How do Protozoan Parasites Survive inside Macrophages?

Altered immune responses in mice lacking inducible nitric oxide synthase

1995 • 1,296 citations

In Vivo Microbial Stimulation Induces Rapid CD40 Ligand–independent Production of Interleukin 12 by Dendritic Cells and their Redistribution to T Cell Areas

1997 • 937 citations

In the absence of endogenous IL-10, mice acutely infected with Toxoplasma gondii succumb to a lethal immune response dependent on CD4+ T cells and accompanied by overproduction of IL-12, IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha.

1996 • 920 citations

Toxoplasma Invasion of Mammalian Cells Is Powered by the Actin Cytoskeleton of the Parasite

1996 • 631 citations

Transforming Growth Factor-β in Leishmanial Infection: a Parasite Escape Mechanism

1992 • 439 citations

Inducible Nitric Oxide Is Essential for Host Control of Persistent but Not Acute Infection with the Intracellular Pathogen Toxoplasma gondii

1997 • 432 citations

Modulation of Macrophage Function by Transforming Growth Factor ?, Interleukin-4, and Interleukin-10

1993 • 393 citations

Type 1 Interferon (IFNα/β) and Type 2 Nitric Oxide Synthase Regulate the Innate Immune Response to a Protozoan Parasite

1998 • 371 citations

Leishmania promastigotes evade interleukin 12 (IL-12) induction by macrophages and stimulate a broad range of cytokines from CD4+ T cells during initiation of infection.

1994 • 365 citations

IL-10 is required to prevent immune hyperactivity during infection with Trypanosoma cruzi.

1997 • 350 citations

Reactivation of latent leishmaniasis by inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase.

1996 • 329 citations

Leishmania promastigotes selectively inhibit interleukin 12 induction in bone marrow-derived macrophages from susceptible and resistant mice.

1996 • 319 citations

Tumor necrosis factor alpha mediates resistance to Trypanosoma cruzi infection in mice by inducing nitric oxide production in infected gamma interferon-activated macrophages

1995 • 318 citations

Immnunological Control of <i>Trypanosoma cruzi</i> Infection and Pathogenesis of Chagas’ Disease

1997 • 310 citations

Regulation of Trypanosoma cruzi infections in vitro and in vivo by transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta).

1991 • 309 citations

Tissue expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase is closely associated with resistance to Leishmania major.

1994 • 302 citations

Intracellular infection by Leishmania donovani inhibits macrophage apoptosis.

1994 • 299 citations

The immune response to Leishmania: mechanisms of parasite control and evasion

1998 • 294 citations

Uptake of Leishmania major Amastigotes Results in Activation and Interleukin 12 Release from Murine Skin–derived Dendritic Cells: Implications for the Initiation of Anti-Leishmania Immunity

1998 • 284 citations

Inhibition of Phagolysosomal Biogenesis by the Leishmania Lipophosphoglycan

1997 • 281 citations

Dendritic cells, but not macrophages, produce IL-12 immediately followingLeishmania donovani infection

1998 • 271 citations

Regulation of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in mice by gamma interferon and interleukin 10: role of NK cells

1996 • 270 citations

Transforming growth factor beta as a virulence mechanism for Leishmania braziliensis.

1993 • 217 citations

Toxoplasma gondii-Infected Cells Are Resistant to Multiple Inducers of Apoptosis

1998 • 212 citations

IL-10 mediates susceptibility to Trypanosoma cruzi infection.

1994 • 199 citations

Invasion, control and persistence of Leishmania parasites

1996 • 197 citations

Role of interleukin-10 in regulation of T-cell-dependent and T-cell-independent mechanisms of resistance to Toxoplasma gondii

1997 • 197 citations

Trypanosoma cruzi:IL-10, TNF, IFN-γ, and IL-12 Regulate Innate and Acquired Immunity to Infection

1996 • 189 citations

Regulation of the expression of nitric oxide synthase and leishmanicidal activity by glycoconjugates of Leishmania lipophosphoglycan in murine macrophages.

1996 • 188 citations

Apoptosis as a proinflammatory event: What can we learn from bacteria-induced cell death?

1997 • 187 citations

L-Arginine-Dependent Reactive Nitrogen Intermediates and the Antimicrobial Effect of Activated Human Mononuclear Phagocytes

1992 • 182 citations

Lipophosphoglycan (LPG) and the identification of virulence genes in the protozoan parasite Leishmania

1998 • 165 citations

Trypanosome invasion of mammalian cells requires activation of the TGFβ signaling pathway

1995 • 158 citations

Transforming growth factor‐β inhibits interleukin‐12‐induced production of interferon‐γ by natural killer cells: A role for transforming growth factor‐β in the regulation of T cell‐independent resistance to Toxoplasma gondii

1995 • 149 citations

Analysis of cytokine production by inflammatory mouse macrophages at the single-cell level: selective impairment of IL-12 induction inLeishmania -infected cells

1998 • 145 citations

Targeted gene deletion of Leishmania major genes encoding developmental stage‐specific leishmanolysin (GP63)

1998 • 118 citations

Glycoconjugates isolated from Trypanosoma cruzi but not from Leishmania species membranes trigger nitric oxide synthesis as well as microbicidal activity in IFN-gamma-primed macrophages.

1997 • 107 citations

Down-regulation of MHC class II molecules and inability to up-regulate class I molecules in murine macrophages after infection withToxoplasma gondii

1998 • 107 citations

Interleukin-12 Restores Interferon- Production and Cytotoxic Responses in Visceral Leishmaniasis

1996 • 107 citations

Cytokine responses induced by Toxoplasma gondii in astrocytes and microglial cells

1997 • 104 citations

A Leishmania protein that modulates interleukin (IL)‐12, IL‐10 and tumor necrosis factor‐α production and expression of B7‐1 in human monocyte‐derived antigen‐presenting cells

1997 • 99 citations

Role of CD80 (B7.1) and CD86 (B7.2) in the Immune Response to an Intracellular Pathogen

1998 • 97 citations

Activation–mediated CD4⁺ T cell unresponsiveness during acute Toxoplasma gondii infection in mice

1996 • 96 citations

Phagocytosis ofLeishmania mexicana amastigotes by macrophages leads to a sustained suppression of IL-12 production

1998 • 94 citations

Host cell invasion by Toxoplasma gondii

1998 • 94 citations

Activation-Induced T Cell Death ExacerbatesTrypanosoma cruziReplication in Macrophages Cocultured with CD4+ T Lymphocytes from Infected Hosts

1998 • 84 citations

Infection with Leishmania major induces interleukin-12 production in vivo

1994 • 83 citations

Heat shock protein 65 induced by gammadelta T cells prevents apoptosis of macrophages and contributes to host defense in mice infected with Toxoplasma gondii.

1997 • 79 citations

Intracellular Survival of Protozoan Parasites with Special Reference to Leishmania spp., Toxoplasma gondil and Trypanosoma cruzi

1996 • 78 citations

Infection of murine macrophages with Toxoplasma gondii is associated with release of transforming growth factor beta and downregulation of expression of tumor necrosis factor receptors

1993 • 77 citations

Transforming Growth Factor β and Immunosuppression in Experimental Visceral Leishmaniasis

1998 • 73 citations

Metacyclogenesis modulates the ability of Leishmania promastigotes to induce IL-12 production in human mononuclear cells.

1997 • 68 citations

Alteration of macrophage function by a Trypanosoma cruzi membrane mucin.

1997 • 67 citations

Coiling Phagocytosis of Trypanosomatids and Fungal Cells

1998 • 62 citations

Interleukin-10 downregulates the intracerebral immune response in chronic Toxoplasma encephalitis

1997 • 62 citations

Modulation of host cell intracellular Ca2+

1996 • 56 citations

Costimulation and the regulation of antimicrobial immunity

1995 • 56 citations

Proapoptotic activity of a Trypanosoma cruzi ceramide-containing glycolipid turned on in host macrophages by IFN-gamma.

1998 • 50 citations

Impairment of the cellular immune response in acute murine toxoplasmosis: regulation of interleukin 2 production and macrophage-mediated inhibitory effects

1994 • 47 citations

From lysosomes into the cytosol: the intracellular pathway of Trypanosoma cruzi.

1994 • 41 citations

Cellular immune reactions directed against Toxoplasma gondii with special emphasis on the central nervous system

1997 • 39 citations

Trypanosoma cruzi‐infected macrophages are defective in major histocompatibility complex class II antigen presentation

1997 • 36 citations

Proapoptotic Activity of aTrypanosoma cruziCeramide-Containing Glycolipid Turned on in Host Macrophages by IFN-γ

1998 • 35 citations

Survival of immunoglobulin G-opsonized Toxoplasma gondii in nonadherent human monocytes

1995 • 31 citations

Interleukin-3 induces antimicrobial activity against Leishmania amazonensis and Trypanosoma cruzi and tumoricidal activity in human peripheral blood-derived macrophages

1992 • 31 citations

Trypanosoma cruzi is a potent inducer of interleukin-12 production in macrophages

1996 • 30 citations

Trypanosoma cruzi Affects Nitric Oxide Production by Murine Peritoneal Macrophages

1994 • 26 citations

Infection with Trypanosoma cruzi selectively upregulates B7-2 molecules on macrophages and enhances their costimulatory activity

1997 • 23 citations

Leishmania Amastigote Target Antigens: The Challenge of a Stealthy Intracellular Parasite

1998 • 19 citations

Interferon-?-activated immature macrophages exhibit a highTrypanosoma cruzi infection rate associated with a low production of both nitric oxide and tumor necrosis factor-?

1994 • 13 citations