Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3: Properties, Functions, and Regulation

Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3 by insulin mediated by protein kinase B

1995 • 5,143 citations

β-Catenin regulates expression of cyclin D1 in colon carcinoma cells

1999 • 3,566 citations

Wnt signaling and cancer

2000 • 3,215 citations

An Essential Role for NF-κB in Preventing TNF-α-Induced Cell Death

1996 • 3,094 citations

Mechanism of activation of protein kinase B by insulin and IGF-1.

1996 • 2,965 citations

Identification and characterization of the familial adenomatous polyposis coli gene

1991 • 2,806 citations

Wnt signaling: a common theme in animal development

1997 • 2,579 citations

A molecular mechanism for the effect of lithium on development.

1996 • 2,270 citations

Glycogen synthase kinase-3β regulates cyclin D1 proteolysis and subcellular localization

1998 • 2,096 citations

MECHANISMS OF WNT SIGNALING IN DEVELOPMENT

1998 • 2,028 citations

Embryonic lethality and liver degeneration in mice lacking the RelA component of NF-κB

1995 • 1,849 citations

Many tumors induced by the mouse mammary tumor virus contain a provirus integrated in the same region of the host genome

1982 • 1,790 citations

Regulation of the Hedgehog and Wingless signalling pathways by the F-box/WD40-repeat protein Slimb

1998 • 1,740 citations

Binding of GSK3β to the APC-β-Catenin Complex and Regulation of Complex Assembly

1996 • 1,382 citations

Requirement for glycogen synthase kinase-3β in cell survival and NF-κB activation

2000 • 1,365 citations

Molecular cloning and expression of glycogen synthase kinase-3/factor A.

1990 • 1,329 citations

Lithium inhibits glycogen synthase kinase-3 activity and mimics Wingless signalling in intact cells

1996 • 1,299 citations

Axin, a negative regulator of the Wnt signaling pathway, forms a complex with GSK-3beta and beta -catenin and promotes GSK-3beta -dependent phosphorylation of beta -catenin

1998 • 1,244 citations

Functional Interaction of an Axin Homolog, Conductin, with β-Catenin, APC, and GSK3β

1998 • 1,241 citations

Control of apoptosis by Rel/NF-κB transcription factors

1999 • 1,204 citations

Intestinal polyposis in mice with a dominant stable mutation of the beta -catenin gene

1999 • 1,161 citations

The axis-inducing activity, stability, and subcellular distribution of beta-catenin is regulated in Xenopus embryos by glycogen synthase kinase 3.

1996 • 1,156 citations

Protein kinase B (c-Akt): a multifunctional mediator of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activation

1998 • 1,101 citations

The effects of lithium ion and other agents on the activity of myo-inositol-1-phosphatase from bovine brain.

1980 • 1,099 citations

Phosphoinositide-3-OH kinase-dependent regulation of glycogen synthase kinase 3 and protein kinase B/AKT by the integrin-linked kinase

1998 • 1,097 citations

De Novo Hair Follicle Morphogenesis and Hair Tumors in Mice Expressing a Truncated β-Catenin in Skin

1998 • 1,082 citations

Activation of protein kinase C decreases phosphorylation of c-Jun at sites that negatively regulate its DNA-binding activity

1991 • 1,071 citations

Regulation of intracellular beta-catenin levels by the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) tumor-suppressor protein.

1995 • 1,025 citations

Neural and developmental actions of lithium: A unifying hypothesis

1989 • 1,005 citations

Severe Liver Degeneration in Mice Lacking the IκB Kinase 2 Gene

1999 • 978 citations

The SCFbeta -TRCP-ubiquitin ligase complex associates specifically with phosphorylated destruction motifs in Ikappa Balpha and beta -catenin and stimulates Ikappa Balpha ubiquitination in vitro

1999 • 914 citations

The Mouse Locus Encodes Axin, an Inhibitor of the Wnt Signaling Pathway That Regulates Embryonic Axis Formation

1997 • 908 citations

Glycogen synthase kinase-3 from rabbit skeletal muscle. Separation from cyclic-AMP-dependent protein kinase and phosphorylase kinase.

1980 • 896 citations

Inactivation of glycogen synthase kinase-3β by phosphorylation: new kinase connections in insulin and growth-factor signalling

1993 • 877 citations

arrow encodes an LDL-receptor-related protein essential for Wingless signalling

2000 • 870 citations

Selective small molecule inhibitors of glycogen synthase kinase-3 modulate glycogen metabolism and gene transcription

2000 • 867 citations

Phosphorylation and inactivation of glycogen synthase kinase 3 by protein kinase A

2000 • 783 citations

Nuclear Export of NF-ATc Enhanced by Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3

1997 • 754 citations

Glycogen Synthase Kinase‐3 from Rabbit Skeletal Muscle

1980 • 750 citations

Glycogen synthase kinase-3 induces Alzheimer's disease-like phosphorylation of tau: Generation of paired helical filament epitopes and neuronal localisation of the kinase

1992 • 709 citations

A Common Phosphate Binding Site Explains the Unique Substrate Specificity of GSK3 and Its Inactivation by Phosphorylation

2001 • 679 citations

The oncogenic activation of β-catenin

1999 • 655 citations

Identification of the receptor component of the IκBα–ubiquitin ligase

1998 • 648 citations

Crystal Structure of Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3β

2001 • 636 citations

Modulation of the glycogen synthase kinase-3 family by tyrosine phosphorylation.

1993 • 616 citations

A common human skin tumour is caused by activating mutations in β-catenin

1999 • 608 citations

WNTs modulate cell fate and behavior during vertebrate development

1997 • 604 citations

Mitogen inactivation of glycogen synthase kinase-3β in intact cells via serine 9 phosphorylation

1994 • 578 citations

Loss of Apc heterozygosity and abnormal tissue building in nascent intestinal polyps in mice carrying a truncated Apc gene.

1995 • 551 citations

Regulation of LEF-1/TCF transcription factors by Wnt and other signals

1999 • 537 citations

Lithium activates the serine/threonine kinase Akt-1 and suppresses glutamate-induced inhibition of Akt-1 activity in neurons

1999 • 537 citations

Ectopic expression of the proto-oncogene int-1 in Xenopus embryos leads to duplication of the embryonic axis

1989 • 518 citations

Glycogen synthase kinase-3 and dorsoventral patterning in Xenopus embryos

1995 • 492 citations

The inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3 by insulin or insulin-like growth factor 1 in the rat skeletal muscle cell line L6 is blocked by wortmannin, but not by rapamycin: evidence that wortmannin blocks activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in L6 cells between Ras and Raf

1994 • 476 citations

A ubiquitin ligase complex essential for the NF-kappa B, Wnt/Wingless, and Hedgehog signaling pathways

1999 • 427 citations

wingless signaling acts through zeste-white 3, the drosophila homolog of glycogen synthase kinase-3, to regulate engrailed and establish cell fate

1992 • 425 citations

Signal-induced ubiquitination of Ikappa Balpha by the F-box protein Slimb/beta -TrCP

1999 • 424 citations

wingless signal and Zeste-white 3 kinase trigger opposing changes in the intracellular distribution of Armadillo

1994 • 423 citations

Inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinases, GSK-3β and CK1 by hymenialdisine, a marine sponge constituent

2000 • 419 citations

Differential Regulation of Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3β by Insulin and Wnt Signaling

2000 • 418 citations

Axin and Frat1 interact with Dvl and GSK, bridging Dvl to GSK in Wnt-mediated regulation of LEF-1

1999 • 409 citations

Glycogen synthase kinase-3 is rapidly inactivated in response to insulin and phosphorylates eukaryotic initiation factor eIF-2B

1993 • 399 citations

Wingless inactivates glycogen synthase kinase-3 via an intracellular signalling pathway which involves a protein kinase C.

1996 • 396 citations

Differential regulation of glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta by protein kinase C isotypes.

1992 • 394 citations

Glycogen synthase kinase-3: functions in oncogenesis and development

1992 • 379 citations

Structure of GSK3beta reveals a primed phosphorylation mechanism.

2001 • 368 citations

Cell-autonomous regulation of cell and organ growth in Drosophila by Akt/PKB

1999 • 368 citations

The Rel/NF-κB family: friend and foe

2000 • 368 citations

Deficiency of T2K leads to apoptotic liver degeneration and impaired NF-kappaB-dependent gene transcription

2000 • 365 citations

Cyclic AMP Promotes Neuronal Survival by Phosphorylation of Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3β

2000 • 361 citations

Formation of protein kinase recognition sites by covalent modification of the substrate. Molecular mechanism for the synergistic action of casein kinase II and glycogen synthase kinase 3.

1987 • 357 citations

Roles of ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis in cell cycle control

1997 • 348 citations

Control of β-Catenin Stability

2000 • 338 citations

GBP, an Inhibitor of GSK-3, Is Implicated in Xenopus Development and Oncogenesis

1998 • 329 citations

Components of wingless signalling in Drosophila

1994 • 326 citations

Phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate 1 by glycogen synthase kinase 3 impairs insulin action

1997 • 316 citations

Roles of Wnt proteins in neural development and maintenance

2000 • 311 citations

Reduced Brain Inositol in Lithium-treated Rats

1971 • 309 citations

Absence of tumor necrosis factor rescues RelA-deficient mice from embryonic lethality

1999 • 303 citations

Signaling through ?-catenin and Lef/Tcf

1999 • 300 citations

Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta is a dual specificity kinase differentially regulated by tyrosine and serine/threonine phosphorylation.

1994 • 292 citations

Discussion

1997 • 279 citations

SCF and APC: the Yin and Yang of cell cycle regulated proteolysis

1998 • 271 citations

WISP-1 is a Wnt-1- and β-catenin-responsive oncogene

2000 • 263 citations

Axis determination in Xenopus involves biochemical interactions of axin, glycogen synthase kinase 3 and β-catenin

1998 • 258 citations

Establishment of the Dorsal–Ventral Axis inXenopus Embryos Coincides with the Dorsal Enrichment of Dishevelled That Is Dependent on Cortical Rotation

1999 • 255 citations

Lithium-induced respecification of pattern in Xenopus laevis embryos

1986 • 253 citations

Phosphorylation of the Drosophila Adherens Junction Protein Armadillo: Roles for Wingless Signal and Zeste-white 3 Kinase

1994 • 251 citations

Casein kinase 2associates with and phosphorylates Dishevelled

1997 • 249 citations

Preferential labeling of Alzheimer neurofibrillary tangles with antisera for tau protein kinase (TPK) I/glycogen synthase kinase-3β and cyclin-dependent kinase 5, a component of TPK II

1996 • 246 citations

Purification of Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 from Rabbit Skeletal Muscle.. Copurification with the Activating Factor (FA)of the (Mg-ATP) Dependent Protein Phosphatase.

1981 • 241 citations

A GSK3‐binding peptide from FRAT1 selectively inhibits the GSK3‐catalysed phosphorylation of Axin and β‐catenin

1999 • 234 citations

Further evidence that the inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase‐3β by IGF‐1 is mediated by PDK1/PKB‐induced phosphorylation of Ser‐9 and not by dephosphorylation of Tyr‐216

1997 • 232 citations

WNT targets: repression and activation

1999 • 227 citations

Site-specific modulation of c-Myc cotransformation by residues phosphorylated in vivo.

1994 • 224 citations

Glycogen synthase kinase 3 regulates cell fate in dictyostelium

1995 • 221 citations

Wnt pathway components orient a mitotic spindle in the early Caenorhabditis elegans embryo without requiring gene transcription in the responding cell

1999 • 221 citations

Wnt Signaling to β-Catenin Involves Two Interactive Components

2000 • 220 citations

Distinct β-catenins mediate adhesion and signalling functions in C. elegans

2000 • 217 citations

Drosophila shaggy kinase and rat glycogen synthase kinase-3 have conserved activities and act downstream of Notch

1993 • 203 citations

Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 Is an Insulin-Regulated C/EBPα Kinase

1999 • 201 citations

Signaling by wingless in Drosophila

1994 • 200 citations

Negative Regulation of Wingless Signaling by D-Axin, a Drosophila Homolog of Axin

1999 • 200 citations

Hot spots in beta-catenin for interactions with LEF-1, conductin and APC.

2000 • 194 citations

Glycogen synthase kinase 3 phosphorylates Jun family members in vitro and negatively regulates their transactivating potential in intact cells.

1993 • 190 citations

Phosphorylation of the Type‐II Regulatory Subunit of Cyclic‐AMP‐Dependent Protein Kinase by Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 and Glycogen Synthase Kinase 5

1982 • 184 citations

Drosophila Apc2 Is a Cytoskeletally-Associated Protein That Regulates Wingless Signaling in the Embryonic Epidermis

1999 • 183 citations

Roles of Axin in the Wnt Signalling Pathway

1999 • 182 citations

Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Induces the Expression and Activity of βTrCP Ubiquitin Ligase Receptor

2000 • 181 citations

GSK3β/shaggy mediates patterning along the animal-vegetal axis of the sea urchin embryo

1998 • 174 citations

Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3β and Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase Inactivate Heat Shock Transcription Factor 1 by Facilitating the Disappearance of Transcriptionally Active Granules after Heat Shock

1998 • 162 citations

Interaction among Gsk-3, Gbp, Axin, and APC in Xenopus Axis Specification

2000 • 162 citations

The Novel Tyrosine Kinase ZAK1 Activates GSK3 to Direct Cell Fate Specification

1999 • 161 citations

Putative protein kinase product of the Drosophila segment-polarity gene zeste-white3

1990 • 161 citations

Vertebrate mesendoderm induction and patterning

2000 • 158 citations

Ordered multisite protein phosphorylation. Analysis of glycogen synthase kinase 3 action using model peptide substrates.

1990 • 158 citations

Inhibitors of protein kinase C. 3. Potent and highly selective bisindolylmaleimides by conformational restriction

1993 • 157 citations

An early embryonic product of the gene shaggy encodes a serine/threonine protein kinase related to the CDC28/cdc2+ subfamily.

1990 • 154 citations

Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3β Negatively Regulates Both DNA-binding and Transcriptional Activities of Heat Shock Factor 1

2000 • 154 citations

Wnt signaling and dorso-ventral axis specification in vertebrates

1999 • 146 citations

β-Catenin Has Wnt-like Activity and Mimics the Nieuwkoop Signaling Center inXenopusDorsal–Ventral Patterning

1995 • 142 citations

Prevention of Hepatic Apoptosis and Embryonic Lethality in RelA/TNFR-1 Double Knockout Mice

2000 • 132 citations

[48] cDNA cloning and properties of glycogen synthase kinase-3

1991 • 131 citations

Activation of a novel proto-oncogene, Frat1, contributes to progression of mouse T-cell lymphomas

1997 • 130 citations

Inositol polyphosphate 1-phosphatase from calf brain. Purification and inhibition by Li+, Ca2+, and Mn2+.

1987 • 128 citations

Animal–Vegetal Axis Patterning Mechanisms in the Early Sea Urchin Embryo

2000 • 122 citations

A Drosophila homolog of the tumor suppressor gene adenomatous polyposis coli down-regulates β-catenin but its zygotic expression is not essential for the regulation of Armadillo

1997 • 119 citations

Identification of multifunctional ATP-citrate lyase kinase as the α-isoform of glycogen synthase kinase-3

1992 • 113 citations

GSK-3: New Thoughts on an Old Enzyme

2000 • 112 citations

Expression analysis of glycogen synthase kinase‐3 in human tissues

1999 • 112 citations

Multiple signalling pathways involved in the stimulation of fatty acid and glycogen synthesis by insulin in rat epididymal fat cells

1995 • 110 citations

Dorsalization of mesoderm induction by lithium

1989 • 109 citations

Regulation and functions of the glycogen synthase kinase-3 subfamily.

1994 • 103 citations

Wnt signalling in Caenorhabditis elegans : regulating repressors and polarizing the cytoskeleton

2000 • 102 citations

Phosphoserine as a recognition determinant for glycogen synthase kinase-3: Phosphorylation of a synthetic peptide based on the G-component of protein phosphatase-1

1988 • 95 citations

Regulation of the Protein Kinase Activity of ShaggyZeste-white3 by Components of the Wingless Pathway in Drosophila Cells and Embryos

1999 • 88 citations

INFLUENCE OF IONIC CONDITIONS ON CELL DIFFERENTIATION AND MORPHOGENESIS OF THE CELLULAR SLIME MOLDS

1970 • 85 citations

Molecular mechanism of the synergistic phosphorylation of phosphatase inhibitor-2. Cloning, expression, and site-directed mutagenesis of inhibitor-2.

1994 • 84 citations

In Vitro and In Vivo Inhibition of Inositol Monophosphatase by the Bisphosphonate L‐690,330

1993 • 83 citations

Lithium chloride potentiates tumor necrosis factor-mediated cytotoxicity in vitro and in vivo.

1989 • 82 citations

wingless signaling in the Drosophila eye and embryonic epidermis

1996 • 76 citations

Trunk-specific modulation of Wingless signalling in Drosophila by Teashirt binding to Armadillo

1998 • 75 citations

The C-terminal domain of Armadillo binds to hypophosphorylated Teashirt to modulate Wingless signalling in Drosophila

1999 • 74 citations

Functional significance of a family of protein kinases encoded at the shaggy locus in Drosophila.

1993 • 70 citations

Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is regulated during Dictyostelium development via the serpentine receptor cAR3

1999 • 69 citations

Glycogen synthase kinase-3 enhances nuclear export of a Dictyostelium STAT protein

2000 • 69 citations

Molecular Cloning and Characterization of the Human Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3β Promoter

1999 • 68 citations

Isolation and chromosomal mapping of human glycogen synthase kinase-3 α and -3β encoding genes

1998 • 59 citations

The natural product hymenialdisine inhibits interleukin-8 production in U937 cells by inhibition of nuclear factor-kappaB.

1997 • 57 citations

Gut Reaction to Wnt Signaling in Worms

1997 • 57 citations

Schizosaccharomyces pombe skp1⁺ Encodes a Protein Kinase Related to Mammalian Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 and Complements a cdc14 Cytokinesis Mutant

1996 • 54 citations

Activation of protein kinase C increases phosphorylation of the L-myc trans-activator domain at a GSK-3 target site.

1992 • 53 citations

Lithium salts in the treatment of psychotic excitement. 1949.

2000 • 50 citations

Evidence for a frizzled-mediated wnt pathway required for zebrafish dorsal mesoderm formation

1998 • 48 citations

Nuclear β-catenin and the development of bilateral symmetry in normal and LiCl-exposed chick embryos

1999 • 48 citations

Inhibition of NFkappaB-mediated interleukin-1beta-stimulated prostaglandin E2 formation by the marine natural product hymenialdisine.

1997 • 46 citations

Overexpression of Xgsk-3 Disrupts Anterior Ectodermal Patterning inXenopus

1996 • 45 citations

New steps in the Wnt/beta-catenin signal transduction pathway.

2000 • 43 citations

A novel role for glycogen synthase kinase-3 in Xenopus development: maintenance of oocyte cell cycle arrest by a β-catenin-independent mechanism

1999 • 41 citations

ATP citrate-lyase and glycogen synthase kinase-3β in 3T3-L1 cells during differentiation into adipocytes

1994 • 36 citations

Roles of glycogen synthase kinase-3 in signal transduction

1993 • 28 citations

Dual role for thezeste-white3/shaggy-encoded kinase in mesoderm and heart development ofDrosophila

1998 • 27 citations

Lithium in the Treatment of Other Psychiatric and Nonpsychiatric Disorders

1979 • 26 citations

Effects of a protein kinase C inhibitor (PKCI) on the development of adjuvant-induced arthritis (AA) in rats

1995 • 22 citations

Phosphorylated seryl and threonyl, but not tyrosyl, residues are efficient specificity determinants for GSK‐3β and Shaggy

1999 • 22 citations

Negative regulation of dorsal patterning in early embryos by overexpression of XrelA, a Xenopus homologue of NF-κB

1996 • 16 citations

Lithium*

1984 • 12 citations

Differential expression of glycogen synthase kinase 3 genes during zebrafish embryogenesis

2000 • 12 citations

Study of the Effect of Lithium on Lymphokine-Activated Killer Cell Activity and Its Antitumor Growth

1992 • 10 citations

Glycogen synthase kinase and Dictyostelium development: old pathways pointing in new directions?

1995 • 7 citations

Two metabolic systems with different reactions to temperature in sea urchin larvae

1973 • 5 citations