1963 • 218 citations

Organ distribution of the three rat endothelin messenger RNAs and the effects of ischemia on renal gene expression.

1992 • 216 citations

ENDOTHELIN: AN IMPORTANT FACTOR IN ACUTE RENAL FAILURE?

1988 • 214 citations

Cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate and prostacyclin inhibit membrane phospholipase activity in platelets

1977 • 204 citations

Circulating levels of endothelin in cirrhosis

1993 • 202 citations

Biosynthesis of Prostaglandins from Arachidonic Acid in Guinea Pig Lung

1965 • 201 citations

Activity of Various Fractions of Bradykinin Potentiating Factor against Angiotensin I Converting Enzyme

1970 • 190 citations

INTERMITTENT EPOPROSTENOL (PROSTACYCLIN) INFUSION IN PATIENTS WITH RAYNAUD'S SYNDROME

1983 • 181 citations

Circulatory and anti-platelet effects of intravenous prostacyclin in healthy men

1978 • 181 citations

Metabolism of the Angiotensins in Isolated Perfused Tissues

1969 • 166 citations

Effect of prostacyclin (PGI2) on platelet adhesion to rabbit arterial subendothelium

1978 • 157 citations

Studies on the protective effect of prostacyclin in acute myocardial ischemia

1979 • 157 citations

Cytoprotective actions of prostacyclin during hypoxia in the isolated perfused cat liver

1980 • 153 citations

The Fate of Radioiodinated Endothelin-1 and Endothelin-3 in the Rat

1989 • 149 citations

Endothelin-mediated stimulation of DNA synthesis in vascular smooth muscle cells

1989 • 147 citations

Functionally Distinct Endothelin B Receptors in Vascular Endothelium and Smooth Muscle

1993 • 145 citations

Cyclic AMP inhibits synthesis of prostaglandin endoperoxide (PGG2) in human platelets

1976 • 142 citations

Prevention of blockage of partially obstructed coronary arteries with prostacyclin correlates with inhibition of platelet aggregation

1979 • 135 citations

Evidence that cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) mediates endothelium-dependent relaxation

1985 • 131 citations

Mediation via different receptors of the vasoconstrictor effects of endothelins and sarafotoxins in the systemic circulation and renal vasculature of the anaesthetized rat

1993 • 129 citations

Endothelium‐dependent relaxation induced by angiotensin II and histamine in isolated arteries of dog

1984 • 122 citations

Treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon by intravenous infusion of prostacyclin (PGI2)

1982 • 117 citations

The effect of prostacyclin (PGT2) on platelet behaviour. Thrombus formation in vivo and bleeding time.

1979 • 105 citations

Prostacyclin in experimental myocardial ischemia: Effects on hemodynamics, regional myocardial blood flow, infarct size and mortality

1981 • 103 citations

Nitroxergic nerves mediate vagally induced relaxation in the isolated stomach of the guinea pig.

1991 • 102 citations

Prostacyclin therapy in patients with congestive heart failure

1982 • 100 citations

Prostacyclin and PGE1 Treatment of Pulmonary Hypertension

1987 • 98 citations

PROSTACYCLIN ADMINISTRATION DURING CARDIOPULMONARY BYPASS IN MAN

1981 • 97 citations

Interleukin-1β induces nitric oxide production and inhibits the activity of aconitase without decreasing glucose oxidation rates in isolated mouse pancreatic islets

1992 • 91 citations

Isolation of Prostaglandin E1 from Human Seminal Plasma

1962 • 89 citations

Nitric Oxide

1991 • 83 citations

Impaired endothelium-dependent relaxations in rabbits subjected to aortic coarctation hypertension.

1987 • 82 citations

Nifedipine inhibits the induction of nitric oxide synthase by bacterial lipopolysaccharide.

1993 • 80 citations

Endothelin-1

1989 • 79 citations

Twenty-four- and 48-hour Canine Liver Preservation by Simple Hypothermia with Prostacyclin

1982 • 78 citations

The effect of prostacyclin infusion on endotoxin-induced lung injury.

1981 • 77 citations

Rat mast cells synthesize a nitric oxide like-factor which modulates the release of histamine

1991 • 75 citations

Endothelin-1 Releases Prostacyclin and Inhibits ex vivo Platelet Aggregation in the Anesthetized Rabbit

1989 • 75 citations

Incomplete inhibition of the pressor effects of endothelin‐1 and related peptides in the anaesthetized rat with BQ‐123 provides evidence for more than one vasoconstrictor receptor

1993 • 75 citations

A double blind, randomised, multicentre comparison of two doses of intravenous iloprost in the treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon secondary to connective tissue diseases.

1991 • 74 citations

Pharmacology of Endothelin-1 in Isolated Vessels

1989 • 72 citations

Treatment of Intermittent Claudication

1963 • 68 citations

Prostacyclin prolongs viability of washed human platelets

1982 • 68 citations

Endothelin in human plasma and culture medium of aortic endothelial cells—Detection and characterization with radioimmunoassay using monoclonal antibody

1989 • 65 citations

Prostacyclin for ischemic ulcers in peripheral arterial disease. A random assignment, placebo controlled study

1985 • 65 citations

In Vitro and In Vivo Studies with a Series of Hexapeptide Endothelin Antagonists

1993 • 65 citations

Comparative Studies with the Endothelin Receptor Antagonists BQ-123 and PD 142893 Indicate At Least Three Endothelin Receptors

1993 • 60 citations

The effects of prostacyclin (PGI2) on endotoxin shock and endotoxin-induced platelet aggregation in dogs.

1980 • 59 citations

Endothelin-1 Promotes Neointima Formation After Balloon Angioplasty in the Rat

1993 • 59 citations

Successful Treatment of Raynaud's Syndrome with Prostacyclin

1981 • 58 citations

The interaction of platelets with aortic subendothelium: inhibition of adhesion and secretion by prostaglandin I2

1981 • 56 citations

Prostaglandins and cyclic nucleotides modulators of arterial cholesterol metabolism

1985 • 55 citations

The generation of L-arginine in endothelial cells is linked to the release of endothelium-derived relaxing factor

1990 • 55 citations

Endothelin inhibits ex vivo platelet aggregation in the rabbit

1988 • 54 citations

Detection of immunoreactive endothelin in plasma of hemodialysis patients

1989 • 53 citations

The effect of peroxidized arachidonic acid upon human platelet aggregation

1974 • 52 citations

Interactions of iloprost and sodium nitroprusside on vascular smooth muscle and platelet aggregation

1989 • 51 citations

Prostacyclin Production by Isolated Adipocytes

1981 • 49 citations

The Place of Prostacyclin in the Clinical Management of Primary Pulmonary Hypertension

1987 • 48 citations

The Effect of Infused Prostacyclin in Migraine and Cluster Headache

1981 • 46 citations

Prevention of infarction-induced decrease in circulating platelet count by prostacyclin

1980 • 43 citations

Inhibition of angiotensin I converting enzyme by venom peptides

1971 • 41 citations

ANTI‐AGGREGATORY EFFECT OF PROSTACYCLIN (PGI₂) in vivo

1979 • 40 citations

Administration of Prostacyclin Prevents Ventricular Fibrillation Following Coronary Occlusion in Conscious Dogs

1982 • 39 citations

Diet-induced hypercholesterolemia inhibits the recovery of prostacyclin production by injured rabbit aorta.

1982 • 33 citations

Endothelin-3 stimulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis

1991 • 31 citations

The treatment of peripheral occlusive arterial disease with alpha-tocopherol as compared with vasodilator agents and antiprothrombin (dicumarol).

1968 • 29 citations

Vitamin E: the evidence for an anti-atherogenic role.

1993 • 28 citations

Endothelin stimulates the renal production of prostaglandin E2 and I2 in anesthetized dogs

1989 • 27 citations

Effects of Prostacyclin During Cardiopulmonary Bypass in Man

1981 • 27 citations

Topical prostacyclin (PGI2) inhibits platelet aggregation in pial venules of the mouse.

1979 • 27 citations

Infarct size reduction by prostacyclin after coronary occlusion in conscious dogs

1979 • 26 citations

A double blind placebo controlled trial of intravenous prostacyclin (PGI2) in 108 patients with ischaemic peripheral vascular disease

1990 • 22 citations

A multicenter study of the safety and efficacy of benazepril hydrochloride, a long-acting angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, in patients with chronic congestive heart failure

1989 • 21 citations

Cyclic GMP stimulation by vasopressin in LLC-PK1 kidney epithelial cells is l-arginine-dependent

1989 • 21 citations

ASPIRIN AND MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION

1972 • 17 citations

Retrospective comparison of iloprost with other treatments for secondary Raynaud's phenomenon.

1991 • 17 citations

REVERSAL OF THE VASCULAR RESPONSE TO ACETYLCHOLINE AND ADRENALINE

1951 • 16 citations

Clinical potential of prostacyclin.

1983 • 13 citations

Nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, and bismuth

1956 • 9 citations

SOME PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTIONS OF THE HOMOCHOLINS AND OF SOME OF THEIR DERIVATIVES

1915 • 9 citations

ETA-Dependent Pressor Effects and Release of Prostacyclin Induced by Endothelins in Pulmonary and Renal Vasculature

1993 • 9 citations

Intravenous prostacyclin (PGI2) infusion to 108 patients with ischaemic peripheral vascular disease: Phase II-open study

1991 • 5 citations

An Essay on the Cause of the Coagulation of the Blood.

1857 • 4 citations

The Metabolism of Endothelin-1 and Big Endothelin-1 by the Isolated Perfused Kidney of the Rabbit

1993 • 2 citations

The Mechanical Activity of the Heart Stimulates Endothelium-Derived Relaxing Factor Release in the Coronary Vascular Bed

1991 • 2 citations