Radiation-Induced Bystander Effects: What Are They, and How Relevant Are They to Human Radiation Exposures?

SOURCES AND EFFECTS OF IONIZING RADIATION : United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation UNSCEAR 2000 Report to the General Assembly, with Scientific Annexes

2002 • 7,640 citations

Regulation of Gene Expression by Cell-to-Cell Communication: Acyl-Homoserine Lactone Quorum Sensing

2001 • 1,350 citations

‘Pheromones’: a New Term for a Class of Biologically Active Substances

1959 • 1,320 citations

The "bystander effect": tumor regression when a fraction of the tumor mass is genetically modified.

1993 • 1,097 citations

Whole Body Irradiation—Radiobiology or Medicine?

1953 • 1,004 citations

Induction of sister chromatid exchanges by extremely low doses of alpha-particles.

1992 • 979 citations

Non-targeted and Delayed Effects of Exposure to Ionizing Radiation: I. Radiation-Induced Genomic Instability and Bystander EffectsIn Vitro

2003 • 647 citations

Medium from irradiated human epithelial cells but not human fibroblasts reduces the clonogenic survival of unirradiated cells

1997 • 592 citations

Animal Communication Networks

2005 • 586 citations

Non-targeted and Delayed Effects of Exposure to Ionizing Radiation: II. Radiation-Induced Genomic Instability and Bystander EffectsIn Vivo,Clastogenic Factors and Transgenerational Effects

2003 • 535 citations

Intercellular Communication Is Involved in the Bystander Regulation of Gene Expression in Human Cells Exposed to Very Low Fluences of Alpha Particles

1998 • 509 citations

Radiation-Induced Bystander Effects: Past History and Future Directions

2001 • 496 citations

Cell-Cell Contact during Gamma Irradiation Is Not Required to Induce a Bystander Effect in Normal Human Keratinocytes: Evidence for Release during Irradiation of a Signal Controlling Survival into the Medium

1998 • 423 citations

Studies of bystander effects in human fibroblasts using a charged particle microbeam

1998 • 410 citations

Factors underlying the cell growth-related bystander responses to alpha particles.

2000 • 346 citations

Mechanism of radiation-induced bystander effects: a unifying model

2008 • 317 citations

Oxidative metabolism, gap junctions and the ionizing radiation-induced bystander effect

2003 • 315 citations

The Bystander Effect in Radiation Oncogenesis: I. Transformation in C3H 10T½ CellsIn Vitrocan be Initiated in the Unirradiated Neighbors of Irradiated Cells

2001 • 308 citations

Biological effects in unirradiated human tissue induced by radiation damage up to 1 mm away

2005 • 295 citations

Alpha-Particle-Induced Sister Chromatid Exchange in Normal Human Lung Fibroblasts: Evidence for an Extranuclear Target

1996 • 286 citations

Contents, preface, executive summary, chapters 1 and 2

2005 • 265 citations

Oncogenic bystander radiation effects in Patched heterozygous mouse cerebellum

2008 • 256 citations

Relative Contribution of Bystander and Targeted Cell Killing to the Low-Dose Region of the Radiation Dose–Response Curve

2000 • 256 citations

Mechanism of radiation-induced bystander effect: Role of the cyclooxygenase-2 signaling pathway

2005 • 253 citations

Radiation abscopal antitumor effect is mediated through p53.

2003 • 243 citations

Nitric oxide-mediated signaling in the bystander response of individually targeted glioma cells.

2003 • 238 citations

DNA Double-Strand Breaks Form in Bystander Cells after Microbeam Irradiation of Three-dimensional Human Tissue Models

2007 • 231 citations

The controversial abscopal effect

2005 • 225 citations

Non-targeted bystander effects induced by ionizing radiation

2006 • 222 citations

Direct evidence for a bystander effect of ionizing radiation in primary human fibroblasts

2001 • 222 citations

The Bystander Effect in Radiation Oncogenesis: II. A Quantitative Model

2001 • 216 citations

Intercellular and Intracellular Signaling Pathways Mediating Ionizing Radiation-Induced Bystander Effects

2007 • 213 citations

Chromosomal instability in unirradiated cells induced in vivo by a bystander effect of ionizing radiation.

2000 • 211 citations

Radiation-induced genomic instability and bystander effects: related inflammatory-type responses to radiation-induced stress and injury? A review

2003 • 203 citations

The Involvement of Calcium and MAP Kinase Signaling Pathways in the Production of Radiation-Induced Bystander Effects

2006 • 202 citations

THE BYSTANDER EFFECT

2003 • 200 citations

Bystander effect produced by radiolabeled tumor cells in vivo

2002 • 193 citations

Alpha Particles Induce the Production of Interleukin-8 by Human Cells

1999 • 188 citations

ATR-dependent radiation-induced γH2AX foci in bystander primary human astrocytes and glioma cells

2006 • 185 citations

Role of epigenetic effectors in maintenance of the long-term persistent bystander effect in spleen in vivo

2007 • 180 citations

Evaluation of the Linear-Nonthreshold Dose-Response Model for Ionizing Radiation

2002 • 168 citations

Mitochondrial Function and Nuclear Factor-κB–Mediated Signaling in Radiation-Induced Bystander Effects

2008 • 163 citations

Nitric oxide-mediated bystander effect induced by heavy-ions in human salivary gland tumour cells

2002 • 161 citations

Vanguards of Paradigm Shift in Radiation Biology: Radiation-Induced Adaptive and Bystander Responses

2007 • 158 citations

Radiation-induced effects in unirradiated cells: A review and implications in cancer

2002 • 158 citations

Free Radical-Initiated and Gap Junction-Mediated Bystander Effect due to Nonuniform Distribution of Incorporated Radioactivity in a Three-Dimensional Tissue Culture Model

2001 • 153 citations

A review of the bystander effect and its implications for low-dose exposure

2003 • 144 citations

Bystander effect induced by counted high‐LET particles in confluent human fibroblasts: a mechanistic study

2003 • 142 citations

Stress Signaling from Irradiated to Non-Irradiated Cells

2004 • 142 citations

The time and spatial effects of bystander response in mammalian cells induced by low dose radiation

2005 • 142 citations

Low-Dose Studies of Bystander Cell Killing with Targeted Soft X Rays

2003 • 141 citations

Interrelationships amongst radiation-induced genomic instability, bystander effects, and the adaptive response

2004 • 140 citations

A Dose Threshold for a Medium Transfer Bystander Effect for a Human Skin Cell Line

2006 • 138 citations

Low-Dose Binary Behavior of Bystander Cell Killing after Microbeam Irradiation of a Single Cell with Focused C_KX Rays

2005 • 135 citations

HPRTMutants Induced in Bystander Cells by Very Low Fluences of Alpha Particles Result Primarily from Point Mutations

2001 • 133 citations

Radiation-induced biologic bystander effect elicited in vitro by targeted radiopharmaceuticals labeled with alpha-, beta-, and auger electron-emitting radionuclides.

2006 • 133 citations

Alpha-Particle-Induced Increases in the Radioresistance of Normal Human Bystander Cells

2002 • 132 citations

Cellular radiation effects and the bystander response

2006 • 130 citations

Genetic factors influencing alpha-particle-induced chromosomal instability

1997 • 128 citations

Radiation‐induced bystander effects in vivo are epigenetically regulated in a tissue‐specific manner

2008 • 125 citations

Bystander-induced Apoptosis and Premature Differentiation in Primary Urothelial Explants after Charged Particle Microbeam Irradiation

2002 • 125 citations

The Linear No-Threshold Model does not Hold for Low-Dose Ionizing Radiation

2004 • 119 citations

Bystander and Delayed Effects after Fractionated Radiation Exposure

2002 • 118 citations

A proliferation-dependent bystander effect in primary porcine and human urothelial explants in response to targeted irradiation

2003 • 109 citations

Production of Delayed Death and Neoplastic Transformation in CGL1 Cells by Radiation-Induced Bystander Effects

2001 • 103 citations

Cellular communication and bystander effects: a critical review for modelling low-dose radiation action

2002 • 101 citations

The Time Dependence of Bystander Responses Induced by Iron-Ion Radiation in Normal Human Skin Fibroblasts

2007 • 101 citations

Involvement of membrane signaling in the bystander effect in irradiated cells.

2002 • 100 citations

Characterization of a Radiation-Induced Stress Response Communicated in Vivo between Zebrafish

2007 • 98 citations

Communication of Radiation-Induced Stress or Bystander Signals between Fish in Vivo

2006 • 98 citations

Involvement of the Nonhomologous End Joining DNA Repair Pathway in the Bystander Effect for Chromosomal Aberrations

2003 • 96 citations

Bystander Effects in Repair-Deficient Cell Lines

2004 • 94 citations

Targeted and Nontargeted Effects of Low-Dose Ionizing Radiation on Delayed Genomic Instability in Human Cells

2007 • 89 citations

Bystander signaling between glioma cells and fibroblasts targeted with counted particles

2005 • 87 citations

IR-inducible clusterin gene expression: a protein with potential roles in ionizing radiation-induced adaptive responses, genomic instability, and bystander effects

2004 • 81 citations

Assessment of Low Linear Energy Transfer Radiation–Induced Bystander Mutagenesis in a Three-Dimensional Culture Model

2005 • 80 citations

Dilution of Irradiated Cell Conditioned Medium and the Bystander Effect

2008 • 79 citations

The Radiation-Induced Bystander Effect for Clonogenic Survival

2002 • 79 citations

Evidence for induction of DNA double strand breaks in the bystander response to targeted soft X-rays in CHO cells

2004 • 78 citations

Induction of radioresistance to accelerated carbon-ion beams in recipient cells by nitric oxide excreted from irradiated donor cells of human glioblastoma

2000 • 78 citations

The Bystander Response in C3H 10T½ Cells: The Influence of Cell-to-Cell Contact

2004 • 77 citations

Biophysical model of the radiation-induced bystander effect

2003 • 75 citations

Genetic Factors Influencing Bystander Signaling in Murine Bladder Epithelium after Low-Dose IrradiationIn Vivo

2005 • 74 citations

Radiation-induced bystander effects in vivo are sex specific

2008 • 74 citations

Chromosomal Instability in Unirradiated Hemopoietic Cells Resulting from a Delayed In vivo Bystander Effect of γ Radiation

2005 • 73 citations

Do low dose-rate bystander effects influence domestic radon risks?

2002 • 71 citations

Radiation-induced genomic instability and bystander effects: related inflammatory-type responses to radiation-induced stress and injury? A review

2003 • 70 citations

Cell proximity is a prerequisite for the proliferative response of bystander cells co‐cultured with cells irradiated with γ‐rays

2003 • 69 citations

Medium-mediated Bystander Effects on HSG Cells Co-cultivated with Cells Irradiated by X-rays or a 290 MeV/u Carbon Beam

2001 • 68 citations

Assessing Exposure to Cosmic Radiation during Long-haul Flights

2000 • 66 citations

Bystander effect and adaptive response in C3H 10T½ cells

2004 • 65 citations

Lack of evidence for low-LET radiation induced bystander response in normal human fibroblasts and colon carcinoma cells

2010 • 65 citations

Extremely Low Priming Doses of X Radiation Induce an Adaptive Response for Chromosomal Inversions in pKZ1 Mouse Prostate

2006 • 64 citations

MIRD Continuing Education: Bystander and Low Dose-Rate Effects: Are These Relevant to Radionuclide Therapy?

2007 • 63 citations

Biological Responses in Known Bystander Cells Relative to Known Microbeam-Irradiated Cells

2004 • 63 citations

NON-TARGETED EFFECTS OF IONIZING RADIATION: IMPLICATIONS FOR RISK ASSESSMENT AND THE RADIATION DOSE RESPONSE PROFILE

2009 • 62 citations

Adaptive Response for Chromosomal Inversions in pKZ1 Mouse Prostate Induced by Low Doses of X Radiation Delivered after a High Dose

2007 • 61 citations

Induction of Bystander Response in Human Glioma Cells using High-Energy Electrons: A Role for TGF-β1

2010 • 57 citations

Biophysical Models of Radiation Bystander Effects: 1. Spatial Effects in Three-Dimensional Tissues

2007 • 57 citations

Genotoxic Damage in Non-irradiated Cells: Contribution from the Bystander Effect

2002 • 57 citations

Propagation Distance of the α-Particle-Induced Bystander Effect: The Role of Nuclear Traversal and Gap Junction Communication

2009 • 56 citations

Lack of Bystander Effects from High-LET Radiation for Early Cytogenetic End Points

2008 • 55 citations

Radiation-induced adaptive response is not seen in cell lines showing a bystander effect but is seen in lines showing HRS/IRR response

2009 • 54 citations

A model for radiation-induced bystander effects, with allowance for spatial position and the effects of cell turnover

2004 • 53 citations

Bystander effect on cell growth stimulation in neoplastic HSGc cells induced by heavy-ion irradiation

2003 • 52 citations

Variability: The common factor linking low dose-induced genomic instability, adaptation and bystander effects

2006 • 52 citations

Inhibitory and Stimulatory Bystander Effects are Differentially Induced by Iodine-125 and Iodine-123

2006 • 52 citations

Neoplastic TransformationIn Vitroafter Exposure to Low Doses of Mammographic-Energy X Rays: Quantitative and Mechanistic Aspects

2004 • 52 citations

Serum Serotonin Levels Determine the Magnitude and Type of Bystander Effects in Medium Transfer Experiments

2010 • 52 citations

Relative implications of protective responses versus damage induction at low dose and low-dose-rate exposures, using the microdose approach

2003 • 51 citations

No Evidence for DNA and Early Cytogenetic Damage in Bystander Cells after Heavy-Ion Microirradiation at Two Facilities

2009 • 50 citations

Non-linear chromosomal inversion response in prostate after low dose X-radiation exposure

2006 • 50 citations

Bystander effects, adaptive response and genomic instability induced by prenatal irradiation

2004 • 49 citations

A biological-based model that links genomic instability, bystander effects, and adaptive response

2004 • 48 citations

Bystander Effect in Lymphoma Cells Vicinal to Irradiated Neoplastic Epithelial Cells: Nitric Oxide Is Involved

2004 • 48 citations

A Bystander Effect in Alpha-Particle Irradiations of Human Prostate Tumor Cells

2005 • 47 citations

Bystander effects caused by nonuniform distributions of DNA-incorporated 125I

2002 • 47 citations

Effect of Medium on Chromatin Damage in Bystander Mammalian Cells

2004 • 46 citations

A microbeam study of DNA double-strand breaks in bystander primary human fibroblasts

2006 • 46 citations

Genomic Instability in Human Lymphocytes Irradiated with Individual Charged Particles: Involvement of Tumor Necrosis Factor α in Irradiated Cells but not Bystander Cells

2005 • 46 citations

In SituVisualization of DSBs to Assess the Extranuclear/Extracellular Effects Induced by Low-Dose α-Particle Irradiation

2005 • 45 citations

Bystander-mediated genomic instability after high LET radiation in murine primary haemopoietic stem cells

2006 • 44 citations

Radiation quality-dependent bystander effects elicited by targeted radionuclides

2008 • 42 citations

Cell Cycle-Related Bystander Responses are not Increased with LET after Heavy-Ion Irradiation

2007 • 42 citations

Radiation-Induced Delayed Bystander-Type Effects Mediated by Hemopoietic Cells

2010 • 42 citations

Bystander effects: A concept in need of clarification

2000 • 42 citations

Effects of low and high LET radiations on bystander human lung fibroblast cell survival

2007 • 41 citations

Intestinal Epithelial Cell Dysfunction is Mediated by an Endothelial-Specific Radiation-Induced Bystander Effect

2007 • 40 citations

Evidence of an Adaptive Response Targeting DNA Nonhomologous End Joining and Its Transmission to Bystander Cells

2010 • 40 citations

Proliferative response of bystander cells adjacent to cells with incorporated radioactivity

2004 • 39 citations

DNA Double-Strand Breaks Induced by Very Low X-Ray Doses are Largely due to Bystander Effects

2008 • 38 citations

Detection of chromosomal instability in α-irradiated and bystander human fibroblasts

2004 • 36 citations

Flow cytometry as a strategy to study radiation‐induced bystander effects in co‐culture systems

2003 • 36 citations

Bystander effects, genomic instability, adaptive response, and cancer risk assessment for radiation and chemical exposures

2005 • 35 citations

Triggering-Response Model for Radiation-Induced Bystander Effects

2009 • 35 citations

Bystander cell proliferation is modulated by the number of adjacent cells that were exposed to ionizing radiation

2005 • 35 citations

Classical radiation biology dogma, bystander effects and paradigm shifts

2004 • 34 citations

Bystander signal production and response are independent processes which are cell line dependent

2008 • 33 citations

Induction of DNA Double-Strand Breaks and Cellular Migration Through Bystander Effects in Cells Irradiated With the Slit-Type Microplanar Beam of the Spring-8 Synchrotron

2009 • 33 citations

Bystander Cell Killing in Normal Human Fibroblasts is Induced by Synchrotron X-Ray Microbeams

2010 • 32 citations

Role of DNA-PKcs in the bystander effect after low- or high-LET irradiation

2007 • 32 citations

Biophysical model of the radiation-induced bystander effect

2003 • 32 citations

LET-Dependent Bystander Effects Caused by Irradiation of Human Prostate Carcinoma Cells with X Rays or Alpha Particles

2008 • 31 citations

Will Radiation-Induced Bystander Effects or Adaptive Responses Impact on the Shape of the Dose Response Relationships at Low Doses of Ionizing Radiation?

2006 • 30 citations

Radiation‐induced bystander effects in malignant trophoblast cells are independent from gap junctional communication

2007 • 27 citations

The early and initiation processes of radiation-induced bystander effects involved in the induction of DNA double strand breaks in non-irradiated cultures

2007 • 26 citations

Radiation-induced bystander effect in immune response.

2004 • 25 citations

Bound PCNA in Nuclei of Primary Rat Tracheal Epithelial Cells after Exposure to Very Low Doses of Plutonium-238 α Particles

2005 • 25 citations

Low dose X-radiation adaptive response in spleen and prostate ofAtmknockout heterozygous mice

2007 • 24 citations

The impact of the bystander effect on the low-dose hypersensitivity phenomenon

2008 • 23 citations

Radiation response of primary human skin fibroblasts and their bystander cells after exposure to counted particles at low and high LET

2006 • 23 citations

Delayed cell death and bystander effects in the progeny of Chinook Salmon Embryo cells exposed to radiation and a range of aquatic pollutants

2005 • 22 citations

Computer modelling of radiation-induced bystander effect

2002 • 22 citations

Investigation of Adaptive Responses in Bystander Cells in 3D Cultures Containing Tritium-Labeled and Unlabeled Normal Human Fibroblasts

2010 • 22 citations

The bystander effect model of Brenner and Sachs fitted to lung cancer data in 11 cohorts of underground miners, and equivalence of fit of a linear relative risk model with adjustment for attained age and age at exposure

2004 • 21 citations

Bystander effects in unicellular organisms

2006 • 16 citations

An Adoptive Transfer Method to Detect Low-Dose Radiation-Induced Bystander EffectsIn Vivo

2010 • 15 citations

Tracking genomic instability within irradiated and bystander populations

2008 • 14 citations

Upgrading of the Gray Laboratory Soft X Ray Microprobe with V79 Survival Measurements Following Irradiation of One or All Cells with a Ck X Ray Beam of Different Size

2002 • 13 citations

If Bystander Effects for Apoptosis Occur in Spleen after Low-Dose IrradiationIn Vivothen the Magnitude of the Effect Falls within the Range of Normal Homeostatic Apoptosis

2010 • 13 citations

The Range of the Bystander Effect Signal in Three-Dimensional Tissue and Estimation of the Range in Human Lung Tissue at Low Radon Levels

2009 • 12 citations

Investigation of Bystander Effects in Hybrid Cells by Means of Cell Fusion and Premature Chromosome Condensation Induction

2010 • 11 citations

A computer model of the Bystander effect: Effects of individual behaviours on the population response

2008 • 10 citations

A model for the induction of chromosome aberrations through direct and bystander mechanisms

2006 • 9 citations

[The DNA fragments obtained from the culture media exposed to adaptive doses of the ionizing radiation as factors of stress signaling between lymphocytes and bystander cells].

2007 • 6 citations

A natural products chemist looks at the bystander effect!

2006 • 4 citations

The contribution of communication between irradiated cells and between bystander cells to clonogenic survival and genomic instability

2006 • 2 citations