The Dopamine Hypothesis of Schizophrenia: Version III--The Final Common Pathway

A Neural Substrate of Prediction and Reward

1997 • 8,991 citations

What is the role of dopamine in reward: hedonic impact, reward learning, or incentive salience?

1998 • 3,973 citations

Federation Proceedings

2009 • 3,950 citations

Dopamine, learning and motivation

2004 • 3,146 citations

Psychosis as a State of Aberrant Salience: A Framework Linking Biology, Phenomenology, and Pharmacology in Schizophrenia

2002 • 2,577 citations

Getting Formal with Dopamine and Reward

2002 • 2,558 citations

Dopamine Receptor Binding Predicts Clinical and Pharmacological Potencies of Antischizophrenic Drugs

1976 • 2,224 citations

A systematic review and meta-analysis of the psychosis continuum: evidence for a psychosis proneness–persistence–impairment model of psychotic disorder

2008 • 2,177 citations

Effect of Chlorpromazine or Haloperidol on Formation of 3‐Methoxytyramine and Normetanephrine in Mouse Brain

1963 • 2,148 citations

Cannabis use and risk of psychotic or affective mental health outcomes: a systematic review

2007 • 2,136 citations

Dopamine in schizophrenia: a review and reconceptualization

1991 • 1,963 citations

Large recurrent microdeletions associated with schizophrenia

2008 • 1,752 citations

Antipsychotic drug doses and neuroleptic/dopamine receptors

1976 • 1,623 citations

The principal features and mechanisms of dopamine modulation in the prefrontal cortex

2004 • 1,560 citations

Role of Endogenous Cannabinoids in Synaptic Signaling

2003 • 1,535 citations

Rare chromosomal deletions and duplications increase risk of schizophrenia

2008 • 1,456 citations

Moderation of the Effect of Adolescent-Onset Cannabis Use on Adult Psychosis by a Functional Polymorphism in the Catechol-O-Methyltransferase Gene: Longitudinal Evidence of a Gene X Environment Interaction

2005 • 1,332 citations

Single photon emission computerized tomography imaging of amphetamine-induced dopamine release in drug-free schizophrenic subjects.

1996 • 1,275 citations

Prediction of Psychosis in Youth at High Clinical Risk

2008 • 1,235 citations

3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine and 5-Hydroxytryptophan as Reserpine Antagonists

1957 • 1,233 citations

Schizophrenia and Migration: A Meta-Analysis and Review

2004 • 1,197 citations

Positron-emission tomography

1997 • 1,179 citations

Neurobehavioural mechanisms of reward and motivation

1996 • 1,177 citations

Schizophrenia is associated with elevated amphetamine-induced synaptic dopamine concentrations: Evidence from a novel positron emission tomography method

1997 • 1,147 citations

Psychosis prediction: 12-month follow up of a high-risk (“prodromal”) group

2002 • 1,132 citations

Obstetric Complications and Schizophrenia: Historical and Meta-Analytic Review

2002 • 1,103 citations

Cannabinoid and Heroin Activation of Mesolimbic Dopamine Transmission by a Common µ ₁ Opioid Receptor Mechanism

1997 • 1,078 citations

Identification of loci associated with schizophrenia by genome-wide association and follow-up

2008 • 1,055 citations

Systematic meta-analyses and field synopsis of genetic association studies in schizophrenia: the SzGene database

2008 • 1,045 citations

Relationship Between Dopamine D₂ Occupancy, Clinical Response, and Side Effects: A Double-Blind PET Study of First-Episode Schizophrenia

2000 • 1,036 citations

Activation of mGlu2/3 receptors as a new approach to treat schizophrenia: a randomized Phase 2 clinical trial

2007 • 1,021 citations

Increased baseline occupancy of D ₂ receptors by dopamine in schizophrenia

2000 • 996 citations

Imaging Synaptic Neurotransmission within VivoBinding Competition Techniques: A Critical Review

2000 • 938 citations

Positron Emission Tomography Reveals Elevated D ₂ Dopamine Receptors in Drug-Naive Schizophrenics

1986 • 935 citations

Causal association between cannabis and psychosis: examination of the evidence

2004 • 895 citations

Antipsychotic Drugs: Direct Correlation Between Clinical Potency and Presynaptic Action on Dopamine Neurons

1975 • 874 citations

Increased Striatal Dopamine Transmission in Schizophrenia: Confirmation in a Second Cohort

1998 • 786 citations

Antipsychotic Drug Effects on Brain Morphology in First-Episode Psychosis

2005 • 780 citations

Prefrontal Dopamine D₁Receptors and Working Memory in Schizophrenia

2002 • 724 citations

Increased dopamine transmission in schizophrenia: relationship to illness phases

1999 • 713 citations

Elevated Striatal Dopamine Function Linked to Prodromal Signs of Schizophrenia

2009 • 709 citations

Decreased prefrontal dopamine D1 receptors in schizophrenia revealed by PET

1997 • 707 citations

Gene-Environment Interactions in Schizophrenia: Review of Epidemiological Findings and Future Directions

2008 • 693 citations

Postpubertal Emergence of Hyperresponsiveness to Stress and to Amphetamine after Neonatal Excitotoxic Hippocampal Damage: A Potential Animal Model of Schizophrenia

1993 • 690 citations

Dopamine Release in Response to a Psychological Stress in Humans and Its Relationship to Early Life Maternal Care: A Positron Emission Tomography Study Using [¹¹C]Raclopride

2004 • 664 citations

Social dominance in monkeys: dopamine D2 receptors and cocaine self-administration

2002 • 651 citations

Reduced prefrontal activity predicts exaggerated striatal dopaminergic function in schizophrenia

2002 • 640 citations

Dysfunction of ventral striatal reward prediction in schizophrenia

2005 • 566 citations

Targeting the dopamine D1 receptor in schizophrenia: insights for cognitive dysfunction

2004 • 547 citations

Effect of lesion of cortical dopamine terminals on subcortical dopamine receptors in rats

1980 • 544 citations

The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia: focus on the dopamine receptor

1976 • 543 citations

Provocative tests with psychostimulant drugs in schizophrenia

1987 • 535 citations

Central D2-dopamine receptor occupancy in relation to antipsychotic drug effects: A double-blind PET study of schizophrenic patients

1993 • 529 citations

D2 Dopamine Receptors in Neuroleptic-Naive Schizophrenic Patients

1990 • 526 citations

Transient and Selective Overexpression of Dopamine D2 Receptors in the Striatum Causes Persistent Abnormalities in Prefrontal Cortex Functioning

2006 • 520 citations

From dopamine to salience to psychosis—linking biology, pharmacology and phenomenology of psychosis

2005 • 494 citations

Social defeat stress selectively alters mesocorticolimbic dopamine release: an in vivo microdialysis study

1996 • 490 citations

The phenomenology of experimentally induced amphetamine psychosis--preliminary observations.

1970 • 475 citations

Psychosocial Stress and Psychosis. A Review of the Neurobiological Mechanisms and the Evidence for Gene-Stress Interaction

2008 • 458 citations

Dopamine as the wind of the psychotic fire: new evidence from brain imaging studies

1999 • 452 citations

The Prevalence and Correlates of Nonaffective Psychosis in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R)

2005 • 431 citations

Aberrant Hippocampal Activity Underlies the Dopamine Dysregulation in an Animal Model of Schizophrenia

2007 • 421 citations

Obstetric Complications and Schizophrenia: A Meta-Analysis

1995 • 404 citations

The prevalence of psychotic symptoms among methamphetamine users

2006 • 379 citations

Modulation of amphetamine-induced striatal dopamine release by ketamine in humans: implications for schizophrenia

2000 • 374 citations

Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Induces Dopamine Release in the Human Striatum

2008 • 371 citations

Functional Studies of the Central Catecholamines

1982 • 344 citations

Antipsychotic drug actions: a clue to the neuropathology of schizophrenia?

1973 • 336 citations

Elevated dopa decarboxylase activity in living brain of patients with psychosis.

1994 • 335 citations

Psychosis pathways converge via D2High dopamine receptors

2006 • 331 citations

Cannabinoids Enhance Subsecond Dopamine Release in the Nucleus Accumbens of Awake Rats

2004 • 330 citations

Presynaptic dopamine function in striatum of neuroleptic-naive schizophrenic patients

1995 • 323 citations

Focal Gray Matter Changes in Schizophrenia across the Course of the Illness: A 5-Year Follow-Up Study

2007 • 304 citations

Brain Volumes in Relatives of Patients With Schizophrenia

2007 • 301 citations

Modeling Sensitization to Stimulants in Humans

2006 • 300 citations

Neurofunctional correlates of vulnerability to psychosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis

2007 • 289 citations

Increased dopamine synthesis rate in medial prefrontal cortex and striatum in schizophrenia indicated by L-(β-11C) DOPA and PET

1999 • 286 citations

Dopamine-cell depolarization block as a model for the therapeutic actions of antipsychotic drugs

1997 • 284 citations

Imaging dopamine transmission in schizophrenia. A review and meta-analysis.

1998 • 281 citations

Microdialysis and SPECT measurements of amphetamine-induced dopamine release in nonhuman primates

1997 • 267 citations

Early and Late Neurodevelopmental Influences in the Prodrome to Schizophrenia: Contributions of Genes, Environment, and Their Interactions

2003 • 265 citations

Dopamine blockade and clinical response: evidence for two biological subgroups of schizophrenia

1989 • 261 citations

Isolation Rearing in Rats: Pre- and Postsynaptic Changes in Striatal Dopaminergic Systems

1998 • 261 citations

Fetal Hypoxia and Structural Brain Abnormalities in Schizophrenic Patients, Their Siblings, and Controls

2002 • 260 citations

Do patients with schizophrenia exhibit aberrant salience?

2008 • 254 citations

Generalized and Specific Cognitive Performance in Clinical High-Risk Cohorts: A Review Highlighting Potential Vulnerability Markers for Psychosis

2005 • 243 citations

GABA and Schizophrenia: A Review of Basic Science and Clinical Studies

2003 • 243 citations

Depressive symptoms and presynaptic dopamine function in neuroleptic-naive schizophrenia

1999 • 243 citations

[Therapeutic use in psychiatry of phenothiazine of central elective action (4560 RP)].

1952 • 240 citations

Quantification of frontal and temporal lobe brain-imaging findings in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis

2003 • 234 citations

Presynaptic Dopaminergic Dysfunction in Schizophrenia

2004 • 227 citations

How many and which are the psychopathological dimensions in schizophrenia? Issues influencing their ascertainment

2001 • 225 citations

Early-Onset Hypothesis of Antipsychotic Drug Action: A Hypothesis Tested, Confirmed and Extended

2005 • 215 citations

Cognitive Functioning in the Schizophrenia Prodrome

2007 • 213 citations

Pathophysiology and Treatment of Psychosis in Parkinson’s Disease

2008 • 201 citations

Gene-Environment Interaction and Covariation in Schizophrenia: The Role of Obstetric Complications

2008 • 199 citations

The Neurobiology of Cognition in Schizophrenia

2006 • 198 citations

Maternal deprivation of neonatal rats produces enduring changes in dopamine function

1999 • 198 citations

Evidence for Onset of Antipsychotic Effects Within the First 24 Hours of Treatment

2005 • 197 citations

Pathways to schizophrenia: the impact of environmental factors

2004 • 196 citations

The Contribution of Social Factors to the Development of Schizophrenia: A Review of Recent Findings

2007 • 195 citations

The Concept of Progressive Brain Change in Schizophrenia: Implications for Understanding Schizophrenia

2007 • 194 citations

Prenatal stress in rats facilitates amphetamine-induced sensitization and induces long-lasting changes in dopamine receptors in the nucleus accumbens

1995 • 193 citations

Decreased Dopamine D2 Receptor Binding in the Anterior Cingulate Cortex in Schizophrenia

2002 • 193 citations

Progressive Changes in the Development Toward Schizophrenia: Studies in Subjects at Increased Symptomatic Risk

2007 • 193 citations

Serious obstetric complications interact with hypoxia-regulated/vascular-expression genes to influence schizophrenia risk

2008 • 191 citations

Birth insult interacts with stress at adulthood to alter dopaminergic function in animal models: possible implications for schizophrenia and other disorders

2003 • 187 citations

Effect of Chronic Exposure to Antipsychotic Medication on Cell Numbers in the Parietal Cortex of Macaque Monkeys

2006 • 186 citations

Brain Structure and Function Changes During the Development of Schizophrenia: The Evidence From Studies of Subjects at Increased Genetic Risk

2007 • 185 citations

Decreased Presynaptic Dopamine Function in the Left Caudate of Depressed Patients With Affective Flattening and Psychomotor Retardation

2001 • 182 citations

Maternal exposure to bacterial endotoxin during pregnancy enhances amphetamine-induced locomotion and startle responses in adult rat offspring

2003 • 180 citations

Do Urbanicity and Familial Liability Coparticipate in Causing Psychosis?

2003 • 179 citations

Confirmation of Synergy Between Urbanicity and Familial Liability in the Causation of Psychosis

2004 • 177 citations

Neurocognitive deficits in the (putative) prodrome and first episode of psychosis

2007 • 176 citations

Striatal D2 dopaminergic receptors assessed with positron emission tomography and [76Br]bromospiperone in untreated schizophrenic patients

1990 • 171 citations

PET Study of D₁ Dopamine Receptor Binding in Neuroleptic-Naive Patients With Schizophrenia

2002 • 170 citations

Genetic associations with schizophrenia: Meta-analyses of 12 candidate genes

2008 • 163 citations

Presynaptic dopaminergic function in the striatum of schizophrenic patients

1997 • 163 citations

Excessive Brain Volume Loss Over Time in Cannabis-Using First-Episode Schizophrenia Patients

2009 • 157 citations

Reward mechanisms in the brain and their role in dependence: evidence from neurophysiological and neuroimaging studies

2001 • 155 citations

Functional neuroimaging in schizophrenia: diagnosis and drug discovery

2008 • 152 citations

Leftward shift in the acquisition of cocaine self-administration in isolation-reared rats: relationship to extracellular levels of dopamine, serotonin and glutamate in the nucleus accumbens and amygdala-striatal FOS expression

2000 • 150 citations

Stress-Induced Dopamine Release in Humans at Risk of Psychosis: a [11C]Raclopride PET Study

2007 • 143 citations

A network of dopaminergic gene variations implicated as risk factors for schizophrenia

2007 • 143 citations

Molecular imaging studies of the striatal dopaminergic system in psychosis and predictions for the prodromal phase of psychosis

2007 • 141 citations

Cortical modulation of striatal function

1982 • 133 citations

Dopamine D2 receptor availability and amphetamine-induced dopamine release in unipolar depression

2001 • 132 citations

Striatal Vs Extrastriatal Dopamine D2 Receptors in Antipsychotic Response—A Double-Blind PET Study in Schizophrenia

2006 • 131 citations

Heritability of Changes in Brain Volume Over Time in Twin Pairs Discordant for Schizophrenia

2008 • 129 citations

Obstetric complications and schizophrenia: prenatal underdevelopment and subsequent neurodevelopmental impairment

2001 • 126 citations

Striatal Dopamine Synthesis in First-degree Relatives of Patients with Schizophrenia

2007 • 123 citations

D2/D3 dopamine receptor binding with [F-18]fallypride in thalamus and cortex of patients with schizophrenia

2006 • 123 citations

Animal models of obstetric complications in relation to schizophrenia

2004 • 123 citations

Striatal amphetamine-induced dopamine release in patients with schizotypal personality disorder studied with single photon emission computed tomography and [123I]iodobenzamide

2004 • 122 citations

PET Study of [¹⁸F]6-Fluoro-<scp>l</scp>-Dopa Uptake in Neuroleptic- and Mood-Stabilizer-Naive First-Episode Nonpsychotic Mania: Effects of Treatment With Divalproex Sodium

2002 • 122 citations

Dopamine D2 densities and the schizophrenic brain

1998 • 119 citations

Enhanced Amphetamine Sensitivity and Increased Expression of Dopamine D2 Receptors in Postpubertal Rats after Neonatal Excitotoxic Lesions of the Medial Prefrontal Cortex

1996 • 117 citations

Subtle Fluctuations in Psychotic Phenomena as Functional States of Abnormal Dopamine Reactivity in Individuals at Risk

2005 • 116 citations

Subchronic Haloperidol Downregulates Dopamine Synthesis Capacity in the Brain of Schizophrenic Patients In Vivo

2002 • 106 citations

The Dopamine D2 Receptors in High-Affinity State and D3 Receptors in Schizophrenia: A Clinical [11C]-(+)-PHNO PET Study

2008 • 106 citations

PET studies of the presynaptic and postsynaptic dopaminergic system in Tourette's syndrome.

1994 • 106 citations

Effects of Reversible Inactivation of the Neonatal Ventral Hippocampus on Behavior in the Adult Rat

2002 • 102 citations

The Brain in Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A Review of Structural MRI and CT Findings

2002 • 101 citations

6-18F-DOPA PET study in patients with schizophrenia

2000 • 101 citations

In Vivo DA D1 Receptor Selectivity of NNC 112 and SCH 23390

2007 • 100 citations

Dopamine receptors in the brains of schizophrenia patients: a meta-analysis of the findings

2001 • 97 citations

Studies of Amphetamine or Methamphetamine Psychosis in Japan: Relation of Methamphetamine Psychosis to Schizophrenia

2000 • 96 citations

NMDA antagonist effects on striatal dopamine release: Positron emission tomography studies in humans

2001 • 93 citations

Effect of Isolation‐Rearing on Conditioned Dopamine Release In Vivo in the Nucleus Accumbens of the Rat

1998 • 91 citations

Dopamine Depletion and In Vivo Binding of PET D1 Receptor Radioligands: Implications for Imaging Studies in Schizophrenia

2003 • 90 citations

Biological, Life Course, and Cross-Cultural Studies All point Toward the Value of Dimensional and Developmental Ratings in the Classification of Psychosis

2007 • 87 citations

Prenatal corticosterone increases spontaneous and d-amphetamine induced locomotor activity and brain dopamine metabolism in prepubertal male and female rats

1995 • 83 citations

Monoamine neuron innervation of the normal human brain: an 18F-DOPA PET study

2003 • 83 citations

Biological Psychiatry

1989 • 80 citations

Effects of acute metabolic stress on the dopaminergic and pituitary–adrenal axis activity in patients with schizophrenia, their unaffected siblings and controls

2007 • 76 citations

The Role of Extrastriatal Dopamine D2 Receptors in Schizophrenia

2006 • 75 citations

Modulation of [18F]fluorodopa (FDOPA) kinetics in the brain of healthy volunteers after acute haloperidol challenge

2006 • 74 citations

Dopamine D2 receptor binding in drug-naïve patients with schizophrenia examined with raclopride-C11 and positron emission tomography

2006 • 72 citations

Repeated isolation in the neonatal rat produces alterations in behavior and ventral striatal dopamine release in the juvenile after amphetamine challenge.

1996 • 66 citations

Repeated isolation in the neonatal rat produces alterations in behavior and ventral striatal dopamine release in the juvenile after amphetamine challenge.

1996 • 64 citations

Neuroreceptor imaging in psychiatric disorders

2002 • 53 citations

Increased sympathetic response to standing in panic disorder

2003 • 51 citations

Brain dopamine response in isolated 10-day-old rats: Assessment using D2 binding and dopamine turnover

1996 • 41 citations

Anhedonie - nosologieübergreifendes Korrelat einer Dysfunktion des dopaminergen Verstärkungssystems?

1999 • 39 citations

Do urbanicity and familial liability co-participate in causing psychosis?

2003 • 30 citations

Uptake of 77Br-spiperone in the striata of schizophrenic patients and controls

1986 • 28 citations

Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol induces dopamine release in the human striatum

2008 • 26 citations

Dopamine D2 receptor occupancy by risperidone: Implications for the timing and magnitude of clinical response

2006 • 22 citations

Schizophrenia is associated with increased synaptic dopamine in associative rather than limbic regions of the striatum: Implications for mechanisms of action of antipsychotic drugs

2006 • 20 citations

Positron tomographic quantitation of neuroreceptors in human brain in vivo — with special reference to the D2 dopamine receptors in caudate nucleus

1987 • 16 citations

Current and emerging somatic treatment strategies in psychotic major depression

2006 • 15 citations

Effects of prenatal methylazoxymethanol treatment on striatal dopaminergic systems in rat brain

1998 • 11 citations

SOCIAL ISOLATION AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES: BEHAVIOURAL AND DOPAMINERGIC RESPONSES TO PSYCHOMOTOR STIMULANTS.

1992 • 9 citations