The hippocampus in schizophrenia: a review of the neuropathological evidence and its pathophysiological implications

Physical basis of cognitive alterations in alzheimer's disease: Synapse loss is the major correlate of cognitive impairment

1991 • 4,120 citations

Translational Findings on Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Anxiety: Contributions from Basic Research to Clinical Practice

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The BDNF val66met Polymorphism Affects Activity-Dependent Secretion of BDNF and Human Memory and Hippocampal Function

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Implications of Normal Brain Development for the Pathogenesis of Schizophrenia

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The synaptic vesicle cycle: a cascade of protein–protein interactions

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The neuropathology of schizophrenia

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Meta-Analysis of Regional Brain Volumes in Schizophrenia

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Glia: listening and talking to the synapse

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The neuropsychology of schizophrenia

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Control of Synapse Number by Glia

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Neuroanatomical abnormalities before and after onset of psychosis: a cross-sectional and longitudinal MRI comparison

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Differences in the pattern of hippocampal neuronal loss in normal ageing and Alzheimer's disease

1994 • 1,213 citations

Genome-wide expression analysis reveals dysregulation of myelination-related genes in chronic schizophrenia

2001 • 1,194 citations

Schizophrenia as a Disorder of Neurodevelopment

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Two functional components of the hippocampal memory system

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Neuropsychological Deficits in Neuroleptic Naive Patients With First-Episode Schizophrenia

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Basal Ganglia and Limbic System Pathology in Schizophrenia

1985 • 891 citations

Prenatal developmental disturbances in the limbic allocortex in schizophrenics

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Abnormally High Neuronal Density in the Schizophrenic Cortex

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Brain abnormality in schizophrenia

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White Matter Changes in Schizophrenia

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Hippocampal Volume Reduction in Schizophrenia as Assessed by Magnetic Resonance Imaging

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Neuroanatomy of Memory

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Myelination of a Key Relay Zone in the Hippocampal Formation Occurs in the Human Brain During Childhood, Adolescence, and Adulthood

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The Human Hippocampus: Functional Anatomy, Vascularization and Serial Sections with MRI

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Delayed hippocampal damage in humans following cardiorespiratory arrest

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Postmortem Evidence of Structural Brain Changes in Schizophrenia

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Visual recognition and recall after right temporal-lobe excision in man

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Altered Distribution of Nicotinamide-Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate—Diaphorase Cells in Frontal Lobe of Schizophrenics Implies Disturbances of Cortical Development

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Schizophrenia as a Disorder of Developmentally Reduced Synaptic Connectivity

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To Model a Psychiatric Disorder in Animals Schizophrenia As a Reality Test

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Genes for schizophrenia? Recent findings and their pathophysiological implications

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Schizophrenia as an Anomaly of Development of Cerebral Asymmetry

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A neurohistological correlate of schizophrenia.

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From neuropathology to neurodevelopment

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Pronounced Reduction of Total Neuron Number in Mediodorsal Thalamic Nucleus and Nucleus Accumbens in Schizophrenics

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The Human Hippocampus

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Limbic System Abnormalities Identified in Schizophrenia Using Positron Emission Tomography With Fluorodeoxyglucose and Neocortical Alterations With Deficit Syndrome

1992 • 546 citations

Reduced temporal limbic structure volumes on magnetic resonance images in first episode schizophrenia

1990 • 543 citations

An fMRI Study of Facial Emotion Processing in Patients With Schizophrenia

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Gating of information flow within the limbic system and the pathophysiology of schizophrenia

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Some Cytoarchitectural Abnormalities of the Entorhinal Cortex in Schizophrenia

1991 • 517 citations

Is Schizophrenia due to excessive synaptic pruning in the prefrontal cortex? The Feinberg hypothesis revisited

1994 • 507 citations

Quantitative Cytoarchitectural Studies of the Cerebral Cortex of Schizophrenics

1986 • 506 citations

Cell loss in the hippocampus of schizophrenics

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Impaired recruitment of the hippocampus during conscious recollection in schizophrenia

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Is schizophrenia a neurodegenerative disorder? a clinical and neurobiological perspective

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Neuropathology of Schizophrenia

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A reduction of nonpyramidal cells in sector CA2 of schizophrenics and manic depressives

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Abnormal Excitatory Neurotransmitter Metabolism in Schizophrenic Brains

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Glial cell abnormalities in major psychiatric disorders: the evidence and implications

2001 • 455 citations

Distorted Distribution of Nicotinamide-Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate—Diaphorase Neurons in Temporal Lobe of Schizophrenics Implies Anomalous Cortical Development

1993 • 449 citations

A selective decrease in the relative density of parvalbumin-immunoreactive neurons in the hippocampus in schizophrenia

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Limbic pathology in schizophrenia: The entorhinal region—a morphometric study

1988 • 441 citations

Hippocampal Pathologic Findings in Schizophrenia

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Synaptic Vesicle Size and Number Are Regulated by a Clathrin Adaptor Protein Required for Endocytosis

1998 • 426 citations

Loss and altered spatial distribution of oligodendrocytes in the superior frontal gyrus in schizophrenia

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Is Schizophrenia a Progressive Neurodevelopmental Disorder? Toward a Unitary Pathogenetic Mechanism

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Neuroimaging studies of the hippocampus in schizophrenia

2001 • 399 citations

Temporal Lobe Asymmetries as the Key to the Etiology of Schizophrenia

1990 • 398 citations

Analysis of complex brain disorders with gene expression microarrays: schizophrenia as a disease of the synapse

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Structural Correlates of Cognition in Dementia: Quantification and Assessment of Synapse Change

1996 • 387 citations

An MRI study of temporal lobe structures in men with bipolar disorder or schizophrenia

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Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors and Expression ofN-Methyl-<scp>d</scp>-Aspartate Receptor Subunits in Subregions of Human Hippocampus: Effects of Schizophrenia

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Hippocampal Volume in First-Episode Psychoses and Chronic Schizophrenia

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Magnetic resonance imaging of brain in people at high risk of developing schizophrenia

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Structural Abnormalities of Subicular Dendrites in Subjects With Schizophrenia and Mood Disorders

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Diversification of synaptic strength: presynaptic elements

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Serotonin Uptake Sites and Serotonin Receptors Are Altered in the Limbic System of Schizophrenics

1993 • 350 citations

Semantic Memory and the Human Hippocampus

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C<scp>ELL</scp>B<scp>IOLOGY OF THE</scp>P<scp>RESYNAPTIC</scp>T<scp>ERMINAL</scp>

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The neuropathology of primary mood disorder

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Cell biology of the hippocampal formation in schizophrenia

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Synaptophysin regulates activity-dependent synapse formation in cultured hippocampal neurons

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Smaller neuron size in schizophrenia in hippocampal subfields that mediate cortical-hippocampal interactions

1995 • 319 citations

5-HT1A and 5-HT2A Receptor mRNAs and Binding Site Densities Are Differentially Altered in Schizophrenia

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Schizophrenia-Like Psychosis and Epilepsy: The Status of the Association

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Schizophrenia and the brain: a prospective clinico-neuropathological study

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Reduced Neuronal Size in Posterior Hippocampus of Schizophrenic Patients

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THE LEFT MEDIAL TEMPORAL REGION AND SCHIZOPHRENIA: A PET STUDY

1992 • 264 citations

Quantitative immunohistochemistry of synaptophysin in human neocortex: an alternative method to estimate density of presynaptic terminals in paraffin sections.

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Regionally specific pattern of neurochemical pathology in schizophrenia as assessed by multislice proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging

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Neurotoxicity, Neuroplasticity, and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Morphometry

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Fetal Hypoxia and Structural Brain Abnormalities in Schizophrenic Patients, Their Siblings, and Controls

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Probing the human hippocampus using rCBF: Contrasts in schizophrenia

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Altered GABA neurotransmission and prefrontal cortical dysfunction in schizophrenia

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Quantitative autoradiographic analysis of glutamate binding sites in the hippocampal formation in normal and schizophrenic brain post mortem

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Hopelessness, neurocognitive function, and insight in schizophrenia: relationship to suicidal behavior

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Decreased hippocampal expression of a glutamate receptor gene in schizophrenia

1991 • 241 citations

Gene Expression Profile for Schizophrenia

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Hippocampal Pyramidal Cell Disarray in Schizophrenia as a Bilateral Phenomenon

1991 • 239 citations

Hippocampal neurons in schizophrenia

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Cognitive decline in late-life schizophrenia: a longitudinal study of geriatric chronically hospitalized patients

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Abnormal expression of two microtubule-associated proteins (MAP2 and MAP5) in specific subfields of the hippocampal formation in schizophrenia.

1991 • 234 citations

Contributions of Genetic Risk and Fetal Hypoxia to Hippocampal Volume in Patients With Schizophrenia or Schizoaffective Disorder, Their Unaffected Siblings, and Healthy Unrelated Volunteers

2002 • 226 citations

Hippocampal Deformities in Schizophrenia Characterized by High Dimensional Brain Mapping

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Asymmetrical reductions of hippocampal NMDAR1 glutamate receptor mRNA in the psychoses

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SCHIZOPHRENIA AND THE LIMBIC SYSTEM

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Neuropathological studies of synaptic connectivity in the hippocampal formation in schizophrenia

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The α7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and the pathology of hippocampal interneurons in schizophrenia

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Altered synaptophysin expression as a marker of synaptic pathology in schizophrenia

1995 • 216 citations

Decreased expression of mRNAs encoding non-NMDA glutamate receptors GluRl and GluR2 in medial temporal lobe neurons in schizophrenia

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Defects in expression of genes related to synaptic vesicle traffickingin frontal cortex of Alzheimer’s disease

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Hippocampal Pyramidal Cell Orientation in Schizophrenia

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The Human Brain Revisited Opportunities and Challenges in Postmortem Studies of Psychiatric Disorders

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Schizophrenia: A Neuropathological Perspective

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Regionally Specific Neuronal Pathology in Untreated Patients with Schizophrenia: A Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Imaging Study

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Deficit and hemispheric asymmetry of GABA uptake sites in the hippocampus in schizophrenia

1990 • 202 citations

Interstitial white matter neurons express less reelin and are abnormally distributed in schizophrenia: towards an integration of molecular and morphologic aspects of the neurodevelopmental hypothesis

2003 • 200 citations

Absence of Neurodegeneration and Neural Injury in the Cerebral Cortex in a Sample of Elderly Patients With Schizophrenia

1998 • 200 citations

Decreased synaptophysin in the medial temporal lobe in schizophrenia demonstrated using immunoautoradiography

1995 • 195 citations

Antipsychotic drugs and neuroplasticity: insights into the treatment and neurobiology of schizophrenia

2001 • 195 citations

The Neuropathology of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy

1993 • 189 citations

Hippocampal Neuron Number in Schizophrenia

1991 • 188 citations

Reduction of synapsin in the hippocampus of patients with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia

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Schizophrenia Breakdown in the Well-regulated Lifelong Process of Brain Development and Maturation

2002 • 182 citations

A Quantitative Investigation of Hippocampal Pyramidal Cell Size, Shape, and Variability of Orientation in Schizophrenia

1989 • 177 citations

Size, shape, and orientation of neurons in the left and right hippocampus: investigation of normal asymmetries and alterations in schizophrenia

1997 • 176 citations

Hemispheric differences in hippocampal volume predict verbal and spatial memory performance in patients with Alzheimer's disease

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Alzheimer Disease and Related Neurodegenerative Diseases in Elderly Patients With Schizophrenia

1998 • 174 citations

SNAP-25 deficit and hippocampal connectivity in schizophrenia

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Hippocampal synaptic pathology in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and major depression: a study of complexin mRNAs

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Mechanisms of synaptic dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease.

1995 • 170 citations

Evidence for altered trisynaptic circuitry in schizophrenic hippocampus

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Anomalous Asymmetry of Fusiform and Parahippocampal Gyrus Gray Matter in Schizophrenia: A Postmortem Study

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1997 • 158 citations

Significant reductions in synapsin but not synaptophysin specific activity in the brains of some schizophrenics

1993 • 157 citations

Selective regional loss of exocytotic presynaptic vesicle proteins in Alzheimer’s disease brains

2000 • 154 citations

Is there gliosis in schizophrenia? Investigation of the temporal lobe

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Is schizophrenia a lifetime disorder of brain plasticity, growth and aging?

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Gliosis in schizophrenia: A survey

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Long-term effects of anterior temporal lobectomy on certain cognitive functions.

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Impaired hippocampal recruitment during normal modulation of memory performance in schizophrenia

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A “Mock up” of schizophrenia: Temporal lobe epilepsy and schizophrenia-like psychosis

1990 • 146 citations

The axonal chemorepellant semaphorin 3A is increased in the cerebellum in schizophrenia and may contribute to its synaptic pathology

2003 • 145 citations

Differences in the subregional and cellular distribution of GABAA receptor binding in the hippocampal formation of schizophrenic brain

1996 • 145 citations

Glutamate Receptors and Transporters in the Hippocampus in Schizophrenia

2003 • 143 citations

The neuropathological effects of antipsychotic drugs

1999 • 142 citations

Altered levels of the synaptosomal associated protein SNAP-25 in hippocampus of subjects with mood disorders and schizophrenia

2001 • 142 citations

Cognitive performance in schizophrenia: relationship to regional brain volumes and psychiatric symptoms

2002 • 142 citations

The Role of Synaptic Proteins in the Pathogenesis of Disorders of the Central Nervous System

1993 • 140 citations

Relations between neuropsychological performance and brain morphological and physiological measures in monozygotic twins discordant for schizophrenia

1994 • 138 citations

Abnormal Reinnervation as a Basis for Schizophrenia: A Hypothesis

1992 • 137 citations

Schizophrenia: a disorder of neurodevelopment?

1997 • 134 citations

Further Evidence of Abnormal Cytoarchitecture of the Entorhinal Cortex in Schizophrenia Using Spatial Point Pattern Analyses

1997 • 130 citations

Hippocampal volume reduction in schizophrenia: effects of genetic risk and pregnancy and birth complications

1999 • 129 citations

No evidence for astrogliosis in brains of schizophrenic patients. A post‐mortem study

1999 • 129 citations

The glial growth factors deficiency and synaptic destabilization hypothesis of schizophrenia

2002 • 128 citations

SNAP-25 reduction in the hippocampus of patients with schizophrenia

2003 • 125 citations

Entorhinal cortex pre-alpha cell clusters in schizophrenia: quantitative evidence of a developmental abnormality

2000 • 121 citations

Neuropsychological Correlates of Hippocampal Volumes in Patients Experiencing a First Episode of Schizophrenia

2002 • 120 citations

Reduced Hippocampal Activation During Encoding and Recognition of Words in Schizophrenia Patients

2003 • 116 citations

Glial fibrillary acidic protein-immunoreactive astrocytosis in elderly patients with schizophrenia and dementia

1996 • 116 citations

Identification of two highly homologous presynaptic proteins distinctly localized at the dendritic and somatic synapses

1995 • 110 citations

Estimated Neuronal Populations and Volumes of the Hippocampus and Its Subfields in Schizophrenia

2002 • 110 citations

Postmortem Studies of the Hippocampal Formation in Schizophrenia

1997 • 108 citations

Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy: an in vivo method of estimating hippocampal neuronal depletion in schizophrenia

1995 • 104 citations

The synaptic-vesicle-specific proteins rab3a and synaptophysin are reduced in thalamus and related cortical brain regions in schizophrenic brains

1999 • 103 citations

Schizophrenia and Nogo: elevated mRNA in cortex, and high prevalence of a homozygous CAA insert

2002 • 103 citations

GluR2 glutamate receptor subunit flip and flop isoforms are decreased in the hippocampal formation in schizophrenia: a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR) study

1997 • 103 citations

The Brain in Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A Review of Structural MRI and CT Findings

2002 • 101 citations

A qualitative and quantitative analysis of the entorhinal cortex in schizophrenia

1997 • 101 citations

Synaptophysin gene expression in schizophrenia

2000 • 101 citations

Immunoautoradiographic evidence for a loss of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate-preferring non-N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptors within the medial temporal lobe in schizophrenia

1997 • 100 citations

A Twin Study of Genetic Contributions to Hippocampal Morphology in Schizophrenia

2002 • 100 citations

Distribution of glutamate decarboxylase65 immunoreactive puncta on pyramidal and nonpyramidal neurons in hippocampus of schizophrenic brain

1998 • 96 citations

Cytoarchitecture of the entorhinal cortex in schizophrenia

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Alterations of hippocampal secreted N-CAM in bipolar disorder and synaptophysin in schizophrenia

1999 • 93 citations

Synaptophysin gene expression in human brain: A quantitative in situ hybridization and immunocytochemical study

1994 • 93 citations

Morphometric studies of the entorhinal cortex in neuropsychiatric patients and controls: clusters of heterotopically displaced lamina II neurons are not indicative of schizophrenia1This study was presented at the 27th Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience (New Orleans 1997).1

1998 • 89 citations

Hippocampal volume in familial and nonfamilial schizophrenic probands and their unaffected relatives

2003 • 85 citations

GluR_5,6,7 subunit immunoreactivity on apical pyramidal cell dendrites in hippocampus of schizophrenics and manic depressives

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Reduced hippocampal LTP in mice lacking a presynaptic protein: complexin II

1999 • 79 citations

Levels of mRNAs encoding synaptic vesicle and synaptic plasma membrane proteins in the temporal cortex of elderly schizophrenic patients

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The hippocampus in schizophrenia: lateralized increase in neuronal density and altered cytoarchitectural asymmetry

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Alzheimer-type Neuropathology in Elderly Schizophrenia Patients

1993 • 73 citations

Contribution of Asymmetric Synapse Loss to Lateralizing Clinical Deficits in Frontotemporal Dementias

2001 • 73 citations

A quantitative immunohistochemical study of astrocytes in the entorhinal cortex in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and major depression: absence of significant astrocytosis

2001 • 73 citations

Hippocampal and cortical growth-associated protein-43 messenger RNA in schizophrenia

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A volumetric MRI study of the entorhinal cortex in first episode neuroleptic-naive schizophrenia

2002 • 72 citations

Chronic haloperidol treatment differentially affects the expression of synaptic and neuronal plasticity-associated genes

1997 • 66 citations

Synaptophysin and GAP-43 mRNA levels in the hippocampus of subjects with schizophrenia

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The medial temporal lobe in schizophrenia

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Anatomical basis of memory disorders.

1995 • 64 citations

Reduced hippocampal N-acetylaspartate without volume loss in schizophrenia

1999 • 63 citations

On the Neuropathology of Schizophrenia and its Dementia: Neurodevelopmental, Neurodegenerative, or Both?

1995 • 62 citations

Cognitive correlates of 1H MRSI–detected hippocampal abnormalities in temporal lobe epilepsy

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Detection and quantification of hippocampal synaptophysin messenger RNA in schizophrenia using autoclaved, formalin-fixed, paraffin wax-embedded sections

1999 • 60 citations

Hippocampal Function and Schizophrenia. Experimental Psychological Evidencea

1992 • 57 citations

Temporal Cortex Synaptophysin mRNA Is Reduced in Alzheimer's Disease and Is Negatively Correlated with the Severity of Dementia

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An RT-PCR study of 5-HT6 and 5-HT7 receptor mRNAs in the hippocampal formation and prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia

2002 • 56 citations

Increased dendritic MAP2 expression in the hippocampus in schizophrenia

2000 • 55 citations

Meta-analysis of postmortem studies of Alzheimer's disease-like neuropathology in schizophrenia [published erratum appears in Am J Psychiatry 1997 Aug;154(8):1180]

1997 • 55 citations

Neurofibrillary Pathology in Brains of Elderly Schizophrenics Treated With Neuroleptics

1994 • 50 citations

Alterations in hippocampal non-phosphorylated MAP2 protein expression in schizophrenia

1997 • 50 citations

Amyloid β Pathology in Alzheimer’s Disease and Schizophrenia

2003 • 49 citations

Age-related abnormalities in expression of mRNAs encoding synapsin 1A, synapsin 1B, and synaptophysin in the temporal cortex of schizophrenics

1997 • 49 citations

Expression of complexin I and II mRNAs and their regulation by antipsychotic drugs in the rat forebrain

2000 • 49 citations

Comparison of glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid uptake binding sites in frontal and temporal lobes in schizophrenia

1998 • 45 citations

Quantitative Study of Synaptophysin Immunoreactivity of Cerebral Cortex and Spinal Cord in Motor Neuron Disease

1995 • 45 citations

Disentangling the pathology of schizophrenia and paraphrenia

2002 • 44 citations

No increased incidence of Alzheimer's disease in elderly schizophrenics

1999 • 42 citations

Increased frequency of dentate granule cells with basal dendrites in the hippocampal formation of schizophrenics

2003 • 42 citations

Reduction of chromogranin B-like immunoreactivity in distinct subregions of the hippocampus from individuals with schizophrenia

2002 • 41 citations

Cognitive Impairment in Elderly Schizophrenia: A Dementia (Still) Lacking Distinctive Histopathology

1996 • 40 citations

Hippocampal dysfunction in schizophrenia

2001 • 40 citations

The neuropathology of schizophrenia : progress and interpretation

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Hippocampal pyramidal cell disarray correlates negatively to cell number: implications for the pathogenesis of schizophrenia

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Decreased hippocampal (CA3) NMDA receptors in schizophrenia

1999 • 34 citations

Neuropsychological functioning in elderly patients with schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease

2002 • 32 citations

Neurofibrillary tangles in elderly patients with late onset schizophrenia

2002 • 30 citations

Synapses in the Hereditary Ataxias

1999 • 28 citations

No neuropathologic evidence for an increased frequency of Alzheimer's disease among elderly schizophrenics

1998 • 27 citations

Cortical dopamine in schizophrenia: Strategies for postmortem studies

1997 • 25 citations

Hippocampal synaptic plasticity as a biological substrate underlying episodic psychosis

1995 • 24 citations

Ventromedial Temporal Lobe Pathology in Dementia, Brain Trauma, and Schizophrenia

1999 • 23 citations

Gene expression and neuronal activity in schizophrenia: a study of polyadenylated mRNA in the hippocampal formation and cerebral cortex

1997 • 22 citations

Shape distortion of the hippocampus: a possible explanation of the pyramidal cell disarray reported in schizophrenia

2002 • 22 citations

Neuritic pathology is lacking in the entorhinal cortex, subiculum and hippocampus in middle-aged adults with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder or unipolar depression

2002 • 21 citations

Neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative hypotheses of schizophrenia: a review and critique

2003 • 21 citations

The subiculum: a potential site of action for novel antipsychotic drugs?

1996 • 20 citations

The subiculum: a potential site of action for novel antipsychotic drugs?

1996 • 20 citations

Granule cells of the dentate gyrus with basal and recurrent dendrites in schizophrenic patients and controls. A comparative Golgi study

2003 • 20 citations

Dendritic structure of single hippocampal neurons according to sex and hemisphere of origin in middle-aged and elderly human subjects

2001 • 19 citations

Neuropsychological Differentiation of Late-Onset Schizophrenia and Dementia of the Alzheimer's Type

2003 • 18 citations

Schizophrenia and its dementia

2004 • 8 citations

Pyramidal cell orientation and density in the hippocampus in schizophrenia

1998 • 8 citations

Vesicular glutamate transporter (VGLUT) gene expression provides further evidence for glutamatergic synaptic pathology in the hippocampus in schizophrenia

2003 • 6 citations

Complexins I and II in hippocampus in schizophrenia

2003 • 5 citations

Second replication of disturbed pre-alpha-cell migration in the entorhinal cortex of schizophrenic patients

2003 • 5 citations

GAP-43 and synaptophysin immunostaining reveal subtle alterations in neural circuitry in the dentate gyrus of patients with schizophrenia

2003 • 3 citations