Reactive microglia in cerebral ischaemia: an early mediator of tissue damage?

Tumor necrosis factor mediates myelin and oligodendrocyte damage in vitro

1988 • 1,371 citations

Viability thresholds and the penumbra of focal ischemia

1994 • 1,358 citations

Activated microglia mediate neuronal cell injury via a nitric oxide mechanism.

1992 • 1,121 citations

Microglia: Intrinsic immuneffector cell of the brain

1995 • 1,099 citations

Cytotoxicity of microglia

1993 • 1,042 citations

Microglial-produced nitric oxide and reactive nitrogen oxides mediate neuronal cell death

1992 • 939 citations

Selective vulnerability of the hippocampus in brain ischemia

1991 • 876 citations

Evidence supporting a role for programmed cell death in focal cerebral ischemia in rats.

1993 • 703 citations

über eigenartige Krankheitsfälle des späteren Alters

1911 • 673 citations

Secretion of Neurotoxins by Mononuclear Phagocytes Infected with HIV-1

1990 • 628 citations

Production of superoxide anions by a CNS macrophage, the microglia

1987 • 619 citations

Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist inhibits ischaemic and excitotoxic neuronal damage in the rat

1992 • 547 citations

Secondary Cell Death and the Inflammatory Reaction After Dorsal Hemisection of the Rat Spinal Cord

1994 • 531 citations

Transforming growth factor-beta 1 in the rat brain: increase after injury and inhibition of astrocyte proliferation

1992 • 486 citations

CSF drains directly from the subarachnoid space into nasal lymphatics in the rat. Anatomy, histology and immunological significance

1993 • 479 citations

Murine brain macrophages induce NMDA receptor mediated neurotoxicity in vitro by secreting glutamate

1991 • 421 citations

Prevention and treatment of chronic relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis by transforming growth factor-beta 1.

1991 • 385 citations

A role for IGF-1 in the rescue of CNS neurons following hypoxic-ischemic injury

1992 • 381 citations

Inhibition of mononuclear phagocytes reduces ischemic injury in the spinal cord

1990 • 373 citations

Induction of nitric oxide synthase activity in human astrocytes by interleukin-1β and interferon-γ

1993 • 355 citations

The Two Patterns of Reactive Astrocytosis in Postischemic Rat Brain

1990 • 340 citations

Induction of Interleukin‐1β mRNA in Rat Brain After Transient Forebrain Ischemia

1992 • 336 citations

The Microglial Reaction in the Rat Dorsal Hippocampus following Transient Forebrain Ischemia

1991 • 301 citations

Immunocytochemical Study of an Early Microglial Activation in Ischemia

1992 • 301 citations

Reactive glia as rivals in regulating neuronal survival

1993 • 299 citations

Lymphocytic Infiltration and Expression of Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 in Photochemically Induced Ischemia of the Rat Cortex

1995 • 286 citations

Pathways of Fluid Drainage from the Brain ‐ Morphological Aspects and Immunological Significance in Rat and Man

1992 • 276 citations

Processing of beta-amyloid precursor protein in microglia and astrocytes favors an internal localization over constitutive secretion

1991 • 276 citations

Characterization of microglial reaction after middle cerebral artery occlusion in rat brain

1993 • 274 citations

Local immune responses in the rat cerebral cortex after middle cerebral artery occlusion

1994 • 268 citations

Microglial and Astroglial Reactions to Ischemic and Kainic Acid-Induced Lesions of the Adult Rat Hippocampus

1993 • 266 citations

Macrophage‐induced cytotoxicity of N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor positive neurons involves excitatory amino acids rather than reactive oxygen intermediates and cytokines

1992 • 258 citations

Induction of interleukin-1β mRNA after focal cerebral ischaemia in the rat

1994 • 236 citations

Anti‐CD11b monoclonal antibody reduces ischemic cell damage after transient focal cerebral ischemia in rat

1994 • 231 citations

Chemotaxis by a CNS macrophage, the microglia

1990 • 215 citations

Neuroprotective role of IL-4 against activated microglia.

1993 • 214 citations

Selective induction of Kunitz-type protease inhibitor domain-containing amyloid precursor protein mRNA after persistent focal ischemia in rat cerebral cortex

1991 • 206 citations

Interleukin‐6 and Transforming Growth Factor‐β1 mRNAs are Induced in Rat Facial Nucleus Following Motoneuron Axotomy

1993 • 205 citations

Microglial cells are a component of the perivascular glia limitans

1991 • 203 citations

Production of nitrite by neonatal rat microglial cells/ brain macrophages

1992 • 198 citations

Immediate-early gene protein expression in neurons undergoing delayed death, but not necrosis, following hypoxic-ischaemic injury to the young rat brain

1994 • 197 citations

The possible contribution of microglia and macrophages to delayed neuronal death after ischemia

1993 • 197 citations

Directional and compartmentalised drainage of interstitial fluid and cerebrospinal fluid from the rat brain

1992 • 195 citations

Reactive mononuclear phagocytes release neurotoxins after ischemic and traumatic injury to the central nervous system

1993 • 193 citations

Cytotoxic Effect of Brain Macrophages on Developing Neurons

1991 • 191 citations

Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) and ΒZA4 Amyloid in the Etiology of Alzheimer's Disease: Precursor‐Product Relationships in the Derangement of Neuronal Function

1991 • 191 citations

Surveillance, Intervention and Cytotoxicity: Is There a Protective Role of Microglia?

1994 • 185 citations

Immunohistochemical study of glial reaction and serum-protein extravasation in relation to neuronal damage in rat hippocampus after ischemia

1990 • 185 citations

Macrophage and Astrocyte Populations in Relation to [³H]PK 11195 Binding in Rat Cerebral Cortex following a Local Ischaemic Lesion

1991 • 178 citations

Perivascular cells act as scavengers in the cerebral perivascular spaces and remain distinct from pericytes, microglia and macrophages

1993 • 174 citations

Hypoxia-ischemia induces transforming growth factor β1 mRNA in the infant rat brain

1992 • 173 citations

Ischemia-Induced Neuronal Cell Death, Calcium Accumulation, and Glial Response in the Hippocampus of the Mongolian Gerbil and Protection by Propentofylline (HWA 285)

1987 • 168 citations

Amyloid precursor protein accumulates in regions of neurodegeneration following focal cerebral ischemia in the rat

1992 • 162 citations

Microglial Reaction in the Rat Cerebral Cortex Induced by Cortical Spreading Depression

1993 • 156 citations

Microglial MHC antigen expression after ischemic and kainic acid lesions of the adult rat hippocampus

1993 • 155 citations

Inflammatory glia mediate delayed neuronal damage after ischemia in the central nervous system.

1993 • 155 citations

Selective Vulnerability and Early Progression of Hippocampal CA1 Pyramidal Cell Degeneration and GFAP-Positive Astrocyte Reactivity in the Rat Four-Vessel Occlusion Model of Transient Global Ischemia

1993 • 150 citations

Expression of transforming growth factor-?1 and interleukin-1? mRNA in rat brain following transient forebrain ischemia

1993 • 150 citations

Brain macrophages stimulate neurite growth and regeneration by secreting thrombospondin

1994 • 148 citations

Microglial conditioned medium promotes survival and development of cultured mesencephalic neurons from embryonic rat brain

1993 • 146 citations

Characterization of primary human fetal dissociated central nervous system cultures with an emphasis on microglia.

1992 • 144 citations

Progressive expression of immunomolecules on microglial cells in rat dorsal hippocampus following transient forebrain ischemia

1992 • 139 citations

Accumulation of the β amyloid precursor protein at sites of ischemic injury in rat brain

1993 • 139 citations

Selective neocortical and thalamic cell death in the gerbil after transient ischemia

1990 • 138 citations

Increase of basic fibroblast growth factor immunoreactivity and its mRNA level in rat brain following transient forebrain ischemia

1992 • 137 citations

Lipocortin-1 is an endogenous inhibitor of ischemic damage in the rat brain.

1991 • 134 citations

Early and rapid de novo synthesis of Alzheimer βA4‐Amyloid precursor protein (APP) in activated microglia

1993 • 129 citations

Differential Expression of the Immediate Early Genes c-Fos, c-Jun, JunB, andNGFI-B in the Rat Brain following Transient Forebrain Ischemia

1994 • 128 citations

Natural and induced cytotoxicity of oligodendrocytes by microglia is inhibitable by TGFβ

1991 • 126 citations

Sequential neuronal and astrocytic changes after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in the rat

1993 • 124 citations

Alzheimer's Disease: A Description of the Structural Lesions

1991 • 113 citations

Detection of lysosomal cysteine proteinases in microglia: Flow cytometric measurement and histochemical localization of cathepsin B and L

1993 • 109 citations

Modulation of Intracellular Formation of Reactive Oxygen Intermediates in Peritoneal Macrophages and Microglia/Brain Macrophages by Propentofylline

1994 • 107 citations

Glial Expression of the β-Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) in Global Ischemia

1995 • 103 citations

Transforming growth factors type β1 and β2 suppress rat astrocyte autoantigen presentation and antagonize hyperinduction of class II major histocompatibility complex antigen expression by interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α

1990 • 99 citations

Divergent effects of astroglial and microglial secretions on neuron growth and survival

1992 • 95 citations

The origin of lipid phagocytes in the central nervous system: I. The intrinsic microglia

1982 • 86 citations

Alzheimer beta A4-amyloid protein precursor in immunocompetent cells.

1992 • 85 citations

Relationship between ischemia and ischemic neuronal necrosis to astrocyte expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein

1993 • 85 citations

Protease production by cultured microglia: Substrate gel analysis and immobilized matrix degradation

1993 • 83 citations

Increases in transforming growth factor‐β mRNA in hippocampus during response to entorhinal cortex lesions in intact and adrenalectomized rats

1991 • 82 citations

Serum and transforming growth factor beta regulate glial fibrillary acidic protein in serum-free-derived mouse embryo cells.

1990 • 76 citations

Respiratory burst activity in brain macrophages: a flow cytometric study on cultured rat microglia

1991 • 74 citations

Differential APP gene expression in rat cerebral cortex, meninges, and primary astroglial, microglial and neuronal cultures

1991 • 71 citations

Transient Forebrain Ischemia Induces Increased Expression and Specific Localization of Cathepsins E and D in Rat Hippocampus and Neostriatum

1993 • 70 citations

Upregulation of fibroblast growth factor-receptor messenger RNA expression in rat brain following transient forebrain ischemia

1993 • 69 citations

The microglial reaction in the rat hippocampus following global ischemia: immuno-electron microscopy

1992 • 68 citations

Selective vulnerability in the gerbil hippocampus: Morphological changes after 5-min ischemia and long survival times

1990 • 66 citations

Expression of Insulin-like Growth Factor-I and Related Peptides during Motoneuron Regeneration

1994 • 64 citations

Delayed Increases in Regional Brain Quinolinic Acid Follow Transient Ischemia in the Gerbil

1990 • 59 citations

Transforming growth factor beta expression in reactive spinal cord microglia and meningeal inflammatory cells during experimental allergic neuritis

1993 • 56 citations

Regional accumulation of amyloid protein precursor in the gerbil brain following transient cerebral ischemia

1992 • 55 citations

Microglia‐derived plasminogen enhances neurite outgrowth from explant cultures of rat brain

1993 • 54 citations

β-Amyloid precursor protein localization in the Golgi apparatus in neuron and oligodendrocytes. An immunocytochemical structural and ultrastructural study in normal and axotomized neurons

1992 • 53 citations

Regulation of astrocyte proliferation by prostaglandin E2 and the α subtype of protein kinase C

1993 • 44 citations

Transforming Growth Factor β in the Control of Epidermal Proliferation

1988 • 40 citations

MK-801 prevents microglial reaction in rat hippocampus after forebrain ischemia

1992 • 37 citations

Determination of RNA content in postischemic gerbil brain byin situ hybridization

1989 • 31 citations

Immunohistochemistry of leukotriene C4 in experimental cerebral vasospasm

1991 • 23 citations

Microglial rod cells.

1994 • 19 citations

Neuropathology of central nervous system human immunodeficiency virus infection

1994 • 7 citations

Astrocytes Upregulate Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP), but not Insulin‐like Growth Factor‐I (IGF‐I) during Experimental Autoimmune Neuritis (EAN)

1995 • 7 citations