Sequence space, folding and protein design

Dominant forces in protein folding

1990 • 3,682 citations

A Method to Identify Protein Sequences That Fold into a Known Three-Dimensional Structure

1991 • 2,629 citations

Tertiary templates for proteins

1987 • 1,485 citations

A Switch Between Two-, Three-, and Four-stranded Coiled Coils in GCN4 Leucine Zipper Mutants

1993 • 1,456 citations

Amino Acid Preferences for Specific Locations at the Ends of α Helices

1988 • 1,356 citations

A new approach to protein fold recognition

1992 • 1,239 citations

A Thermodynamic Scale for the Helix-Forming Tendencies of the Commonly Occurring Amino Acids

1990 • 1,173 citations

Response of a Protein Structure to Cavity-Creating Mutations and Its Relation to the Hydrophobic Effect

1992 • 933 citations

Protein Design by Binary Patterning of Polar and Nonpolar Amino Acids

1993 • 737 citations

Elucidating the folding problem of helical peptides using empirical parameters

1994 • 727 citations

Helix Signals in Proteins

1988 • 648 citations

Do salt bridges stabilize proteins? A continuum electrostatic analysis

1994 • 629 citations

Helix propensities of the amino acids measured in alanine‐based peptides without helix‐stabilizing side‐chain interactions

1994 • 601 citations

Measurement of the β-sheet-forming propensities of amino acids

1994 • 584 citations

A short linear peptide that folds into a native stable β-hairpin in aqueous solution

1994 • 516 citations

Deciphering the Message in Protein Sequences: Tolerance to Amino Acid Substitutions

1990 • 485 citations

Structural Basis of Amino Acid α Helix Propensity

1993 • 467 citations

Crystal structure of an isoleucine-zipper trimer

1994 • 467 citations

Relative helix-forming tendencies of nonpolar amino acids

1990 • 455 citations

Side Chain Contributions to the Stability of Alpha-Helical Structure in Peptides

1990 • 455 citations

Peptide ‘Velcro’: Design of a heterodimeric coiled coil

1993 • 437 citations

A Thermodynamic Scale for the .beta.-Sheet Forming Tendencies of the Amino Acids

1994 • 391 citations

The folding of an enzyme

1992 • 376 citations

Alternative packing arrangements in the hydrophobic core of λrepresser

1989 • 375 citations

Contributions of the large hydrophobic amino acids to the stability of staphylococcal nuclease

1990 • 372 citations

α-Helix stability in proteins

1992 • 361 citations

Thermodynamic β -sheet propensities measured using a zinc-finger host peptide

1993 • 348 citations

Systematic mutation of bacteriophage T4 lysozyme

1991 • 341 citations

Context is a major determinant of β-sheet propensity

1994 • 335 citations

Are buried salt bridges important for protein stability and conformational specificity?

1995 • 323 citations

N‐ and C‐capping preferences for all 20 amino acids in α‐helical peptides

1995 • 319 citations

De novo design of the hydrophobic cores of proteins

1995 • 301 citations

Helix stop signals in proteins and peptides: The capping box

1993 • 297 citations

Intrinsic secondary structure propensities of the amino acids, using statistical ϕ–ψ matrices: Comparison with experimental scales

1994 • 294 citations

Crystal Structure of a Synthetic Triple-Stranded α-Helical Bundle

1993 • 281 citations

Genetic Studies of the lac Repressor. XIV. Analysis of 4000 Altered Escherichia coli lac Repressors Reveals Essential and Non-essential Residues, as well as "Spacers" which do not Require a Specific Sequence

1994 • 278 citations

LINUS: A hierarchic procedure to predict the fold of a protein

1995 • 270 citations

Periodicity of polar and nonpolar amino acids is the major determinant of secondary structure in self-assembling oligomeric peptides.

1995 • 265 citations

Rules for α-Helix Termination by Glycine

1994 • 261 citations

A Buried Polar Interaction Imparts Structural Uniqueness in a Designed Heterodimeric Coiled Coil

1998 • 250 citations

Intrinsic φ,ψ propensities of amino acids, derived from the coil regions of known structures

1995 • 232 citations

An analysis of packing in the protein folding problem

1993 • 219 citations

The role of internal packing interactions in determining the structure and stability of a protein

1991 • 208 citations

Similar Hydrophobic Replacements of Leu99 and Phe153 within the Core of T4 Lysozyme Have Different Structural and Thermodynamic Consequences

1993 • 200 citations

Folded proteins occur frequently in libraries of random amino acid sequences.

1994 • 187 citations

Packing and hydrophobicity effects on protein folding and stability: Effects of β‐branched amino acids, valine and isoleucine, on the formation and stability of two‐stranded α‐helical coiled coils/leucine zippers

1993 • 173 citations

Structural Characterization of Folded and Unfolded States of an SH3 Domain in Equilibrium in Aqueous Buffer

1995 • 167 citations

α‐Helix‐forming propensities in peptides and proteins

1994 • 165 citations

Structural Features can be Unconserved in Proteins with Similar Folds

1994 • 164 citations

Structural and energetic consequences of disruptive mutations in a protein core

1992 • 164 citations

Metal binding and folding properties of a minimalist Cys2His2 zinc finger peptide.

1992 • 162 citations

Structural comparisons among the short-chain helical cytokines

1994 • 161 citations

Cooperatively folded proteins in random sequence libraries

1995 • 159 citations

Reverse hydrophobic effects relieved by amino-acid substitutions at a protein surface

1990 • 157 citations

Repacking protein cores with backbone freedom: structure prediction for coiled coils.

1995 • 149 citations

Kinetics of Folding of Leucine Zipper Domains

1995 • 147 citations

Betadoublet: de novo design, synthesis, and characterization of a beta-sandwich protein.

1994 • 144 citations

Stabilization of a type VI turn in a family of linear peptides in water solution

1994 • 142 citations

A Designed Heterotrimeric Coiled Coil

1995 • 136 citations

Binary patterning of polar and nonpolar amino acids in the sequences and structures of native proteins

1995 • 130 citations

Optimal sequence selection in proteins of known structure by simulated evolution.

1994 • 130 citations

The tyrosine corner: A feature of most greek key β‐barrel proteins

1994 • 126 citations

Redesigning the hydrophobic core of a four‐helix‐bundle protein

1994 • 125 citations

Protein stability effects of a complete set of alanine substitutions in Arc repressor

1994 • 123 citations

The Role of Backbone Flexibility in the Accommodation of Variants That Repack the Core of T4 Lysozyme

1993 • 122 citations

Design of helix ends. Amino acid preferences, hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions.

1993 • 121 citations

The hydrophobic-staple motif and a role for loop-residues in α-helix stability and protein folding

1995 • 117 citations

Capping interactions in isolated .alpha. helixes: position-dependent substitution effects and structure of a serine-capped peptide helix

1993 • 117 citations

Design of helix ends

1993 • 115 citations

Energetics of repacking a protein interior.

1991 • 111 citations

The crystal structure of a mutant protein with altered but improved hydrophobic core packing.

1994 • 110 citations

Dissection of helix capping in T4 lysozyme by structural and thermodynamic analysis of six amino acid substitutions at Thr 59

1992 • 107 citations

Sequence determinants of the capping box, a stabilizing motif at the N‐termini of α‐helices

1994 • 104 citations

A de Novo Designed Protein Mimics the Native State of Natural Proteins

1995 • 103 citations

The role of turns in the structure of an α-helical protein

1993 • 101 citations

Engineering of betabellin 14D: Disulfide‐induced folding of a β‐sheet protein

1994 • 95 citations

Hydrogen bond strength and β‐sheet propensities: The role of a side chain blocking effect

1994 • 92 citations

Alpha helix capping in synthetic model peptides by reciprocal side chain–main chain interactions: Evidence for an N terminal “capping box”

1994 • 90 citations

Native-like and structurally characterized designed α-helical bundles

1995 • 90 citations

Toward a simplification of the protein folding problem: a stabilizing polyalanine .alpha.-helix engineered in T4 lysozyme

1991 • 79 citations

Functionally acceptable substitutions in two α‐helical regions of λ repressor

1990 • 76 citations

De novo design and structural characterization of an alpha-helical hairpin peptide: a model system for the study of protein folding intermediates.

1994 • 74 citations

Peptide models of protein folding initiation sites. 2. The G-H turn region of myoglobin acts as a helix stop signal

1993 • 73 citations

Interactions between hydrophobic side chains within α‐helices

1995 • 73 citations

Position-dependent stabilizing effects in .alpha.-helices: N-terminal capping in synthetic model peptides

1992 • 69 citations

Side-Chain Determinants of .beta.-Sheet Stability

1995 • 66 citations

Design of two-stranded and three-stranded coiled-coil peptides

1995 • 66 citations

Solution Structure of a de Novo Helical Protein by 2D-NMR Spectroscopy

1994 • 58 citations

Linking an Easily Detectable Phenotype to the Folding of a Common Structural Motif

1994 • 56 citations

Redesigning the Topology of a Four-Helix-Bundle Protein: Monomeric Rop

1995 • 47 citations

Design of a "minimAl" homeodomain: the N-terminal arm modulates DNA binding affinity and stabilizes homeodomain structure.

1994 • 46 citations

Energy minimization method using automata network for sequence and side‐chain conformation prediction from given backbone geometry

1994 • 41 citations

Conservation of Salt Bridges in Protein Families

1995 • 41 citations

Restored heptad pattern continuity does not alter the folding of a four-α-helix bundle

1994 • 39 citations

Contribution to Global Protein Stabilization of the N-Capping Box in Human Growth Hormone

1994 • 38 citations

Critical side-chain interactions at a subunit interface in the Arc repressor dimer

1995 • 36 citations

Exploring the interface between the N- and C-terminal helixes of cytochrome c by random mutagenesis within the C-terminal helix

1993 • 34 citations

Mutational analysis of the N-capping box of the α-helix of chymotrypsin inhibitor 2

1994 • 31 citations

Cooperative deformation of a de novo designed protein

1994 • 29 citations

Synthetic peptide probe folding initiation sites in platelet factor-4: stable chain reversal found within the hydrophobic sequence LIATLKNGRKISL

1994 • 27 citations

The Effects of Hydrophilic to Hydrophobic Surface Mutations on the Denatured State of Iso-1-cytochrome c: Investigation of Aliphatic Residues

1995 • 25 citations

Mutational analysis of protein stability

1992 • 21 citations

Sequence ‘minimization’: exploring the sequence landscape with simplified sequences

1995 • 13 citations

Mutational analysis of protein stability

1992 • 11 citations

Greek key jellyroll protein motif design: expression and characterization of a first-generation molecule

1995 • 9 citations