Anoxic and Ischemic Injury of Myelinated Axons in CNS White Matter: From Mechanistic Concepts to Therapeutics

Local anesthetics: hydrophilic and hydrophobic pathways for the drug-receptor reaction.

1977 • 1,746 citations

Calcium-mediated neurotoxicity: relationship to specific channel types and role in ischemic damage

1988 • 1,745 citations

Mechanisms by which mitochondria transport calcium

1990 • 1,630 citations

Calcium Dependence of Toxic Cell Death: A Final Common Pathway

1979 • 1,478 citations

Effect of anoxia on ion distribution in the brain

1985 • 1,341 citations

Neurotoxins that Act on Voltage-Sensitive Sodium Channels in Excitable Membranes

1980 • 1,236 citations

Pathogenesis of Leukoaraiosis

1997 • 1,217 citations

The release and uptake of excitatory amino acids

1990 • 1,090 citations

Metabolic coupling between glia and neurons

1996 • 985 citations

Molecular Mechanisms of Local Anesthesia

1990 • 840 citations

The Permeability of the Sodium Channel to Organic Cations in Myelinated Nerve

1971 • 751 citations

Combined oxygen and glucose deprivation in cortical cell culture: calcium-dependent and calcium-independent mechanisms of neuronal injury

1993 • 694 citations

Cerebral hypoxia: some new approaches and unanswered questions

1990 • 674 citations

Ionic mechanisms of anoxic injury in mammalian CNS white matter: role of Na+ channels and Na(+)-Ca2+ exchanger

1992 • 656 citations

Cerebral White Matter Is Highly Vulnerable to Ischemia

1996 • 590 citations

A Mechanistic Analysis of Nondisruptive Axonal Injury: A Review

1997 • 571 citations

Oligodendrocytes from forebrain are highly vulnerable to AMPA/kainate receptor-mediated excitotoxicity

1998 • 538 citations

Ionic currents in the somatic membrane of rat dorsal root ganglion neurons—I. Sodium currents

1981 • 520 citations

Vulnerability of oligodendroglia to glutamate: pharmacology, mechanisms, and prevention

1993 • 512 citations

A Novel Isothiourea Derivative Selectively Inhibits the Reverse Mode of Na+/Ca2+ Exchange in Cells Expressing NCX1

1996 • 506 citations

A quantitative description of membrane currents in rabbit myelinated nerve.

1979 • 496 citations

Isolated Cerebral and Cerebellar Mitochondria Produce Free Radicals when Exposed to Elevated Ca²⁺ and Na⁺: Implications for Neurodegeneration

1994 • 492 citations

An N-methylaspartate receptor-mediated synapse in rat cerebral cortex: a site of action of ketamine?

1985 • 457 citations

Stoichiometry of Respiratory Stimulation, Accumulation of Ca++ and Phosphate, and Oxidative Phosphorylation in Rat Liver Mitochondria

1964 • 441 citations

Switch in glutamate receptor subunit gene expression in CA1 subfield of hippocampus following global ischemia in rats.

1992 • 399 citations

Intracellular and extracellular changes of [Ca2+] in hypoxia and ischemia in rat brain in vivo.

1990 • 386 citations

The Permeability of the Sodium Channel to Metal Cations in Myelinated Nerve

1972 • 367 citations

Molecular dissection of the myelinated axon

1993 • 352 citations

Voltage-Dependent Calcium Channels in Glial Cells

1984 • 347 citations

O2 deprivation in the central nervous system: On mechanisms of neuronal response, differential sensitivity and injury

1993 • 315 citations

Functional Coupling Between Glycolysis and Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Ca ²⁺ Transport

1995 • 311 citations

Modal gating of Na+ channels as a mechanism of persistent Na+ current in pyramidal neurons from rat and cat sensorimotor cortex

1993 • 303 citations

Rat optic nerve: Electrophysiological, pharmacological and anatomical studies during development

1982 • 281 citations

Mechanisms of secondary injury to spinal cord axons in vitro: role of Na+, Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase, the Na(+)-H+ exchanger, and the Na(+)-Ca2+ exchanger

1996 • 275 citations

Convergent regulation of sodium channels by protein kinase C and cAMP-dependent protein kinase

1993 • 270 citations

Calcium transport and proton electrochemical potential gradient in mitochondria from guinea-pig cerebral cortex and rat heart

1978 • 264 citations

Activity‐dependent excitability changes in normal and demyelinated rat spinal root axons.

1985 • 263 citations

Frequency and voltage-dependent inhibition of type IIA Na+ channels, expressed in a mammalian cell line, by local anesthetic, antiarrhythmic, and anticonvulsant drugs.

1991 • 222 citations

Pharmacological properties of gamma-aminobutyric acid-, glutamate-, and aspartate-induced depolarizations in cultured astrocytes

1985 • 217 citations

Cell-permeant Ca2+ chelators reduce early excitotoxic and ischemic neuronal injury in vitro and in vivo

1993 • 216 citations

Role of extracellular calcium in anoxic injury of mammalian central white matter.

1990 • 212 citations

Noninactivating, tetrodotoxin-sensitive Na+ conductance in rat optic nerve axons.

1993 • 210 citations

Xanthine oxidase-derived hydrogen peroxide contributes to ischemia reperfusion-induced edema in gerbil brains.

1988 • 208 citations

Calcium signaling of glial cells along mammalian axons

1993 • 204 citations

Ion homeostasis in brain cells: differences in intracellular ion responses to energy limitation between cultured neurons and glial cells

1997 • 201 citations

Review of the effect of spinal cord trauma on the vessels and blood flow in the spinal cord

1976 • 201 citations

Ca2+ entry via AMPA/KA receptors and excitotoxicity in cultured cerebellar Purkinje cells.

1994 • 194 citations

Mitochondria accumulate Ca2+ following intense glutamate stimulation of cultured rat forebrain neurones.

1997 • 185 citations

Ion transport ATPases as targets for free radical damage

1993 • 178 citations

Response of Glial Cells to Ischemia: Roles of Reactive Oxygen Species and Glutathione

1997 • 173 citations

Glutamate impairs neuronal calcium extrusion while reducing sodium gradient

1994 • 172 citations

Extracellular pH, Potassium, and Calcium Activities in Progressive Ischaemia of Rat Cortex

1984 • 168 citations

Postnatal differentiation of rat optic nerve fibers: Electron microscopic observations on the development of nodes of Ranvier and axoglial relations

1984 • 167 citations

Acidosis-related damage.

1996 • 164 citations

Unique Inactivation Properties of NAADP-sensitive Ca2+ Release

1996 • 163 citations

Ca2+ entry via AMPA/KA receptors and excitotoxicity in cultured cerebellar Purkinje cells

1994 • 163 citations

Hypoxia-Induced Dysfunctions and Injury of Astrocytes in Primary Cell Cultures

1989 • 153 citations

Neurotransmitter‐mediated signaling between axons and glial cells

1994 • 145 citations

Mechanisms of action of ibogaine and harmaline congeners based on radioligand binding studies

1992 • 143 citations

The Sodium-Calcium Antiport of Heart Mitochondria Is Not Electroneutral

1995 • 142 citations

Role of Lipid Peroxidation in Post-Traumatic Spinal Cord Degeneration: A Review

1986 • 141 citations

GABA‐ and glutamate‐activated currents in glial cells of the mouse corpus callosum slice

1992 • 140 citations

The regional vulnerability to hypoglycemia-induced neurotoxicity in organotypic hippocampal culture: protection by early tetrodotoxin or delayed MK-801

1992 • 140 citations

In vitro ischemia promotes calcium influx and intracellular calcium release in hippocampal astrocytes

1996 • 137 citations

A role for Na ⁺ ‐dependent Ca ²⁺ extrusion in protection against neuronal excitotoxicity

1989 • 134 citations

Alterations in Glia and Axons in the Brains of Binswanger’s Disease Patients

1997 • 130 citations

The selectivity of ion channels in nerve and muscle

1982 • 128 citations

Oligodendroglial precursor cell susceptibility to hypoxia is related to poor ability to cope with reactive oxygen species

1995 • 123 citations

Molecular Mechanisms of Acidosis-Mediated Damage

1996 • 123 citations

Inhibition of Na+/Ca2+ exchange enhances delayed neuronal death elicited by glutamate in cerebellar granule cell cultures

1991 • 122 citations

Tertiary and quaternary local anesthetics protect CNS white matter from anoxic injury at concentrations that do not block excitability

1992 • 121 citations

Chloride Channels and Carriers in Nerve, Muscle, and Glial Cells

1990 • 119 citations

Voltage-gated calcium channels in CNS white matter: role in anoxic injury

1995 • 119 citations

Pharmacological protection of CNS white matter during anoxia: actions of phenytoin, carbamazepine and diazepam.

1993 • 118 citations

Ultrastructural concomitants of anoxic injury and early post-anoxic recovery in rat optic nerve

1992 • 117 citations

Molecular determinants of drug access to the receptor site for antiarrhythmic drugs in the cardiac Na+ channel.

1995 • 117 citations

Does astrocytic glycogen benefit axon function and survival in CNS white matter during glucose deprivation?

1997 • 114 citations

Characterization of the reverse Na/Ca exchange in squid axons and its modulation by Cai and ATP. Cai-dependent Nai/Cao and Nai/Nao exchange modes.

1987 • 113 citations

Mechanisms of calcium and sodium fluxes in anoxic myelinated central nervous system axons

1997 • 113 citations

Clustering Sodium Channels at the Node of Ranvier: Close Encounters of the Axon–Glia Kind

1997 • 112 citations

Differential expression and enzymatic properties of the Na+,K(+)-ATPase alpha 3 isoenzyme in rat pineal glands.

1990 • 106 citations

Switch in glutamate receptor subunit gene expression in CA1 subfield of hippocampus following global ischemia in rats

1993 • 104 citations

A Role for the Mitochondrion in the Protection of Cells Against Calcium Overload?

1985 • 103 citations

On the physiological role of internodal potassium channels and the security of conduction in myelinated nerve fibres

1984 • 103 citations

Modulation of intramitochondrial free Ca2+ concentration by antagonists of Na+-Ca2+ exchange

1993 • 102 citations

The Regulation of Mitochondrial Calcium Transport in Heart

1985 • 102 citations

Low density of sodium channels supports action potential conduction in axons of neonatal rat optic nerve.

1989 • 102 citations

Calcium and Ischemic Brain Damage

1986 • 95 citations

Changes in xanthine oxidase in ischemic rat brain

1989 • 93 citations

Evidence for the presence of potassium channels in the internode of frog myelinated nerve fibres.

1982 • 93 citations

Cultured rat astrocytes possess Na⁺‐Ca²⁺ exchanger

1994 • 92 citations

Experimental cyanide encephalopathy: electron microscopic observations of early lesions in white matter.

1967 • 91 citations

Lithium Ion Entry Through the Sodium Channel of Cultured Mouse Neuroblastoma Cells: A Biochemical Study

1977 • 90 citations

Anoxic injury of rat optic nerve: ultrastructural evidence for coupling between Na+ influx and Ca2+-mediated injury in myelinated CNS axons

1994 • 89 citations

Protection of the axonal cytoskeleton in anoxic optic nerve by decreased extracellular calcium

1993 • 88 citations

On the involvement of a mitochondrial pore in reperfusion injury

1993 • 86 citations

Energy metabolism at the cellular level of the CNS

1992 • 83 citations

Ca2+ transport in nerve fibers

1988 • 83 citations

Mechanisms of Injury‐Induced Calcium Entry into Peripheral Nerve Myelinated Axons: Role of Reverse Sodium‐Calcium Exchange

1996 • 83 citations

Axon Conduction and Survival in CNS White Matter During Energy Deprivation: A Developmental Study

1998 • 82 citations

Current‐clamp analysis of a time‐dependent rectification in rat optic nerve.

1990 • 82 citations

Posttetanic hyperpolarization produced by electrogenic Na(+)-K+ pump in lizard axons impaled near their motor terminals

1993 • 81 citations

Elemental composition and water content of rat optic nerve myelinated axons and glial cells: effects of in vitro anoxia and reoxygenation

1995 • 77 citations

MOLECULAR ACTIONS OF RACEMIC KETAMINE ON HUMAN CNS SODIUM CHANNELS

1992 • 75 citations

Correlation between electrophysiological effects of mexiletine and ischemic protection in central nervous system white matter

1996 • 75 citations

Inhibition of sodium currents by local anesthetics in chloramine-T-treated squid axons. The role of channel activation.

1987 • 75 citations

Increase of sodium concentration near the inner surface of the nodal membrane

1970 • 75 citations

Experimental Cyanide Encephalopathy

1967 • 73 citations

Glycogen in the Central Nervous System

1974 • 72 citations

Anoxia-Induced Changes in Extracellular K⁺and pH in Mammalian Central White Matter

1992 • 71 citations

Na channel activation gate modulates slow recovery from use-dependent block by local anesthetics in squid giant axons

1985 • 71 citations

Activity-dependent calcium transients in central nervous system myelinated axons revealed by the calcium indicator Fura-2

1987 • 71 citations

Regulation of Glycogen Content in Primary Astrocyte Culture: Effects of Glucose Analogues, Phenobarbital, and Methionine Sulfoximine

1989 • 70 citations

Anoxie Injury in the Rat Spinal Cord: Pharmacological Evidence for Multiple Steps in Ca²⁺-Dependent Injury of the Dorsal Columns

1997 • 66 citations

Anoxic injury of CNS white matter

1990 • 66 citations

Effects of polyvalent cations and dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers on recovery of CNS white matter from anoxia

1990 • 62 citations

Changes in Mitochondrial Matrix Free Calcium in Perfused Rat Hearts Subjected to Hypoxia-Reoxygenation

1993 • 61 citations

Modulation of anoxic injury in CNS white matter by adenosine and interaction between adenosine and GABA

1994 • 58 citations

Voltage-clamp studies in axons: Macroscopic and single-channel currents

1995 • 57 citations

Mechanisms of calcium-related cell death.

1996 • 57 citations

Modification of hypoxia-induced injury in cultured rat astrocytes by high levels of glucose.

1993 • 57 citations

Ca++-ATPase in the central nervous system: an EM cytochemical study.

1989 • 56 citations

Endogenous GABA attenuates CNS white matter dysfunction following anoxia

1995 • 54 citations

Hyperpolarization‐activated currents in isolated superior colliculus‐projecting neurons from rat visual cortex.

1993 • 53 citations

Selective Vulnerability of White Matter during Spinal Cord Ischemia

1993 • 51 citations

Intracellular Concentrations of Major Ions in Rat Myelinated Axons and Glia: Calculations Based on Electron Probe X‐Ray Microanalyses

1997 • 50 citations

Voltage-gated ion channels in axons: Localization, function, and development

1995 • 50 citations

Ion Transport and Membrane Potential in CNS Myelinated Axons II. Effects of Metabolic Inhibition

1997 • 49 citations

Kinetic properties of the sodium‐calcium exchanger in rat brain synaptosomes.

1995 • 48 citations

Activity‐dependent modulation of excitability: Implications for axonal physiology and pathophysiology

1994 • 48 citations

Hypoglycemic neurotoxicity in vitro: Involvement of excitatory amino acid receptors and attenuation by monosialoganglioside GM1

1990 • 47 citations

Ketamine protects cultured astrocytes from glutamate-induced swelling

1989 • 46 citations

Immunolocalization of the Na+–Ca2+ exchanger in mammalian myelinated axons

1997 • 46 citations

Delayed therapy of experimental ischemia with competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonists in rabbits.

1993 • 42 citations

Cellular and molecular mechanisms of ischemic brain damage

1996 • 41 citations

Phosphorylation of purified rat brain Na+ channel reconstituted into phospholipid vesicles by protein kinase C.

1992 • 40 citations

Anoxic injury of mammalian central white matter: Decreased susceptibility in myelin‐deficient optic nerve

1990 • 38 citations

Effects of Temperature on Evoked Electrical Activity and Anoxic Injury in CNS White Matter

1992 • 38 citations

Treatment with conotoxin, an ‘N-type’ calcium channel blocker, in neuronal hypoxic-ischemic injury

1990 • 37 citations

Ca2+ entry in squid axons during voltage-clamp pulses is mainly Na+/Ca2+ exchange.

1985 • 37 citations

Protective Effects of Antiarrhythmic Agents against Anoxic Injury in CNS White Matter

1995 • 36 citations

Cation Activation of the Basolateral Sodium-Potassium Pump in Turtle Colon

1983 • 35 citations

The role of calcium in rat oligodendrocyte injury and repair

1992 • 33 citations

NBQX, a Competitive Non-NMDA Receptor Antagonist, Reduces Degeneration due to Focal Spinal Cord Ischemia

1994 • 33 citations

Activation of voltage-dependent sodium channels in cultured cerebellar granule cells induces neurotoxicity that is not mediated by glutamate release

1996 • 33 citations

Differential sensitivity to hypoxia of the peripheral versus central trajectory of primary afferent axons

1991 • 32 citations

Pharmacologic Studies of the Neuroprotective Actions of a Glutamate Antagonist in Ischemia

1991 • 30 citations

Anoxia-induced extracellular ionic changes in CNS white matters: the role of glial cells

1992 • 29 citations

Inhibition by 2‐Deoxyglucose and 1,5‐Gluconolactone of Glycogen Mobilization in Astroglia‐Rich Primary Cultures

1993 • 28 citations

Gadolinium and neomycin block voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels without interfering with the Na+Ca2+ antiporter in brain nerve endings

1993 • 28 citations

Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Ischemic Brain Damage

1997 • 27 citations

Response of oligodendrocytes to glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid in the intact mouse optic nerve

1992 • 27 citations

Role of Inactivation in Local Anesthetic Action

1991 • 24 citations

Disruption of cellular elements and water in neurotoxicity: Studies using electron probe X-ray microanalysis

1990 • 24 citations

The AMPA Antagonist LY293558 Improves Functional Neurological Outcome following Reversible Spinal Cord Ischemia in Rabbits

1996 • 23 citations

Ion Transport and Membrane Potential in CNS Myelinated Axons I. Normoxic Conditions

1997 • 23 citations

Elemental composition and water content of rat optic nerve myelinated axons during in vitro post-anoxia reoxygenation

1996 • 22 citations

Mitochondrial Pathology: An Overview

1986 • 22 citations

Effects of amiloride and its analogues on [3H]batrachotoxinin-A 20-α benzoate binding, [3H]tetracaine binding and 22Na influx

1988 • 22 citations

Local Anesthetics

1987 • 22 citations

Anoxic/ischemic injury in axons

1995 • 21 citations

A role of GABAA receptors in hypoxia-induced conduction failure of neonatal rat spinal dorsal column axons

1993 • 20 citations

The Na⁺‐Ca²⁺ exchange system in rat glial cells in culture: Activation by external monovalent cations

1995 • 19 citations

An examination of frog myelinated axons using intracellular microelectrode recording: the role of voltage-dependent and leak conductances on the steady-state electrical properties

1993 • 18 citations

Mitochondrial Pathology: An Overview

1986 • 18 citations

Effects of K+ channel blockers on the anoxic response of CNS myelinated axons

1998 • 17 citations

Autoprotective mechanisms in the CNS

1996 • 17 citations

Modulation of Na+-Ca2+ exchange in cardiac sarcolemmal vesicles by Ca2+ antagonists

1988 • 14 citations

Spinal cord ischemia reduces calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase activity

1991 • 11 citations

Spinal cord blood flow and evoked potentials as outcome measures for experimental spinal cord injury

1998 • 10 citations

White Matter Stroke: Autoprotective Mechanisms with Therapeutic Implications

1996 • 9 citations

Effects of External Monovalent Cations on Na⁺‐Ca²⁺ Exchange in Cultured Rat Glial Cells^a

1996 • 8 citations

Reoxygenation of anoxic peripheral nerve myelinated axons promotes re-establishment of normal elemental composition

1996 • 8 citations

Postischemic reperfusion causes a massive calcium overload in the myelinated spinal cord fibers

1995 • 8 citations

The oligodendrocyte, the perinodal astrocyte, and the central node of Ranvier

1995 • 8 citations

Karyometric and cytophotometric studies of the oligodendroglia in the corpus callosum of the rat after hypoxia

1988 • 6 citations

Deleted Work

1955 • 0 citations