Evolution and the molecular basis of somatic hypermutation of antigen receptor genes

RAG-1 and RAG-2, Adjacent Genes That Synergistically Activate V(D)J Recombination

1990 • 1,450 citations

The V(D)J recombination activating gene, RAG-1

1989 • 1,164 citations

A new antigen receptor gene family that undergoes rearrangement and extensive somatic diversification in sharks

1995 • 691 citations

Analysis of somatic mutation in five B cell subsets of human tonsil.

1994 • 667 citations

Thymine-Thymine Dimer Bypass by Yeast DNA Polymerase ζ

1996 • 655 citations

Variability in the Lambda Light Chain Sequences of Mouse Antibody

1970 • 554 citations

Antigen‐Driven Selection of Virgin and Memory B Cells

1986 • 476 citations

Somatic hyperconversion diversifies the single VH gene of the chicken with a high incidence in the D region

1989 • 467 citations

Somatic Hypermutation of Immunoglobulin Genes Is Linked to Transcription Initiation

1996 • 424 citations

Elements regulating somatic hypermutation of an immunoglobulin κ gene: Critical role for the intron enhancer/matrix attachment region

1994 • 382 citations

Hot Spot Focusing of Somatic Hypermutation in MSH2-Deficient Mice Suggests Two Stages of Mutational Targeting

1998 • 352 citations

Affinity maturation without germinal centres in lymphotoxin-α-deficient mice

1996 • 322 citations

Hypermutation generating the sheep immunoglobulin repertoire is an antigen-independent process

1995 • 318 citations

The mutational specificity of DNA polymerase-beta during in vitro DNA synthesis. Production of frameshift, base substitution, and deletion mutations.

1985 • 317 citations

VDJ recombination

1992 • 307 citations

A human homolog of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae REV3 gene, which encodes the catalytic subunit of DNA polymerase ζ

1998 • 300 citations

Somatic diversification of the chicken immunoglobulin light chain gene is limited to the rearranged variable gene segment

1987 • 278 citations

Camel heavy-chain antibodies: diverse germline VHH and specific mechanisms enlarge the antigen-binding repertoire

2000 • 275 citations

Passenger transgenes reveal intrinsic specificity of the antibody hypermutation mechanism: clustering, polarity, and specific hot spots.

1993 • 271 citations

Somatic Hypermutation Introduces Insertions and Deletions into Immunoglobulin V Genes

1998 • 259 citations

TdT-Accessible Breaks Are Scattered over the Immunoglobulin V Domain in a Constitutively Hypermutating B Cell Line

1998 • 255 citations

Targeting of non-lg sequences in place of the V segment by somatic hyper mutation

1995 • 223 citations

Discriminating intrinsic and actigen-selected mutational hotspots in immunoglobulin V genes

1993 • 222 citations

A Role for REV3 in Mutagenesis During Double-Strand Break Repair in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

1997 • 201 citations

Somatic Hypermutation in Muts Homologue (Msh)3-, Msh6-, and Msh3/Msh6-Deficient Mice Reveals a Role for the Msh2–Msh6 Heterodimer in Modulating the Base Substitution Pattern

2000 • 200 citations

Increased Hypermutation at G and C Nucleotides in Immunoglobulin Variable Genes from Mice Deficient in the MSH2 Mismatch Repair Protein

1998 • 183 citations

Analysis of the frequency and pattern of somatic mutations within nonproductively rearranged human variable heavy chain genes.

1997 • 180 citations

What limits affinity maturation of antibodies in Xenopus--the rate of somatic mutation or the ability to select mutants?

1992 • 179 citations

Mismatch Repair Co-opted by Hypermutation

1998 • 159 citations

Patterns of Somatic Mutations in Immunoglobulin Variable Genes

1987 • 158 citations

Decreased Frequency of Somatic Hypermutation and Impaired Affinity Maturation but Intact Germinal Center Formation in Mice Expressing Antisense RNA to DNA Polymerase ζ

2001 • 147 citations

THE ORIGIN OF SPONTANEOUS MUTATION IN SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE

1980 • 145 citations

Somatic variation precedes extensive diversification of germline sequences and combinatorial joining in the evolution of immunoglobulin heavy chain diversity.

1993 • 128 citations

Hypermutation of Immunoglobulin Genes in Memory B Cells of DNA Repair–deficient Mice

1998 • 116 citations

Mutational pattern of the nurse shark antigen receptor gene (NAR) is similar to that of mammalian Ig genes and to spontaneous mutations in evolution: the translesion synthesis model of somatic hypermutation

1999 • 106 citations

Somatic hypermutation of the new antigen receptor gene (NAR) in the nurse shark does not generate the repertoire: Possible role in antigen-driven reactions in the absence of germinal centers

1998 • 103 citations

Generating the Antibody Repertoire in Rabbit

1994 • 100 citations

Rearrangement/hypermutation/gene conversion: when, where and why?

1996 • 100 citations

Different Mismatch Repair Deficiencies All Have the Same Effects on Somatic Hypermutation

1999 • 96 citations

Might gene conversion be the mechanism of somatic hypermutation of mammalian immunoglobulin genes?

1989 • 94 citations

Evolution of somatic hypermutation and gene conversion in adaptive immunity

1998 • 90 citations

Tolerance susceptibility of newly generating memory B cells.

1991 • 88 citations

Somatic mutations in antibodies expressed by germinal centre B cells early after primary immunization

1990 • 83 citations

Severe Attenuation of the B Cell Immune Response in Msh2-deficient Mice

1999 • 81 citations

Mutations of the chloramphenicol acetyl transferase transgene driven by the immunoglobulin promoter and intron enhancer

1993 • 77 citations

The swine Ig heavy chain locus has a single J_H and no identifiable IgD

1996 • 71 citations

Somatic mutation of immunoglobulin lambda chains: a segment of the major intron hypermutates as much as the complementarity-determining regions.

1994 • 69 citations

Molecular Characterization of Seizure-Related Genes Isolated by Differential Screening

1996 • 67 citations

Immunological tolerance in germinal centres

1997 • 66 citations

Hypermutation is observed only in antibody H chain V region transgenes that have recombined with endogenous immunoglobulin H DNA: implications for the location of cis-acting elements required for somatic mutation.

1993 • 62 citations

Specificities of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae rad6, rad18, and rad52 mutators exhibit different degrees of dependence on the REV3 gene product, a putative nonessential DNA polymerase.

1995 • 58 citations

Somatic Mutation in Ectothermic Vertebrates: Musings on Selection and Origins

1998 • 57 citations

A Hypermutable Insert in an Immunoglobulin Transgene Contains Hotspots of Somatic Mutation and Sequences Predicting Highly Stable Structures in the RNA Transcript

1998 • 56 citations

The Role of DNA Repair in Somatic Hypermutation of Immunoglobulin Genes

1998 • 45 citations

VDJ genes in VHa2 allotype-suppressed rabbits. Limited germline VH gene usage and accumulation of somatic mutations in D regions.

1991 • 42 citations

Follicular dendritic cells and apoptosis: Life and death in the germinal centre

1995 • 42 citations

Bias in somatic hypermutation of human V_H genes

1994 • 35 citations

Enhancers of hypermutation

1996 • 32 citations

Follicular dendritic cells and apoptosis: Life and death in the germinal centre

1995 • 31 citations

Production of 19S IgM Antibodies with Restricted Heterogeneity from Sharks

1971 • 30 citations

A new view of V(D)J recombination

1996 • 25 citations

Somatic hypermutation: mutations 3' of rabbit VDJ H-chain genes.

1997 • 24 citations

Somatic hypermutagenesis in immunoglobulin genes. III. Somatic mutations in the chicken light chain locus

1996 • 23 citations

Somatic generation of hybrid antibody H chain genes in transgenic mice via interchromosomal gene conversion.

1994 • 22 citations

Evolution and Somatic Diversification of Immunoglobulin Light Chains

2000 • 21 citations

T Cells Can Induce Somatic Mutation in B Cell Receptor-Engaged BL2 Burkitt’s Lymphoma Cells Independently of CD40-CD40 Ligand Interactions

2000 • 21 citations

Somatic diversification of IgH genes in rabbit

1998 • 20 citations

Kinds and locations of mutations arising spontaneously in the coding region of theHPRT gene of finite-life-span diploid human fibroblasts

1991 • 19 citations

Relative Roles of Somatic and Darwinian Evolution in Shaping the Antibody Response

2000 • 14 citations

A unifying hypothesis for the molecular mechanism of somatic mutation and gene conversion in rearranged immunoglobulin variable genes

1998 • 14 citations

Diversification of Bovine λ‐Light Chain Genes

1995 • 10 citations

Somatic Mutagenesis and Evolution of Memory B Cells

1998 • 5 citations

Gene conversion generates immunoglobulin gene diversity in cattle

1996 • 1 citations