The “Clonal Selection Hypothesis” and Current Concepts of B Cell Tolerance

The clonal selection theory of acquired immunity

1959 • 2,008 citations

A Theory of Self-Nonself Discrimination

1970 • 1,700 citations

Altered immunoglobulin expression and functional silencing of self-reactive B lymphocytes in transgenic mice

1988 • 1,562 citations

Intraclonal generation of antibody mutants in germinal centres

1991 • 1,083 citations

Receptor editing in self-reactive bone marrow B cells.

1993 • 1,026 citations

Clonal deletion of B lymphocytes in a transgenic mouse bearing anti-MHC class I antibody genes

1989 • 1,015 citations

THE NATURAL-SELECTION THEORY OF ANTIBODY FORMATION

1955 • 700 citations

Elimination from peripheral lymphoid tissues of self-reactive B lymphocytes recognizing membrane-bound antigens

1991 • 694 citations

Genes and Antibodies

1959 • 675 citations

Mutation Drift and Repertoire Shift in the Maturation of the Immune Response

1987 • 635 citations

Competition for follicular niches excludes self-reactive cells from the recirculating B-cell repertoire

1994 • 541 citations

Cellular Mechanisms of Immunologic Tolerance

1983 • 521 citations

Elimination of self-reactive B lymphocytes proceeds in two stages: Arrested development and cell death

1993 • 514 citations

Expression of anti-DNA immunoglobulin transgenes in non-autoimmune mice

1991 • 485 citations

B lymphocytes may escape tolerance by revising their antigen receptors.

1993 • 425 citations

The clonal selection theory of acquired immunity

1960 • 396 citations

Evolutionary and Somatic Selection of the Antibody Repertoire in the Mouse

1987 • 388 citations

Antigen-induced B-cell death and elimination during germinal-centre immune responses

1995 • 377 citations

Transgenic Mice and Analysis of B-Cell Tolerance

1992 • 362 citations

Peripheral deletion of self-reactive B cells

1991 • 353 citations

Transitional B cells are the target of negative selection in the B cell compartment.

1995 • 352 citations

Inter- and intraclonal diversity in the antibody response to influenza hemagglutinin.

1985 • 319 citations

T cell receptor antagonists and partial agonists

1995 • 303 citations

Soluble antigen can cause enhanced apoptosis of germinal-centre B cells

1995 • 301 citations

In vitro tolerance induction of neonatal murine B cells.

1976 • 281 citations

Relationship of germinal centers in lymphoid tissue to immunologic memory. VI. Transfer of B cell memory with lymph node cells fractionated according to their receptors for peanut agglutinin.

1983 • 274 citations

THE MECHANISM OF ANTIGENIC STIMULATION OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY CLONAL PRECURSOR CELLS

1972 • 272 citations

Breakdown of self-tolerance in anergic B lymphocytes

1991 • 254 citations

Analysis of Autoimmunity through Experimental Models of Thyroiditis and Allergic Encephalomyelitis

1980 • 253 citations

Clonal anergy: Persistence in tolerant mice of antigen-binding B lymphocytes incapable of responding to antigen or mitogen

1980 • 250 citations

SUPPRESSION OF IMMUNOGLOBULIN CLASS SYNTHESIS IN MICE

1972 • 240 citations

A transgenic model of autoimmune hemolytic anemia.

1992 • 232 citations

Allergy and Immunology

1957 • 222 citations

Engagement of the antigen-receptor on immature murine B lymphocytes results in death by apoptosis.

1995 • 216 citations

Primary antibody-forming cells and secondary B cells are generated from separate precursor cell subpopulations

1989 • 215 citations

Antigen Analogs/MHC Complexes as Specific T Cell Receptor Antagonists

1994 • 195 citations

CARRIER FUNCTION IN ANTI-HAPTEN ANTIBODY RESPONSES

1971 • 190 citations

Deletion and editing of B cells that express antibodies to DNA.

1994 • 173 citations

The immunogenicity of soluble haptenated polymers is determined by molecular mass and hapten valence.

1989 • 161 citations

Evolution of Antibody Variable Region Structure during the Immune Response

1987 • 149 citations

The Development of B Cells and the B‐Cell Repertoire in the Microenvironment of the Germinal Center

1992 • 148 citations

Differential susceptibility of neonatal and adult murine spleen cells to in vitro induction of B-cell tolerance.

1976 • 123 citations

The characterization fo the B-cell repertoire specific for the 2,4-dinitrophenyl and 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl determinants in neonatal BALB/c mice.

1975 • 117 citations

Signaling through surface IgM in tolerance-susceptible immature murine B lymphocytes. Developmentally regulated differences in transmembrane signaling in splenic B cells from adult and neonatal mice.

1991 • 111 citations

Clonal anergy: the universally anergic B lymphocyte.

1982 • 103 citations

In Vitro Tolerance Induction of Bone Marrow Cells: A Marker for B Cell Maturation

1977 • 102 citations

A role for immunoglobulin D: interference with tolerance induction

1993 • 91 citations

Tolerance susceptibility of newly generating memory B cells.

1991 • 88 citations

V-region directed selection in differentiating B lymphocytes.

1993 • 88 citations

Somatic Mutation in Anti‐Phosphorylcholine Antibodies

1987 • 82 citations

Late acquisition of a germ line antibody specificity

1976 • 81 citations

Murine Models of Tolerance Induction in Developing and Mature B Cells

1979 • 77 citations

Multiple Pathways of B Lymphocyte Tolerance

1979 • 76 citations

Phenotypic and functional characterization of murine B lymphocyte precursors isolated from fetal and adult tissues.

1983 • 76 citations

Spleen cells from animals tolerant to a thymus-dependent antigen can be activated by lipopolysaccharide to synthesize antibodies against the tolerogen.

1976 • 74 citations

A natural model of immunologic tolerance. Tolerance to murine C5 is mediated by T cells, and antigen is required to maintain unresponsiveness.

1982 • 74 citations

Frequency of hapten‐specific B cells in neonatal and adult murine spleens

1974 • 73 citations

Tolerance sensitivity of immature-stage B cells: can developmentally regulated B cell antigen receptor (BCR) signal transduction play a role?

1996 • 70 citations

Self Tolerance in the B‐Cell Repertoire

1991 • 69 citations

Structural Patterns in Anti-DNA Antibodies from MRL/lpr Mice

1989 • 65 citations

Patterned acquisition of the antibody repertoire: diversity of the hemagglutinin-specific B-cell repertoire in neonatal BALB/c mice.

1979 • 64 citations

Developmentally controlled selection of antibody genes: Characterization of individual V_H7183 genes and evidence for stage‐specific somatic diversification

1992 • 64 citations

Tolerance as an active process

1980 • 61 citations

The effect of the carrier protein on the immune response and on the induction of tolerance in mice to the 2,4-dinitrophenyl determinant.

1969 • 56 citations

Defining subsets of naive and memory B cells based on the ability of their progeny to somatically mutate in vitro

1995 • 55 citations

2,4-DINITROPHENYL RECEPTORS ON MOUSE THYMUS AND SPLEEN CELLS

1973 • 48 citations

Ligation of MHC class I molecules on peripheral blood T lymphocytes induces new phenotypes and functions.

1996 • 46 citations

A novel regulatory myosin light chain gene distinguishes pre-B cell subsets and is IL-7 inducible.

1992 • 45 citations

Tolerance induction in maturing B cells.

1977 • 40 citations

The affinity threshold for antigenic triggering differs for tolerance susceptible immature precursors vs mature primary B cells.

1986 • 39 citations

Maturation of the lymphoid system. I. Induction of tolerance in neonates with a T-dependent antigen that is an obligate immunogen in adults.

1979 • 39 citations

OVERLAP STIMULATION OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY B CELLS BY CROSS-REACTING DETERMINANTS

1973 • 39 citations

Heavy chain V gene-specific elimination of B cells during the pre-B cell to B cell transition.

1995 • 38 citations

Genetic and temporal control of neonatal antibody expression.

1983 • 36 citations

Ontogeny of B-lymphocyte function. III. In vivo and in vitro studies on the ease of tolerance induction in B lymphocytes from fetal, neonatal, and adult mice

1977 • 36 citations

Analysis of B Cell Tolerance in Vitro

1993 • 35 citations

De novo Germinal Center Formation

1992 • 30 citations

In vitro model for natural tolerance to self-antigens. Inhibition of the development of surface-immunoglobulin-negative lymphocytes into T-dependent responsive B cells by antigen.

1979 • 29 citations

Expression and Selection of Murine Antibody Repertoires

1992 • 28 citations

Maturation of the Lymphoid System

1979 • 25 citations

In vitro tolerance induction of neonatal murine B cells as a probe for the study of B-cell diversification.

1977 • 24 citations

Identification of the guest star of AD 185 as a comet rather than a supernova

1994 • 24 citations

Alteration of the B cell surface phenotype, immune response to phosphocholine and the B cell repertoire in M167 mu plus kappa transgenic mice.

1989 • 24 citations

Induction of an immune response to a self antigen

1988 • 23 citations

WEHI-231 AS A TUMOR MODEL FOR TOLERANCE INDUCTION IN IMMATURE B LYMPHOCYTES

1982 • 19 citations

Carrier-Determined Tolerance in Various Strains of Mice: The Role of Isogenic IgG in the Induction of Hapten Specific Tolerance

1974 • 19 citations

In Vitro Analysis of the Generation and Propagation of Memory B Cells

1996 • 18 citations

Hapten‐specific tolerance in mice. II. Adoptive transfer studies and evidence for unresponsiveness in the B cells

1974 • 17 citations

The autoantigenic response to rabbit cytochrome c

1989 • 8 citations

Experimental production of diabetes mellitus by a nonendocrinal approach

1974 • 6 citations