Protective autoimmunity against the enemy within: fighting glutamate toxicity

Glutamate neurotoxicity and diseases of the nervous system

1988 • 7,257 citations

Oxygen-Derived Free Radicals in Postischemic Tissue Injury

1985 • 5,488 citations

CD4+CD25+ suppressor T cells: more questions than answers

2002 • 2,202 citations

Glutamate: A Neurotransmitter in Mammalian Brain

1984 • 1,981 citations

Glutamate release in severe brain ischaemia is mainly by reversed uptake

2000 • 1,105 citations

CXCR4-activated astrocyte glutamate release via TNFα: amplification by microglia triggers neurotoxicity

2001 • 1,024 citations

Activated Human T Cells, B Cells, and Monocytes Produce Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor In Vitro and in Inflammatory Brain Lesions: A Neuroprotective Role of Inflammation?

1999 • 1,011 citations

Autoimmune T cells protect neurons from secondary degeneration after central nervous system axotomy

1999 • 881 citations

A novel neuronal messenger molecule in brain: The free radical, nitric oxide

1992 • 837 citations

Focal loss of the glutamate transporter EAAT2 in a transgenic rat model of SOD1 mutant-mediated amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

2002 • 822 citations

The Yin and Yang of NMDA receptor signalling

2003 • 627 citations

Multiple sclerosis: a two-stage disease

2001 • 602 citations

NMDA receptors activate the arachidonic acid cascade system in striatal neurons

1988 • 600 citations

The role of macrophage/microglia and astrocytes in the pathogenesis of three neurologic disorders: HIV-associated dementia, Alzheimer disease, and multiple sclerosis

2002 • 539 citations

Evidence of Axonal Damage in the Early Stages of Multiple Sclerosis and Its Relevance to Disability

2001 • 507 citations

Axonal and neuronal degeneration in multiple sclerosis: mechanisms and functional consequences

2001 • 470 citations

Transport interaction of L-cystine and L-glutamate in human diploid fibroblasts in culture.

1980 • 409 citations

Passive or Active Immunization with Myelin Basic Protein Promotes Recovery from Spinal Cord Contusion

2000 • 368 citations

Protective Autoimmunity Is a Physiological Response to CNS Trauma

2001 • 349 citations

Innate and adaptive immune responses can be beneficial for CNS repair

1999 • 336 citations

Inflammatory cytokines IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha impart neuroprotection to an excitotoxin through distinct pathways.

1999 • 332 citations

Glutamate Transporters in Neurologic Disease

2001 • 324 citations

Neuroprotection by Encephalomyelitis: Rescue of Mechanically Injured Neurons and Neurotrophin Production by CNS-Infiltrating T and Natural Killer Cells

2000 • 312 citations

Vaccination for protection of retinal ganglion cells against death from glutamate cytotoxicity and ocular hypertension: Implications for glaucoma

2001 • 293 citations

Axonal loss in normal-appearing white matter in a patient with acute MS

2001 • 289 citations

Involvement of the cystine transport system xc- in the macrophage-induced glutamate-dependent cytotoxicity to neurons.

1994 • 267 citations

Neuroprotective autoimmunity: Naturally occurring CD4 ⁺ CD25 ⁺ regulatory T cells suppress the ability to withstand injury to the central nervous system

2002 • 261 citations

Activation of microglia by secreted amyloid precursor protein evokes release of glutamate by cystine exchange and attenuates synaptic function

2001 • 250 citations

The neuroprotective effect of inflammation: implications for the therapy of multiple sclerosis

2000 • 234 citations

Neuronal Survival after CNS Insult Is Determined by a Genetically Encoded Autoimmune Response

2001 • 231 citations

Degeneration of Spared Axons Following Partial White Matter Lesion: Implications for Optic Nerve Neuropathies

1998 • 214 citations

Posttraumatic therapeutic vaccination with modified myelin self-antigen prevents complete paralysis while avoiding autoimmune disease

2001 • 205 citations

Neuronal death enhanced by N -methyl- <scp>d</scp> -aspartate antagonists

2000 • 185 citations

Differential T cell response in central and peripheral nerve injury: connection with immune privilege

1999 • 157 citations

Vaccination for Neuroprotection in the Mouse Optic Nerve: Implications for Optic Neuropathies

2001 • 156 citations

Resident and Infiltrating Central Nervous System APCs Regulate the Emergence and Resolution of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

2001 • 145 citations

Neuronal Control of MHC Class II Inducibility in Rat Astrocytes and Microglia

1996 • 145 citations

Glutamate release from microglia via glutamate transporter is enhanced by amyloid-beta peptide

1999 • 144 citations

Prostaglandin H Synthetase‐Mediated Metabolism of Dopamine: Implication for Parkinson's Disease

1995 • 143 citations

Diffusion anisotropy MRI for quantitative assessment of recovery in injured rat spinal cord

2001 • 137 citations

Myelin specific Th1 cells are necessary for post-traumatic protective autoimmunity

2002 • 136 citations

Comparative evaluation of cytokine profiles and reactive gliosis supports a critical role for interleukin-6 in neuron-glia signaling during regeneration

2000 • 134 citations

Early expression of glutamate transporter proteins in ramified microglia after controlled cortical impact injury in the rat

2001 • 132 citations

Morphological aspects of spinal cord autoimmune neuroprotection: colocalization of T cells with B7–2 (CD86) and prevention of cyst formation

2001 • 111 citations

IFN-γ Regulation of Class II Transactivator Promoter IV in Macrophages and Microglia: Involvement of the Suppressors of Cytokine Signaling-1 Protein

2001 • 104 citations

Ability of rat microglia to uptake extracellular glutamate

2001 • 98 citations

Autoimmunity on alert: naturally occurring regulatory CD4+CD25+ T cells as part of the evolutionary compromise between a ‘need’ and a ‘risk’

2002 • 97 citations

Therapeutic vaccination for spinal cord injury: helping the body to cure itself

2002 • 95 citations

Localization of Transforming Growth Factor-β1 and Receptor mRNA after Experimental Spinal Cord Injury

2000 • 92 citations

HIV‐1 gp120 glycoprotein affects the astrocyte control of extracellular glutamate by both inhibiting the uptake and stimulating the release of the amino acid

1997 • 90 citations

Na+-Dependent High-Affinity Glutamate Transport in Macrophages

2000 • 90 citations

Dual action of glatiramer acetate (Cop-1) in the treatment of CNS autoimmune and neurodegenerative disorders

2002 • 87 citations

Glutamate uptake by astrocytes is inhibited by reactive oxygen intermediates but not by other macrophage-derived molecules including cytokines, leukotrienes or platelet-activating factor

1993 • 85 citations

Sexual dimorphism in the spontaneous recovery from spinal cord injury: a gender gap in beneficial autoimmunity?

2002 • 82 citations

Kinetics of facial motoneuron loss following facial nerve transection in severe combined immunodeficient mice

2000 • 82 citations

Expression of excitatory amino acid transporter‐2 (EAAT‐2) and glutamine synthetase (GS) in brain macrophages and microglia of SIVmac251‐infected macaques

2002 • 78 citations

Excitatory amino acid release in the spinal cord caused by plantar incision in the rat

2002 • 75 citations

T-cell-based immunity counteracts the potential toxicity of glutamate in the central nervous system

2001 • 71 citations

Glatiramer acetate in the treatment of multiple sclerosis

2001 • 71 citations

EXPERIMENTAL AUTOIMMUNE UVEITIDES: MULTIPLE ANTIGENS, DIVERSE DISEASES

2002 • 71 citations

The Tissue-Specific Self-Pathogen Is the Protective Self-Antigen: The Case of Uveitis

2002 • 69 citations

New insights into the mechanism of action of copolymer 1 of action of copolymer 1 in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis

1996 • 61 citations

Axonal regeneration is associated with glial migration: Comparison between the injured optic nerves of fish and rats

1993 • 54 citations

Multiple Sclerosis as a By-Product of the Failure to Sustain Protective Autoimmunity: A Paradigm Shift

2002 • 52 citations

Immune‐related mechanisms participating in resistance and susceptibility to glutamate toxicity

2002 • 52 citations

Protective effect of microglial conditioning medium on neuronal damage induced by glutamate

2000 • 47 citations

Residues 1–20 of IRBP and Whole IRBP Elicit Different Uveitogenic and Immunological Responses in Interferon Gamma Deficient Mice

2000 • 44 citations

Autoimmunity as a special case of immunity: removing threats from within

2003 • 42 citations

Glial Cell Response: A Pathogenic Factor in Parkinson's Disease

2002 • 40 citations

Glutamate induces oxidative stress not mediated by glutamate receptors or cystine transporters: protective effect of melatonin and other antioxidants

2001 • 39 citations

Degeneracy, as opposed to specificity, in immunotherapy

2002 • 33 citations

Changes of retinal glutamate transporter GLT-1 mRNA levels following optic nerve damage.

2003 • 30 citations

T cell mediated neuroprotection is a physiological response to central nervous system insults

2000 • 28 citations

Activated microglia: The silent executioner in neurodegenerative disease?

2001 • 20 citations

Long-term Activation of the Glutamatergic System Associated with N-Methyl-d-aspartate Receptors after Postischemic Hypothermia in Gerbils

2001 • 12 citations

Prospects for therapeutic vaccination with glatiramer acetate for neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease

2002 • 6 citations

Major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II) expression in the normal and pathological human foetal spinal cord.

2001 • 5 citations