Inflammatory Regulators in Parkinson's Disease: iNOS, Lipocortin-1, and Cyclooxygenases-1 and -2

Nitric oxide: physiology, pathophysiology, and pharmacology.

1991 • 15,563 citations

The obligatory role of endothelial cells in the relaxation of arterial smooth muscle by acetylcholine

1980 • 12,033 citations

Reactive microglia are positive for HLA‐DR in the substantia nigra of Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease brains

1988 • 2,754 citations

Glutamate, nitric oxide and cell-cell signalling in the nervous system

1991 • 2,406 citations

Neuropathology of Parkinsonʼs Disease

1996 • 1,457 citations

Nitric oxide activates cyclooxygenase enzymes.

1993 • 1,416 citations

Prostaglandin synthase 2

1996 • 1,212 citations

Alterations in glutathione levels in Parkinson's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders affecting basal ganglia

1994 • 1,120 citations

Annexins: the problem of assessing the biological role for a gene family of multifunctional calcium- and phospholipid-binding proteins

1994 • 1,113 citations

Cytotoxicity of microglia

1993 • 1,042 citations

Microglial-produced nitric oxide and reactive nitrogen oxides mediate neuronal cell death

1992 • 939 citations

Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) increases both in the brain and in the cerebrospinal fluid from parkinsonian patients

1994 • 923 citations

Interleukin-1 Stimulation of Astroglial Proliferation After Brain Injury

1985 • 855 citations

A novel neuronal messenger molecule in brain: The free radical, nitric oxide

1992 • 837 citations

Tumor necrosis factor identified in multiple sclerosis brain.

1989 • 793 citations

Cytokine production by human fetal microglia and astrocytes. Differential induction by lipopolysaccharide and IL-1 beta.

1993 • 789 citations

Interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, epidermal growth factor and transforming growth factor-α are elevated in the brain from parkinsonian patients

1994 • 788 citations

Microglial cell cytotoxicity of oligodendrocytes is mediated through nitric oxide.

1993 • 782 citations

Cyclo-Oxygenase-2 Gene Expression in Neurons Contributes to Ischemic Brain Damage

1997 • 728 citations

Prostaglandin Endoperoxide H Synthases-1 and -2

1996 • 721 citations

Expression of mRNA for cyclooxygenase‐1 and cyclooxygenase‐2 in human tissues

1993 • 708 citations

Nuclear translocation of NF-κB is increased in dopaminergic neurons of patients with Parkinson disease

1997 • 676 citations

Anatomic and Disease Specificity of NADH CoQ₁ Reductase (Complex I) Deficiency in Parkinson's Disease

1990 • 676 citations

Mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons protected by GDNF from axotomy-induced degeneration in the adult brain

1995 • 659 citations

Nitric Oxide Synthase in Models of Focal Ischemia

1997 • 659 citations

Brain microglia/macrophages express neurotrophins that selectively regulate microglial proliferation and function

1996 • 653 citations

Synthesis of nitric oxide in CNS glial cells

1993 • 627 citations

Production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha by microglia and astrocytes in culture

1989 • 626 citations

Nitric oxide synthase and neuronal vulnerability in parkinson's disease

1996 • 588 citations

Immunocytochemical analysis of tumor necrosis factor and its receptors in Parkinson's disease

1994 • 576 citations

Activated Macrophages and Microglia Induce Dopaminergic Sprouting in the Injured Striatum and Express Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor

1999 • 569 citations

Characterization of inducible cyclooxygenase in rat brain

1995 • 539 citations

Lipocortin and the mechanism of action of the glucocorticoids

1988 • 499 citations

Energetics in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases

2000 • 479 citations

Activation of the inducible form of nitric oxide synthase in the brains of patients with multiple sclerosis.

1995 • 464 citations

Prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase: why two isoforms?

1996 • 464 citations

Cyclooxygenase-2 expression is increased in frontal cortex of Alzheimer's disease brain

1998 • 455 citations

Glutathione peroxidase, glial cells and Parkinson's disease

1993 • 448 citations

Peroxynitrite, the coupling product of nitric oxide and superoxide, activates prostaglandin biosynthesis

1996 • 428 citations

Oxidative damage in neurodegenerative disease

1994 • 428 citations

Transcriptional and Posttranscriptional Regulation of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Expression by Hydrogen Peroxide

2000 • 424 citations

Molecular cloning, structure, and chromosomal localization of the human inducible nitric oxide synthase gene.

1994 • 403 citations

Characterization of the human gene (PTGS2) encoding prostaglandin‐endoperoxide synthase 2

1994 • 396 citations

Feedback inhibition of nitric oxide synthase activity by nitric oxide

1993 • 396 citations

Lipocortin-1: cellular mechanisms and clinical relevance

1994 • 383 citations

Oxidative stress and antioxidant therapy in Parkinson's disease

1996 • 342 citations

Pattern of brain destruction in Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases

1996 • 325 citations

Production of nitric oxide by glial cells: Regulation and potential roles in the CNS

2000 • 320 citations

Inflammatory Signals Induce Neurotrophin Expression in Human Microglial Cells

1998 • 285 citations

Inducible nitric oxide synthase in tangle-bearing neurons of patients with Alzheimer's disease.

1996 • 285 citations

Cytokine-stimulated astrocytes damage human neurons via a nitric oxide mechanism

1996 • 271 citations

Expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase causes delayed neurotoxicity in primary mixed neuronal-glial cortical cultures

1994 • 251 citations

Distribution of cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 mRNAs and proteins in human brain and peripheral organs

1999 • 237 citations

Chapter 36: Astrocytes and Parkinson's disease

1992 • 226 citations

Serum and Glucocorticoid Regulation of Gene Transcription and Expression of the Prostaglandin H Synthase-1 and Prostaglandin H Synthase-2 Isozymes

1993 • 224 citations

Nitric Oxide Synthase Activity Is Elevated in Brain Microvessels in Alzheimer′s Disease

1994 • 208 citations

Reactive microglia in cerebral ischaemia: an early mediator of tissue damage?

1995 • 208 citations

Immunocytochemical Characterization of the Expression of Inducible and Constitutive Isoforms of Nitric Oxide Synthase in Demyelinating Multiple Sclerosis Lesions

1997 • 205 citations

Astrocytes : pharmacology and function

1993 • 199 citations

In vitro production of IL-6, IL-1 beta, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha by human embryonic microglial and neural cells.

1993 • 195 citations

Reactive mononuclear phagocytes release neurotoxins after ischemic and traumatic injury to the central nervous system

1993 • 193 citations

Short communication Interleukin-6 levels in cerebrospinal fluid inversely correlate to severity of Parkinson's disease

2009 • 184 citations

Reactive microglia express class I and class II major histocompatibility complex antigens in Alzheimer's disease

1990 • 174 citations

Nitric oxide regulates nitric oxide synthase-2 gene expression by inhibiting NF-κB binding to DNA

1997 • 171 citations

Sustained Induction of Prostaglandin Endoperoxide Synthase-2 by Seizures in Hippocampus

1996 • 160 citations

Prostaglandin E Receptor Subtypes in Cultured Rat Microglia and Their Role in Reducing Lipopolysaccharide‐Induced Interleukin‐1 β Production

1999 • 159 citations

Microglial conditioned medium promotes survival and development of cultured mesencephalic neurons from embryonic rat brain

1993 • 146 citations

Interleukin-1β Regulation of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase and Cyclooxygenase-2 Involves the p42/44 and p38 MAPK Signaling Pathways in Cardiac Myocytes

1999 • 146 citations

Inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in activated rat microglial cultures is downregulated by exogenous prostaglandin E2 and by cyclooxygenase inhibitors

1997 • 142 citations

Prostaglandin E2 protects cultured cortical neurons against N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor-mediated glutamate cytotoxicity

1994 • 137 citations

A light and electron microscopic study of cytoplasmic phospholipase A2 and cyclooxygenase-2 in the hippocampus after kainate lesions

1998 • 136 citations

Lipocortin-1 is an endogenous inhibitor of ischemic damage in the rat brain.

1991 • 134 citations

Astrocytes: Pharmacology and Function

1994 • 131 citations

Mesencephalic type I astrocytes mediate the survival of substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons in culture

1992 • 128 citations

Protection by prostaglandins from glutamate toxicity in cortical neurons☆

1994 • 127 citations

Interferon‐γ and Nitric Oxide Down‐Regulate Lipopolysaccharide‐Induced Prostanoid Production in Cultured Rat Microglial Cells by Inhibiting Cyclooxygenase‐2 Expression

1996 • 115 citations

Induction of Endothelial Nitric-oxide Synthase in Rat Brain Astrocytes by Systemic Lipopolysaccharide Treatment

2000 • 112 citations

Patterns of cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 expression in human gliomas in vivo

1999 • 108 citations

Expression of COX-2 by Normal and Reactive Astrocytes in the Adult Rat Central Nervous System

1999 • 102 citations

Divergent effects of astroglial and microglial secretions on neuron growth and survival

1992 • 95 citations

Nitric Oxide Limits Transcriptional Induction of Nitric Oxide Synthase in CNS Glial Cells

1994 • 95 citations

Down‐regulation of microglial cyclo‐oxygenase‐2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression by lipocortin 1

1999 • 94 citations

Tumor necrosis factor modulates Ca2+ currents in cultured sympathetic neurons

1992 • 91 citations

In vitro study of mediators of inflammation in multiple sclerosis

1989 • 91 citations

Involvement of interleukin-1 and lipocortin-1 in ischaemic brain damage.

1993 • 90 citations

Transcriptional Induction of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Gene by Cyclosporine A

2000 • 83 citations

The cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase inhibitor BW755C protects rats against kainic acid-induced seizures and neurotoxicity

1994 • 80 citations

Inhibition of central actions of cytokines on fever and thermogenesis by lipocortin-1 involves CRF

1992 • 80 citations

Antipyretic actions of human recombinant lipocortin‐1

1991 • 71 citations

Estrogen receptor-α gene transfer into bovine aortic endothelial cells induces eNOS gene expression and inhibits cell migration

1999 • 67 citations

Apoptotic Cell Death of Cultured Cerebral Cortical Neurons Induced by Withdrawal of Astroglial Trophic Support

1998 • 67 citations

Local support cells promote survival of substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons in culture

1991 • 66 citations

Macrophage-specific eicosanoid synthesis inhibition and lipocortin-1 induction by glucocorticoids

1993 • 66 citations

Glial cell participation in the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease.

1999 • 54 citations

■ REVIEW : Glial NO: Normal and Pathological Roles

1996 • 54 citations

Lipocortin-1 inhibits NMDA receptor-mediated neuronal damage in the striatum of the rat

1992 • 53 citations

The role of lipocortin‐1 in dexamethasone‐induced suppression of PGE₂ and TNFα release from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells

1996 • 51 citations

Lipocortins (annexins) 1, 2, 4 and 5 are increased in the central nervous system in multiple sclerosis

1992 • 50 citations

Glucocorticoids modulate the cellular disposition of lipocortin 1 in the rat brain in vivo and in vitro

1997 • 49 citations

Localization of immunoreactive lipocortin-1 in the brain and pituitary gland of the rat. Effects of adrenalectomy, dexamethasone and colchicine treatment

1991 • 47 citations

Down‐Regulation of Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase by Nitric Oxide After Oxygen‐Glucose Deprivation in Rat Forebrain Slices

1999 • 46 citations

Astrocytes and microglia in the substantia nigra and caudate-putamen in Parkinson's disease

1999 • 45 citations

De novo expression of lipocortin-1 in reactive microglia and astrocytes in kainic acid lesioned rat cerebellum

1999 • 38 citations

Induction of neuronal nitric oxide synthase by methylmercury in the cerebellum

1999 • 28 citations

Effect of annexin-1 on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in the rat

1998 • 27 citations

Conceivable difference in the anti‐inflammatory mechanisms of lipocortins 1 and 5

1993 • 26 citations

Long‐term production of neurotrophic factors by astrocyte cultures from hemiparkinsonian rat brain

1995 • 26 citations

Prostaglandin E₁Induces c-Fos and Myc Proteins and Protects Rat Hippocampal Cells against Hypoxic Injury

1994 • 25 citations

High potassium enhances secretion of neurotrophic factors from cultured astrocytes

1998 • 23 citations

Transient induction of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in neurons of rat cerebral cortex after status epilepticus

2000 • 23 citations

Expression of Both Constitutive and Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthases in Neuronal and Astrocyte Cultures

1994 • 22 citations

Nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivity in the rat hippocampus after status epilepticus induced by perforant pathway stimulation

2000 • 21 citations

Up-regulation of lipocortin-1 and its mRNA in reactive astrocytes in kainate-lesioned rat cerebellum

1994 • 20 citations

Cyclic AMP promotes the survival of dopaminergic neurons in vitro and protects them from the toxic effects of MPP+.

1995 • 17 citations

Glia: a curtain raiser.

1999 • 13 citations

Neuroimmune mechanisms in Parkinson's disease.

1995 • 13 citations

Restricted cyclooxygenase-2 expression in the central nervous system following acute and delayed-type hypersensitivity responses to bacillus Calmette-Guérin

1999 • 10 citations

Protective Effect of KBT-3022, a New Cyclooxygenase Inhibitor, in Cerebral Hypoxia and Ischemia

1995 • 9 citations

Studies on the induction of lipocortin-1 by glucocorticoids.

1993 • 8 citations

Biochemical Responses of Astrocytes to Neuroactive Peptides

1993 • 7 citations