Breast Cancer and the Role of Cytokines in Regulating Estrogen Synthesis: An Emerging Hypothesis

Adipose Expression of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α: Direct Role in Obesity-Linked Insulin Resistance

1993 • 7,219 citations

Functional diversity of helper T lymphocytes

1996 • 4,512 citations

Increased adipose tissue expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in human obesity and insulin resistance.

1995 • 3,454 citations

Interleukin-8 and related chemotactic cytokines--CXC and CC chemokines.

1994 • 2,251 citations

lnterleukin-8 and Related Chemotactic Cytokines—CXC and CC Chemokines

1993 • 1,650 citations

Interleukin-6 triggers the association of its receptor with a possible signal transducer, gp130

1989 • 1,411 citations

Age Changes and Sex Differences in Serum Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate Concentrations throughout Adulthood

1984 • 1,345 citations

The expression of tumor necrosis factor in human adipose tissue. Regulation by obesity, weight loss, and relationship to lipoprotein lipase.

1995 • 1,316 citations

Interleukin-6 family of cytokines and gp130

1995 • 1,314 citations

Association of macrophage infiltration with angiogenesis and prognosis in invasive breast carcinoma.

1996 • 1,206 citations

Human TH1 and TH2 subsets: doubt no more

1991 • 1,103 citations

The origin and function of tumor-associated macrophages

1992 • 1,081 citations

Source of Estrogen Production in Postmenopausal Women1

1973 • 961 citations

Increased plasma levels of interleukin-6 in sepsis [see comments]

1989 • 813 citations

Soluble receptors for cytokines and growth factors: generation and biological function

1994 • 766 citations

Psychoneuroendocrine Influences on Immunocompetence and Neoplasia

1981 • 763 citations

Endogenous Hormones and Breast Cancer Risk

1993 • 699 citations

Human monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1)

1990 • 666 citations

Altered regulation of IL-6 production with normal aging. Possible linkage to the age-associated decline in dehydroepiandrosterone and its sulfated derivative.

1993 • 577 citations

Chemoattractant signaling and leukocyte activation

1995 • 510 citations

The soluble interleukin‐6 receptor is generated by shedding

1993 • 502 citations

Endogenous concentration and subcellular distribution of androgens in normal and malignant human breast tissue.

1985 • 446 citations

Soluble cytokine receptors are present in normal human urine.

1989 • 441 citations

Plasma Precursors of Estrogen. II. Correlation of the Extent of Conversion of Plasma Androstenedione to Estrone with Age¹

1974 • 436 citations

In Situ Estrogen Production via the Estrone Sulfatase Pathway in Breast Tumors: Relative Importance versus the Aromatase Pathway*

1984 • 403 citations

A Comparison of the J-lntegral and CTOD Parameters for Short Crack Specimen Testing

1991 • 399 citations

Aromatization of Androstenedione by Human Adipose Tissue Stromal Cells in Monolayer Culture*

1981 • 395 citations

Increase of plasma IL-6 concentration with age in healthy subjects

1992 • 393 citations

Complex of soluble human IL-6-receptor/IL-6 up-regulates expression of acute-phase proteins.

1992 • 373 citations

Regulation of murine lymphokine production in vivo. III. The lymphoid tissue microenvironment exerts regulatory influences over T helper cell function.

1990 • 349 citations

Human soluble IL-6 receptor: its detection and enhanced release by HIV infection.

1992 • 342 citations

IL-10 production in cutaneous basal and squamous cell carcinomas. A mechanism for evading the local T cell immune response.

1995 • 326 citations

Regulation of murine lymphokine production in vivo II. Dehydroepiandrosterone is a natural enhancer of interleukin 2 synthesis by helper T cells

1990 • 324 citations

Isolation of a full-length cDNA insert encoding human aromatase system cytochrome P-450 and its expression in nonsteroidogenic cells.

1988 • 302 citations

Complete amino acid sequence of human placental 17β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deduced from cDNA

1988 • 298 citations

Hormones, peripherally activated prohormones and regulation of the Th1/Th2 balance

1994 • 286 citations

Soluble cytokine receptors

1996 • 282 citations

The importance of local synthesis of estrogen within the breast

1987 • 280 citations

On the mechanism for efficient repression of the interleukin-6 promoter by glucocorticoids: enhancer, TATA box, and RNA start site (Inr motif) occlusion.

1990 • 279 citations

Characterization of cDNAs for Human Estradiol 17β-Dehydrogenase and Assignment of the Gene to Chromosome 17: Evidence of two mRNA Species with Distinct 5′-Termini in Human Placenta

1989 • 275 citations

A randomised trial comparing two doses of the new selective aromatase inhibitor anastrozole (Arimidex) with megestrol acetate in postmenopausal patients with advanced breast cancer *

1996 • 261 citations

Estrone Sulfate: Production Rate and Metabolism in Man

1972 • 256 citations

Aromatase, 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and intratissular sex hormone concentrations in cancerous and normal glandular breast tissue in postmenopausal women

1986 • 249 citations

Incidence of de-novo breast cancer in women chronically immunosuppressed after organ transplantation

1995 • 233 citations

Importance of estrogen sulfates in breast cancer

1989 • 230 citations

Aromatase P450 Gene Expression in Human Adipose Tissue. ROLE OF A Jak/STAT PATHWAY IN REGULATION OF THE ADIPOSE-SPECIFIC PROMOTER

1995 • 229 citations

Human Aromatase: cDNA Cloning, Southern Blot Analysis, and Assignment of the Gene to Chromosome 15

1988 • 227 citations

Characteristics of human types 1, 2 and 3 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activities: Oxidation/reduction and inhibition

1995 • 224 citations

Aromatase activity in normal breast and breast tumor tissues: In vivo and in vitro studies

1987 • 218 citations

Breast Carcinoma: Risk and Detection

1982 • 217 citations

Aromatase activity in adipose tissue from breast quadrants: a link with tumour site

1988 • 213 citations

Breast cancer incidence and nutritional status with particular reference to body weight and height.

1975 • 205 citations

Effects of Aging and Obesity on Aromatase Activity of Human Adipose Cells *

1985 • 202 citations

Soluble interleukin‐6 receptors released from T cell or granulocyte/macrophage cell lines and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells are generated through an alternative splicing mechanism

1994 • 197 citations

Aromatase activity and interleukin-6 production by normal and malignant breast tissues.

1995 • 193 citations

The presence of a dehydroepiandrosterone-specific receptor binding complex in murine T cells

1992 • 190 citations

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN 17β‐HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASE ACTIVITY AND OESTROGEN CONCENTRATIONS IN HUMAN BREAST TUMOURS AND IN NORMAL BREAST TISSUE

1983 • 188 citations

An Immunostimulation Theory of Tumor Development

1971 • 186 citations

Regulation of Estrogen Biosynthesis by Human Adipose Cells*

1989 • 177 citations

Expression of aromatase protein and messenger ribonucleic acid in tumor epithelial cells and evidence of functional significance of locally produced estrogen in human breast cancers.

1996 • 177 citations

Competitive reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis indicates that levels of aromatase cytochrome P450 transcripts in adipose tissue of buttocks, thighs, and abdomen of women increase with advancing age.

1994 • 177 citations

Estrogen formation in stromal cells of adipose tissue of women: induction by glucocorticosteroids.

1981 • 174 citations

Immunolocalization of aromatase and other steroidogenic enzymes in human breast disorders

1994 • 172 citations

Cloning of a complete cDNA encoding human aromatase : Immunochemical identification and sequence analysis

1988 • 164 citations

Detection of intratumoral aromatase in breast carcinomas. An immunohistochemical study with clinicopathologic correlation.

1992 • 162 citations

Glucocorticoid up-regulation of high-affinity interleukin 6 receptors on human epithelial cells.

1990 • 161 citations

Macrophages in human breast disease: a quantitative immunohistochemical study

1988 • 160 citations

in situ oestrone synthesis in normal breast and breast tumour tissues: Effect of treatment with 4‐hydroxyandrostenedione

1989 • 157 citations

Adverse life events and breast cancer: case-control study

1995 • 152 citations

Stromal spindle cells contain aromatase in human breast tumors.

1994 • 148 citations

Breast Carcinoma: Risk and Detection

1981 • 145 citations

Isolation and characterization of a steroid sulfatase cDNA clone: genomic deletions in patients with X-chromosome-linked ichthyosis.

1987 • 143 citations

Dose-related endocrine effects and pharmacokinetics of oral and intramuscular 4-hydroxyandrostenedione in postmenopausal breast cancer patients.

1989 • 136 citations

Biological Significance of Aromatase Activity in Human Breast Tumors*

1983 • 134 citations

In vitro potentiation of lymphocyte activation by dehydroepiandrosterone, androstenediol, and androstenetriol.

1994 • 133 citations

Regulation of interleukin 6 receptor expression in human monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages. Comparison with the expression in human hepatocytes.

1989 • 129 citations

Serum tumor necrosis factor levels in patients with infectious disease and septic shock.

1990 • 128 citations

Oestradiol synthesis from C19 steroids by human breast cancers

1976 • 125 citations

Protein kinase C activity is rate limiting for shedding of the interleukin-6 receptor

1992 • 122 citations

Phenotypic analysis of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes from human breast cancer.

1992 • 122 citations

ABNORMAL URINARY STEROID EXCRETION AND SUBSEQUENT BREAST CANCER

1967 • 118 citations

Immunological analysis of 17β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in benign and malignant human breast tissue

1992 • 116 citations

ON THE CAUSE OF THE LOCALIZATION OF SECONDARY TUMORS AT POINTS OF INJURY

1914 • 114 citations

Control of aromatase activity in breast cancer cells: The role of cytokines and growth factors

1993 • 113 citations

Stimulation of aromatase activity in breast fibroblasts by tumor necrosis factor

1994 • 111 citations

Studies on the structure and regulation of the human hepatic interleukin‐6 receptor

1990 • 110 citations

Cloning and Expression of Human Steroid-sulfatase

1989 • 110 citations

Steroid sulfation

1993 • 109 citations

Endocrine factors in endometrial carcinoma

1967 • 106 citations

Estrone and estradiol content in human breast tumors: Relationship to estradiol receptors

1977 • 105 citations

Elevated oestrogen and reduced testosterone levels in the serum of male septic shock patients

1988 • 103 citations

Testosterone, dihydrotestosterone and oestradiol levels in postmenopausal breast cancer tissues

1995 • 101 citations

Interleukin 6 acts as a paracrine growth factor in human mammary carcinoma cell lines.

1996 • 99 citations

Endogenous oestradiol-17β concentration in breast tumours determined by mass fragmentography and by radioimmunoassay: Relationship to receptor content

1981 • 99 citations

The morphological basis of human breast cyst populations

1983 • 99 citations

INTERLEUKIN-1 AND INTERLEUKIN-6 IN BREAST CYST FLUID: THEIR ROLE IN REGULATING AROMATASE ACTIVITY IN BREAST CANCER CELLS

1992 • 96 citations

Cytokine-binding proteins: stimulating antagonists

1995 • 94 citations

The plasma concentration of oestrone sulphate in postmenopausal women: Lack of diurnal variation, effect of ovariectomy, age and weight

1981 • 93 citations

Regulation of estrogen biosynthesis in human adipose stromal cells. Effects of dibutyryl cyclic AMP, epidermal growth factor, and phorbol esters on the synthesis of aromatase cytochrome P-450.

1987 • 93 citations

A comparison of thein vivo uptake and metabolism of3H-oestrone and3H-oestradiol by normal breast and breast tumour tissues in post-menopausal women

1986 • 93 citations

Estrone sulfate and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate concentrations in normal subjects and men with cirrhosis

1979 • 91 citations

Determination of hormonal steroid concentrations in biological extracts by high resolution mass fragmentography

1975 • 90 citations

Benign Breast Diseases, Carcinoma In Situ, and Breast Cancer Risk

1993 • 90 citations

Enhancement of interleukin 6 cytostatic effect on human breast carcinoma cells by soluble IL-6 receptor from urine and reversion by monoclonal antibody

1992 • 88 citations

Up-regulation of high-affinity dehydroepiandrosterone binding activity by dehydroepiandrosterone in activated human T lymphocytes.

1995 • 83 citations

Effects of human breast fibroblasts on growth and 17β-estradiol dehydrogenase activity of MCF-7 cells in culture

1988 • 82 citations

Androstenediol regulates systemic resistance against lethal infections in mice

1992 • 79 citations

Enhanced growth of tumour cells in healing colonie anastomoses and laparotomy wounds

1989 • 79 citations

Interleukin 6 is secreted by breast fibroblasts and stimulates 17β‐oestradiol oxidoreductase activity of MCF‐7 cells: Possible paracrine regulation of breast 17β‐oestradiol levels

1991 • 77 citations

17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase gene expression in human breast cancer cells: regulation of expression by a progestin.

1992 • 77 citations

Oncogene amplification correlates with dense lymphocyte infiltration in human breast cancers: A role for hematopoietic growth factor release by tumor cells?

1990 • 72 citations

Up‐regulation of the interleukin‐6‐signal transducing protein (gp130) by interleukin‐6 and dexamethasone in HepG2 cells

1992 • 72 citations

Active Site Directed Inhibition of Estrone Sulfatase by Nonsteroidal Coumarin Sulfamates

1996 • 66 citations

Paracrine influence of human breast stromal fibroblasts on breast epithelial cells: Secretion of a polypeptide which stimulates reductive 17β‐oestradiol dehydrogenase activity

1988 • 64 citations

Endogenous oestrogens and androgens in normal and malignant endometrial and mammary tissues

1989 • 64 citations

The interaction of cytokines in regulating oestradiol 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity in MCF-7 cells

1994 • 64 citations

Aromatization of steroids in peripheral tissues

1983 • 59 citations

On the significance of in situ production of oestrogens in human breast cancer tissue

1992 • 59 citations

Concentrations of oestrone and 4‐hydroxyandrostenedione in malignant and normal breast tissues

1991 • 58 citations

On the significance of significant

1981 • 58 citations

The Menopause: Clinical, Endocrinological, and Pathophysiological Aspects

1982 • 57 citations

Soluble Interleukin 6 Receptor is Biologically Active In Vivo

1995 • 57 citations

The role of aromatase in breast tumors

1994 • 55 citations

Endogenous steroid hormones and local aromatase activity in the breast

1991 • 52 citations

Constitutive production of human interleukin for DA cells/leukemia inhibitory factor by human tumor cell lines derived from various tissues.

1990 • 52 citations

Leukemia Inhibitory Factor Binds to Human Breast Cancer Cells and Stimulates Their Proliferation

1995 • 51 citations

Control of aromatase activity in breast tumours: the role of the immune system

1997 • 51 citations

The conversion of androstenedione to oestrone and production of oestrone in women with endometrial cancer

1979 • 45 citations

INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR TYPE I AND INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR TYPE II STIMULATE OESTRADIOL-17β HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASE (REDUCTIVE) ACTIVITY IN BREAST CANCER CELLS

1991 • 44 citations

The role of cytokines and sulphatase inhibitors in regulating oestrogen synthesis in breast tumours

1995 • 41 citations

The role and proposed mechanism by which oestradiol 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase regulates breast tumour oestrogen concentrations

1995 • 40 citations

17β‐HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASE AND AROMATASE ACTIVITY IN BREAST FAT FROM WOMEN WITH BENIGN AND MALIGNANT BREAST TUMOURS

1984 • 40 citations

Regulation of oestradiol 17β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in breast tissues: The role of growth factors

1991 • 39 citations

IL-6sR: RELEASE FROM MCF-7 BREAST CANCER CELLS AND ROLE IN REGULATING PERIPHERAL OESTROGEN SYNTHESIS

1995 • 38 citations

Enhancement of IL-6 receptor β chain (gp130) expression by IL-6, IL-1 and TNF in human epithelial cells

1992 • 38 citations

Estrogens in tissues: Uptake from the peripheral circulation or local production

1987 • 37 citations

Up-regulation of high-affinity dehydroepiandrosterone binding activity by dehydroepiandrosterone in activated human T lymphocytes

1995 • 35 citations

The role of tissue steroids in regulating aromatase and oestradiol 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activities in breast and endometrial cancer

1986 • 35 citations

The effect of epidermal growth factor, transforming growth factor and breast tumour homogenates on the activity of oestradiol 17β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in cultured adipose tissue

1986 • 35 citations

Steroid sulphatase inhibitors: A new endocrine therapy

1984 • 34 citations

IFN-alpha and IFN-gamma can affect both monocytes and tumor cells to modulate monocyte-mediated cytotoxicity.

1990 • 32 citations

Relationship between estrogen receptors, 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and estrogen content in human breast cancer

1979 • 30 citations

Evidence of in situ estrogen synthesis in nitrosomethylurea-induced rat mammary tumors via the enzyme estrone sulfatase

1996 • 29 citations

The relationship between 17β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and breast tumour site and size

1985 • 29 citations

Stimulation of interleukin-6 and prostaglandin E2 secretion from peritoneal macrophages by polymers of albumin

1993 • 27 citations

Peripheral aromatization: Studies on controlling factors

1987 • 26 citations

Interactive effects of interleukin-6, 17β-estradiol and progesterone on growth and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity in human breast carcinoma cells

1993 • 23 citations

The Effect of Glucocorticoids on theIn VivoConversion of Androstenedione to Oestrone

1986 • 20 citations

Synergistic interaction of growth factors and albumin in regulating estradiol synthesis in breast cancer cells

1992 • 20 citations

The discriminant-function test: a marker of Th1/Th2 cell cytokine secretion and breast tumour oestrogen synthesis

1995 • 20 citations

Preferential Growth of Blood-Borne Cancer Cells at Sites of Trauma — A Growth Promoting Role of Macrophages

1988 • 19 citations

The anti-estrogen tamoxifen blocks the stimulatory effects of interleukin-6 on 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity in MCF-7 cells

1993 • 16 citations

Aromatase activity in human adipose tissue stromal cells; the effect of fetal bovine serum fractions on dexamethasone-stimulated aromatization

1991 • 16 citations

Oncostatin M, interleukin 2, interleukin 6 and interleukin 8 in breast cyst fluid

1994 • 14 citations

The human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB231 produces an aromatase stimulating activity.

1994 • 13 citations

Peripheral oestrogen synthesis in man: its regulation and possible physiological significance

1989 • 13 citations

Estrogen synthesis inhibitors for breast cancer: an introductory overview

1996 • 13 citations

Identification of albumin in breast tumor cytosol as a factor involved in the stimulation of estradiol 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (reductive) activity

1992 • 12 citations

Paracrine control of oestrogen production in breast cancer

1997 • 12 citations

The effect of breast tumour and normal breast tissue cytosols on oestradiol 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity

1989 • 12 citations

Effects of Stress on the Growth of a Fibrosarcoma in nu/nu and Conventional Mice

1992 • 11 citations

Three-component model of oestrogen formation and regulation of intratumoural oestrogen pool in breast neoplasms

1995 • 11 citations

Interleukin‐3: A putative protective factor against breast cancer which is secreted by male but not female breast fibroblasts

1995 • 8 citations

Evidence of interleukin-1-like activity associated with bovine serum albumin.

1987 • 7 citations

Oestrone sulphatase activity in normal and malignant breast tissues: relationship with tumour location.

1995 • 5 citations

Effect of breast cyst fluid on oestrogen 17-oxidoreductase activity in MCF-7 breast cancer cells

1990 • 5 citations

The effect of gross cystic disease fluid proteins on oestrogen synthesis in breast cancer cells

1994 • 3 citations

Acquisition of estrogen independence and antiestrogen resistance in breast cancer: association with the invasive and metastatic phenotype

1995 • 2 citations

Deleted Work

1955 • 0 citations