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The biological, social and clinical bases of drug addiction: commentary and debate

Data up to Jan 2025

Published1996
Citations277
References328

Total Citations Per Year

Abstract

References (328)

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Decreased brain reward produced by ethanol withdrawal.

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Preexposure to amphetamine and nicotine predisposes rats to self-administer a low dose of cocaine

1992 • 347 citations

Psychopathology and addictive disorders

1986 • 346 citations

Functions of dopamine in the dorsal and ventral striatum

1992 • 340 citations

Elimination of cocaine-induced hyperactivity and dopamine-mediated neurophysiological effects in dopamine D1 receptor mutant mice

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5-HT and alcohol abuse

1992 • 327 citations

Selective breeding for alcohol preference and associated responses

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Corticosterone in the range of stress-induced levels possesses reinforcing properties: implications for sensation-seeking behaviors.

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Basal extracellular dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens are decreased during cocaine withdrawal after unlimited-access self-administration

1992 • 314 citations

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Profound decrement of mesolimbic dopaminergic neuronal activity during ethanol withdrawal syndrome in rats: electrophysiological and biochemical evidence.

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Behavioral variables affecting the development of amphetamine tolerance

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Excitotoxic lesions of the basolateral amygdala impair the acquisition of cocaine-seeking behaviour under a second-order schedule of reinforcement.

1996 • 301 citations

Localization of Genes Affecting Alcohol Drinking in Mice

1994 • 298 citations

Differential effects of excitotoxic lesions of the basolateral amygdala, ventral subiculum and medial prefrontal cortex on responding with conditioned reinforcement and locomotor activity potentiated by intra-accumbens infusions ofd-amphetamine

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Perceived stress, quitting smoking, and smoking relapse.

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Relative sensitivity to naloxone of multiple indices of opiate withdrawal: a quantitative dose-response analysis.

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Ethanol increases extracellular adenosine by inhibiting adenosine uptake via the nucleoside transporter.

1990 • 265 citations

Anatomically Distinct Opiate Receptor Fields Mediate Reward and Physical Dependence

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Ethanol-Induced Changes in Body Sway in Men at High Alcoholism Risk

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Acamprosate in alcohol dependence: how does it work?

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The reinforcing and subjective effects of morphine in post-addicts: a dose-response study.

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Reactivity to smoking cues and relapse: Two studies of discriminant validity

1988 • 234 citations

Depression of Mesolimbic Dopamine Transmission and Sensitization to Morphine During Opiate Abstinence

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Involvement of D2 dopamine receptors in the nucleus accumbens in the opiate withdrawal syndrome

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Alcohol and vigilance performance: a review

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Localization of genes influencing ethanol-induced conditioned place preference and locomotor activity in BXD recombinant inbred mice

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Temperament predicts clomipramine and desipramine response in major depression

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MK-801 prevents alterations in the mesoaccumbens dopamine system associated with behavioral sensitization to amphetamine

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Psychoactive drugs; Tolerance and sensitization

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Contrasting interactions of pipradrol, d-amphetamine, cocaine, cocaine analogues, apomorphine and other drugs with conditioned reinforcement

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ACAMPROSATE APPEARS TO DECREASE ALCOHOL INTAKE IN WEANED ALCOHOLICS

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The role of conditioning in drug tolerance and addiction.

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The behavioral economics of concurrent drug reinforcers: a review and reanalysis of drug self-administration research

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Electrophysiological and pharmacological evidence for the role of the nucleus accumbens in cocaine self-administration in freely moving rats

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A controlled trial of cue exposure treatment in alcohol dependence.

1994 • 184 citations

Response-dependent versus response-independent presentation of cocaine: differences in the lethal effects of the drug

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Reinstatement of Drug-Taking Behavior as a Method of Assessing Incentive Motivational Properties of Drugs

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In-vivo brain dialysis of neurotransmitters

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Attenuation by haloperidol of place preference conditioning using food reinforcement

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Influencing cigarette smoking with nicotine antagonists

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Activity of dopamine neurons in the behaving primate

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Drugs of abuse: behavioural principles, methods and terms

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Place Conditioning: A Simple and Effective Method for Assessing the Motivational Properties of Drugs

1987 • 175 citations

Acamprosate in alcohol dependence: how does it work?

1995 • 174 citations

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1990 • 171 citations

Genetic influences on nicotine responses

1989 • 167 citations

A theory of addiction.

1992 • 160 citations

A learning model of addiction.

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Craving: consensus of status and agenda for future research

1992 • 157 citations

Predictors of initial smoking cessation and relapse through the first 2 years of the Lung Health Study.

1995 • 155 citations

Parent Monitoring and the Incidence of Drug Sampling in Urban Elementary School Children

1995 • 154 citations

Reinforcement Properties of Morphine, Cocaine, and SPA as a Function of Unit Dose

1968 • 150 citations

Resolving the contradictions of addiction

1996 • 148 citations

Chronic nicotine and locomotor activity: influences of exposure dose and test dose

1987 • 145 citations

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1994 • 142 citations

Blockade of intravenous amphetamine euphoria in man

1971 • 140 citations

Subjective and discriminative effects of drugs

1991 • 135 citations

Prolonged tolerance, dependence and abstinence following subcutaneous morphine pellet implantation in the rat

1994 • 134 citations

Biological vulnerability to alcoholism.

1987 • 133 citations

Behavioral and neurochemical sensitization following cocaine self-administration

1994 • 133 citations

Effects of medial dorsal thalamic and ventral pallidal lesions on the acquisition of a conditioned place preference: Further evidence for the involvement of the ventral striatopallidal system in reward-related processes

1993 • 132 citations

Predictors of initial smoking cessation and relapse through the first 2 years of the Lung Health Study.

1995 • 131 citations

Two discrete nucleus accumbens projection areas differentially mediate cocaine self-administration in the rat

1993 • 130 citations

Effects of desipramine maintenance on cocaine self-administration by humans.

1990 • 128 citations

Is RO 15-4513 a specific alcohol antagonist?

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Self‐Administration of Cocaine by Humans: A Laboratory Perspective

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GBR12909 antagonizes the ability of cocaine to elevate extracellular levels of dopamine

1991 • 123 citations

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1967 • 123 citations

Effect of antagonists selective for mu, delta and kappa opioid receptors on the reinforcing effects of heroin in rats.

1993 • 122 citations

Isolation rearing enhances the locomotor response to cocaine and a novel environment, but impairs the intravenous self-administration of cocaine

1994 • 121 citations

Alcohol consumption in free-feeding rats: procedural, genetic and pharmacokinetic factors

1987 • 119 citations

Neurochemical correlates of brain-stimulation reward measured by ex vivo and in vivo analyses

1989 • 117 citations

Instrumental Conditioning

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1974 • 115 citations

CONCURRENT PERFORMANCES: REINFORCEMENT BY DIFFERENT DOSES OF INTRAVENOUS COCAINE IN RHESUS MONKEYS1

1974 • 114 citations

Biological vulnerability to alcoholism.

1987 • 114 citations

Bilateral intra-accumbens self-administration ofd-amphetamine: Antagonism with intra-accumbens SCH-23390 and sulpiride

1994 • 113 citations

The mesolimbic dopamine system: From motivation to action

1992 • 111 citations

Positive relationship between the number of prior ethanol withdrawal episodes and the severity of subsequent withdrawal seizures

1994 • 111 citations

Increased ethanol Choice in Social Drinkers following ethanol preload

1993 • 111 citations

Effects of repeated methamphetamine administration on methamphetamine self-administration in rhesus monkeys

1984 • 111 citations

Mechanisms that may underlie the behavioural effects of ethanol

1991 • 110 citations

Relapse Prevention Strategies for the Treatment of Cocaine Abuse

1991 • 109 citations

Studies on Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD-25)

1956 • 109 citations

Effect of setting on the reinforcing and subjective effects of ethanol in social drinkers

1995 • 108 citations

The Heroin Stimulus

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D2 dopamine receptor genotype and cerebrospinal fluid homovanillic acid, 5‐hydroxyindoleacetic acid and 3‐methoxy‐4‐hydroxyphenylglycol in alcoholics in Finland and the United States

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Reduction of heroin intake in baboons by an economic constraint

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A functional hypothesis concerning the striatal matrix and patches: Mediation of SR memory and reward

1989 • 106 citations

Cigarette smoking by women: interactions with alcohol use

1987 • 105 citations

Upregulation of nicotinic receptors following continuous infusion of nicotine is brain-region-specific

1993 • 105 citations

Alcohol Withdrawal in Rats Is Associated with a Marked Fall in Extraneuronal Dopamine

1992 • 104 citations

Tiapride in the Prevention of Relapse in Recently Detoxified Alcoholics

1994 • 104 citations

Drugs as Reinforcers

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The Heroin Stimulus : Implications for a Theory of Addiction

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Persistence of the ability of amphetamine preexposure to facilitate acquisition of cocaine self-administration

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1991 • 101 citations

Does post‐withdrawal cue exposure improve outcome in opiate addiction? A controlled trial

1993 • 101 citations

Internal stimulus control and subjective effects of drugs.

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Variation of nicotinic binding sites among inbred strains

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D1 receptor blockade stereospecifically impairs the acquisition of drug-conditioned place preference and place aversion

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Chapter 27 Nicotine dependence and tolerance in man: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic investigations

1989 • 96 citations

Morphine: Conditioned Increases in Self-Administration in Rhesus Monkeys

1969 • 95 citations

Benzodiazepine-induced decreases in extracellular concentrations of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens after acute and repeated administration

1992 • 93 citations

Schizophrenia and psychostimulant abuse: a review and re-analysis of clinical evidence

1995 • 93 citations

Isolation rearing impairs the reinforcing efficacy of intravenous cocaine or intra-accumbensd-amphetamine: impaired response to intra-accumbens D1 and D2/D3 dopamine receptor antagonists

1994 • 92 citations

Second-Order Schedules of Drug Injection

1987 • 88 citations

Lesions of central serotonin systems affect responding on a progressive ratio schedule reinforced either by intravenous cocaine or by food

1994 • 87 citations

Behavior Maintained by Termination of a Schedule of Self-Administered Cocaine

1979 • 85 citations

Rat brain neurotransmitter turnover rates altered during withdrawal from chronic cocaine administration

1995 • 84 citations

Cultured lymphocytes from alcoholic subjects have altered cAMP signal transduction.

1988 • 84 citations

In vivo monitoring of glutamate in the brain by microdialysis and capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection

1993 • 82 citations

Alcohol dependence and cue reactivity.

1994 • 80 citations

Induction and maintenance of ethanol self-administration without food deprivation in the rat

1985 • 79 citations

Morphine differentially affects ventral tegmental and substantia nigra brain reward thresholds

1981 • 78 citations

Tolerance to self-administration of cocaine in rats: time course and dose-response determination using a multi-dose method

1993 • 77 citations

Molecular Pharmacology of Cocaine: A Dopamine Hypothesis and its Implications

2007 • 77 citations

Differential effects of isolation housing on the conditioned place preference produced by cocaine and amphetamine

1986 • 76 citations

Ethanol reinforced responding in the rat: A concurrent analysis using sucrose as the alternate choice

1982 • 76 citations

Addicts Who Survived: An Oral History of Narcotic Use in America before 1965

2012 • 76 citations

Neuroadaptive Responses to Chronic Ethanol

1991 • 76 citations

Effects of buprenorphine on the self-administration of cocaine by humans

1994 • 74 citations

Aversive properties of nalorphine and naloxone in morphine-dependent rhesus monkeys.

1971 • 74 citations

Lack of evidence for context-dependent cocaine-induced sensitization in humans: Preliminary studies

1994 • 73 citations

Comparison of changes in extracellular dopamine concentrations in the nucleus accumbens during intravenous self-administration of cocaine or d-amphetamine

1995 • 73 citations

MK801 attenuates behavioural adaptation to chronic nicotine administration in rats

1992 • 72 citations

Pathways to Opiate Addiction: An Evaluation of Differing Antecedents

1982 • 72 citations

A Pilot Study of Occasional Heroin Users

1973 • 72 citations

Drug preference and mood in humans: Preference for d-amphetamine and subject characteristics

1981 • 71 citations

Features of environment-dependent tolerance to ethanol

1985 • 70 citations

Chronic dihydropyridine treatment can reverse the behavioural consequences of and prevent adaptations to, chronic ethanol treatment

1991 • 69 citations

Individual differences in novelty-induced activity do not predict strength of amphetamine-induced place conditioning

1994 • 69 citations

Isolation versus grouped housing in rats: Differential effects of low doses of heroin in the place preference paradigm

1983 • 69 citations

Maintenance and suppression of behavior by intravenous nicotine injections in squirrel monkeys.

1982 • 67 citations

Withdrawal from morphine or amphetamine: different effects on dopamine in the ventral-medial striatum studied with microdialysis

1994 • 66 citations

Genetic approaches to drug dependence

1992 • 64 citations

Enhancing caffeine reinforcement by behavioral requirements following drug ingestion

1994 • 64 citations

Low-dose benzodiazepine neuronal inhibition: enhanced Ca2+-mediated K+-conductance

1983 • 61 citations

A role for the mesolimbic dopamine system in the reinforcing properties of diazepam

1988 • 60 citations

Individual differences in sugar intake predict the locomotor response to acute and repeated amphetamine administration

1994 • 57 citations

Mesoaccumbens dopamine-opiate interactions in the control over behaviour by a conditioned reinforcer

1994 • 57 citations

Addicts Who Survived: An Oral History of Narcotic Use in America, 1923- 1965.

1990 • 56 citations

Imaging Drug Action in the Brain

1994 • 56 citations

Reinstatement of heroin-reinforced behavior following long-term extinction

1994 • 54 citations

Tolerance to the reinforcing effects of cocaine in a progressive ratio paradigm

1994 • 53 citations

The discriminative stimulus produced by pentylenetetrazol: effects of systemic anxiolytics and anxiogenics, aggressive defeat and midazolam or muscimol infused into the amygdala

1988 • 52 citations

Modulation of drug reinforcement by behavioral requirements following drug ingestion

1994 • 52 citations

Origins of Psychopathology

2002 • 52 citations

A quantitative theory of acute tolerance to alcohol

1994 • 51 citations

Imaging Drug Action in the Brain

1992 • 50 citations

Oral Drug Self-Administration: Drugs as Reinforcers

1987 • 49 citations

Reversal of alcohol dependence and tolerance by a single administration of flumazenil.

1991 • 49 citations

Acute tolerance to alcohol: changes in subjective effects among social drinkers

1989 • 48 citations

Selective breeding for alcohol withdrawal severity

1993 • 46 citations

Personality and benzodiazepine sensitivity in anxious patients and control subjects

1993 • 46 citations

Concurrent etonitazene and water intake in rats: Role of taste, olfaction, and auditory stimuli

1979 • 45 citations

Measurement of drug craving during naloxone-precipitated withdrawal in methadone-maintained volunteers.

1995 • 45 citations

EFFECTS OF INCOME ON DRUG CHOICE IN HUMANS

1993 • 44 citations

Advances in Chromatography

1975 • 43 citations

How effective is substance abuse treatment--compared to what?

1992 • 43 citations

CHOICE BETWEEN FOOD AND HEROIN: EFFECTS OF MORPHINE, NALOXONE, AND SECOBARBITAL

1981 • 43 citations

Conditioned tolerance in human opiate addicts

1992 • 40 citations

An appraisal of chemical aversion (emetic therapy) approaches to alcoholism treatment

1991 • 40 citations

Differential sensitivity to midazolam discriminative-stimulus effects following self-administered versus response-independent midazolam

1993 • 39 citations

Mesolimbic dopamine: An analysis of its role in motivated behavior

1993 • 39 citations

Basal extracellular dopamine in the nucleus accumbens during amphetamine withdrawal: a ‘no net flux’ microdialysis study

1993 • 38 citations

Measurement of drug craving during naloxone-precipitated withdrawal in methadone-maintained volunteers.

1995 • 38 citations

Platelet MAO Activity in Type I and Type II Alcoholisma

1994 • 38 citations

Multiple drug use. Epidemiology, correlates, and consequences.

1986 • 35 citations

Non-smokers show acute tolerance to subcutaneous nicotine

1990 • 35 citations

Anxiolytic Potential of Benzodiazepine Receptor Partial Agonists

1994 • 35 citations

Response to Diazepam in Sons of Alcoholics

1992 • 34 citations

Noradrenergic and behavioural effects of naloxone injected in the locus coeruleus of morphine-dependent rats and their control by clonidine

1987 • 34 citations

Nicotine intake and its control over smoking

1990 • 34 citations

Ethanol dependence in mice: Direct and correlated responses to ten generations of selective breeding

1984 • 33 citations

Contribution of associative and nonassociative processes to the development of morphine tolerance

1992 • 33 citations

The neuropsychological significance of stereotypy induced by stimulant drugs

1990 • 33 citations

Amphetamine conditioned cue preference and the neurobiology of drug-seeking

1993 • 33 citations

Multiple Drug Use

1986 • 33 citations

The Development of Medications for the Treatment of Opiate and Cocaine Addictions

1995 • 32 citations

A genetic study of platelet adenylate cyclase activity: evidence for a single major locus effect in fluoride-stimulated activity.

1991 • 31 citations

Follow-up of Vietnam veterans. I. relapse to drug use after Vietnam service

1980 • 31 citations

Associations between drug use and behavioral repertoire in urban youths1

1996 • 30 citations

Aversive Stimulus Properties of Drugs

1987 • 29 citations

Intravenous self-administration of the short-acting benzodiazepine midazolam in the rat

1987 • 26 citations

Conditioned Reinforcement as a Measure of the Rewarding Properties of Drugs

1987 • 26 citations

Importance of Behavioral Controls in the Analysis of Ongoing Events

1992 • 25 citations

Excitotoxic lesions of the basolateral amygdala impair the acquisition of cocaine-seeking behaviour under a second-order schedule of reinforcement

1996 • 24 citations

Behavioral sensitization to stress and psychostimulants: Role of dopamine and excitatory amino acids in the mesocorticolimbic system

1993 • 23 citations

Changes in intrinsic inhibition in isolated hippocampal slices during ethanol withdrawal; lack of correlation with withdrawal hyperexcitability

1992 • 21 citations

Nondependent monkeys self-administer hydromorphone.

1985 • 17 citations

Nondependent monkeys self-administer hydromorphone.

1985 • 16 citations

Prevention of Drug Abuse

1992 • 15 citations

Nicotine dependency: animal studies

1990 • 14 citations

Tolerance and sensitization to stimulant and depressant effects of nicotine in intracranial self-stimulation in the rat

1993 • 13 citations

Factors Regulating Ethanol Tolerance

1990 • 13 citations

Persistence of a drug-personality interaction in psychiatric outpatients

1970 • 13 citations

In vivo estimates of extracellular dopamine and dopamine metabolite levels during intravenous cocaine or heroin self-administration

1993 • 12 citations

Quantitative trait loci and psychopharmacology

1991 • 11 citations

Reinforcer interactions under concurrent schedules of food, water, and intravenous morphine

1984 • 11 citations

Responding to Drug-Related Stimuli in Humans as a Function of Drug-Use History

1991 • 11 citations

Oral Self-Administration of Alcohol: A Valid Approach to the Study of Drug Self-Administration and Human Alcoholism

1987 • 9 citations

On-line small-bore chromatography for neurochemical analysis in the brain.

1989 • 8 citations

DSM III-R and ICD 10 Classifications of Alcohol Use disorders and Associated Disabilities: a structural analysis

1989 • 8 citations

The genetics of vulnerability to alcoholism

1991 • 7 citations

Decreased sensitivity to benzodiazepine receptor agonists and increased sensitivity to inverse agonists following chronic treatments: evidence for separate mechanisms.

1988 • 6 citations

Good trip or bad trip: the roles of tolerance and stress in hallucinogenic drug action.

1975 • 5 citations

Suppression of interleukin-1 alpha production by protein kinase C activators in human vascular endothelial cells.

1995 • 4 citations

What animal work may tell

1990 • 4 citations

Essays in neurochemistry and neuropharmacology, vol. 5

1982 • 4 citations

ISOLATION-REARING INCREASES LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY IN RESPONSE TO AN INJECTION OF COCAINE OR TO A NOVEL ENVIRONMENT, BUT DECREASES THE INTRAVENOUS SELF-ADMINISTRATION OF COCAINE OR THE INTRAACCUMBENS SELF-ADMINISTRATION OF D-AMPHETAMINE

1993 • 4 citations

Associations between drug use and behavioral repertoire in urban youths

1996 • 3 citations

Drugs and foreign policy: a critical review

1995 • 3 citations

CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF CRANIAL TENS IN THE U.S.: A REVIEW

1995 • 3 citations

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