Brain Reward Circuitry

A Neural Substrate of Prediction and Reward

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The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics

1976 • 8,675 citations

The neural basis of drug craving: An incentive-sensitization theory of addiction

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Positive reinforcement produced by electrical stimulation of septal area and other regions of rat brain.

1954 • 3,047 citations

Drug Addiction, Dysregulation of Reward, and Allostasis

2001 • 2,820 citations

Getting Formal with Dopamine and Reward

2002 • 2,558 citations

Drug Dependence, a Chronic Medical Illness

2000 • 2,396 citations

From motivation to action: Functional interface between the limbic system and the motor system

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Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Drug Dependence

1988 • 2,094 citations

Molecular basis of long-term plasticity underlying addiction

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Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, 1959

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Opioids excite dopamine neurons by hyperpolarization of local interneurons

1992 • 1,585 citations

[Drug addiction and drug abuse].

1969 • 1,466 citations

The neostriatal mosaic: multiple levels of compartmental organization

1992 • 1,450 citations

The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics

1986 • 1,413 citations

Neuronal Coding of Prediction Errors

2000 • 1,411 citations

The psychology and neurobiology of addiction: an incentive–sensitization view

2000 • 1,288 citations

Addiction and the brain: The neurobiology of compulsion and its persistence

2001 • 1,284 citations

Responses of monkey dopamine neurons to reward and conditioned stimuli during successive steps of learning a delayed response task

1993 • 1,279 citations

Reticular formation of the brain

1959 • 1,213 citations

Addiction, Dopamine, and the Molecular Mechanisms of Memory

2000 • 1,186 citations

Animal Intelligence: An Experimental Study of the Associative Processes in Animals

1898 • 1,165 citations

Allostasis : a new paradigm to explain arousal pathology

1988 • 1,160 citations

Transition from Moderate to Excessive Drug Intake: Change in Hedonic Set Point

1998 • 1,127 citations

Neural Responses during Anticipation of a Primary Taste Reward

2002 • 1,082 citations

Molecular mechanisms of drug addiction

2004 • 1,080 citations

Responses of monkey dopamine neurons during learning of behavioral reactions

1992 • 986 citations

Incubation of cocaine craving after withdrawal

2001 • 967 citations

The psychology and neurobiology of addiction: an incentive–sensitization view

2000 • 965 citations

Self-administration of psychoactive substances by the monkey

1969 • 807 citations

Dopamine neurons and their role in reward mechanisms

1997 • 757 citations

Coordinated Expression of Dopamine Receptors in Neostriatal Medium Spiny Neurons

1996 • 743 citations

Lectures on conditioned reflexes

1928 • 717 citations

Methods of Assessing the Reinforcing Properties of Abused Drugs

1987 • 684 citations

Conditioning factors in drug abuse: can they explain compulsion?

1998 • 680 citations

Review: D1 dopamine receptor—the search for a function: A critical evaluation of the D1/D2 dopamine receptor classification and its functional implications

1987 • 664 citations

The scientific case that nicotine is addictive

1995 • 643 citations

Experimental Morphine Addiction: Method for Automatic Intravenous Injections in Unrestrained Rats

1962 • 638 citations

Food reward and cocaine increase extracellular dopamine in the nucleus accumbens as measured by microdialysis

1988 • 619 citations

Long-term administration of d-amphetamine: Progressive augmentation of motor activity and stereotypy

1974 • 607 citations

Lectures on Conditioned Reflexes.

1929 • 593 citations

Stress- and pharmacologically-induced behavioral sensitization increases vulnerability to acquisition of amphetamine self-administration

1990 • 574 citations

The neurobiology of craving: Implications for the understanding and treatment of addiction.

1988 • 555 citations

Importance of unpredictability for reward responses in primate dopamine neurons

1994 • 543 citations

Autoradiographic evidence for nicotine receptors on nigrostriatal and mesolimbic dopaminergic neurons

1985 • 527 citations

Approach‐avoidance analysis of rat diencephalon

1963 • 511 citations

Neuroadaptations involved in amphetamine and cocaine addiction

1998 • 506 citations

Intracranial self-administration of morphine into the ventral tegmental area in rats

1981 • 497 citations

Repeated exposures intensify rather than diminish the rewarding effects of amphetamine, morphine, and cocaine

1989 • 480 citations

Expression of muscarinic acetylcholine and dopamine receptor mRNAs in rat basal ganglia.

1990 • 473 citations

A biological theory of reinforcement.

1967 • 472 citations

D ₁ Dopamine Receptor Activation Required for Postsynaptic Expression of D ₂ Agonist Effects

1987 • 468 citations

Chemical and structural analysis of the relation between cortical inputs and tyrosine hydroxylase-containing terminals in rat neostriatum

1984 • 467 citations

The neuropharmacological basis of reward

1991 • 457 citations

Cocaine-reinforced behavior in rats: effects of reinforcement magnitude and fixed-ratio size.

1968 • 418 citations

Anatomical and physiological evidence for D1 and D2 dopamine receptor colocalization in neostriatal neurons

2000 • 407 citations

New Directions in Psychology

1962 • 403 citations

Self-Stimulation of the Brain

1958 • 403 citations

Fluctuations in nucleus accumbens dopamine concentration during intravenous cocaine self-administration in rats

1995 • 401 citations

Cocaine self-administration alters the morphology of dendrites and dendritic spines in the nucleus accumbens and neocortex

2001 • 401 citations

Addictive drugs as reinforcers: multiple partial actions on memory systems

1996 • 394 citations

Molecular mechanisms of drug addiction [published erratum appears in J Neurosci 1992 Aug;12(8):following table of contents]

1992 • 392 citations

Catecholamine systems as the neural substrate for intracranial self-stimulation: a hypothesis

1974 • 383 citations

Allostasis, amygdala, and anticipatory angst

1994 • 378 citations

Immunocytochemical localization of choline acetyltransferase within the rat neostriatum: A correlated light and electron microscopic study of cholinergic neurons and synapses

1985 • 376 citations

Self-injection of amphetamine directly into the brain

1983 • 373 citations

Differential involvement of ventral tegmental mu, delta and kappa opioid receptors in modulation of basal mesolimbic dopamine release: in vivo microdialysis studies.

1993 • 369 citations

Enkephalin action on the mesolimbic system: a dopamine-dependent and a dopamine-independent increase in locomotor activity.

1983 • 355 citations

Decreased brain reward produced by ethanol withdrawal.

1995 • 349 citations

Excessive Ethanol Drinking Following a History of Dependence Animal Model of Allostasis

2000 • 348 citations

Drug Addiction: The Yin and Yang of Hedonic Homeostasis

1996 • 345 citations

Amphetamine‐Induced time‐dependent sensitization of dopamine neurotransmission in the dorsal and ventral striatum: A microdialysis study in behaving rats

1995 • 336 citations

Stimulus Properties of Drugs

1972 • 336 citations

Reinforcing effects of morphine microinjection into the ventral tegmental area

1980 • 334 citations

Rewarding Actions of Phencyclidine and Related Drugs in Nucleus Accumbens Shell and Frontal Cortex

1996 • 331 citations

Two Types of Conditioned Reflex: A Reply to Konorski and Miller

1937 • 319 citations

Morphine self-administration, food-reinforced, and avoidance behaviors in rhesus monkeys

1964 • 310 citations

Addictive drugs as reinforcers: multiple partial actions on memory systems

1996 • 292 citations

Time-dependent changes in extinction behavior and stress-induced reinstatement of drug seeking following withdrawal from heroin in rats

2001 • 277 citations

Modulation of feeding‐induced activation of mesolimbic dopamine transmission by appetitive stimuli and its relation to motivational state

1999 • 276 citations

Localization of drug reward mechanisms by intracranial injections

1992 • 274 citations

Preexposure sensitizes rats to the rewarding effects of cocaine

1990 • 273 citations

Conditioned place preference from intra-accumbens but not intra-caudate amphetamine injections

1983 • 273 citations

Behavioral Maintenance of High Concentrations of Blood Ethanol and Physical Dependence in the Rat

1972 • 268 citations

Anatomically Distinct Opiate Receptor Fields Mediate Reward and Physical Dependence

1984 • 265 citations

Sensitization to the conditioned rewarding effects of cocaine: pharmacological and temporal characteristics.

1995 • 263 citations

Dopamine D1 receptors facilitate transmitter release

1993 • 260 citations

New Directions in Psychology

1945 • 259 citations

Toxicity Associated With Long-term Intravenous Heroin and Cocaine Self-administration in the Rat

1985 • 258 citations

Differential development of autoreceptor subsensitivity and enhanced dopamine release during amphetamine sensitization.

1993 • 255 citations

ANIMAL MODELS IN ALCOHOL RESEARCH

1979 • 255 citations

Reinforcing effects of morphine in the nucleus accumbens

1982 • 254 citations

Self-administration of morphine, DAMGO, and DPDPE into the ventral tegmental area of rats

1994 • 253 citations

The cerebral ventricles as the avenue for the dipsogenic action of intracranial angiotensin

1975 • 250 citations

Role of Dopamine D₁and D₂Receptors in the Nucleus Accumbens in Mediating Reward

1997 • 248 citations

Appetitive Learning in 1-Day-Old Rat Pups

1979 • 239 citations

Self-administration of methionine enkephalin into the nucleus accumbens

1984 • 238 citations

Brain Stimulation Reward

2015 • 236 citations

D1 receptors modulate glutamate transmission in the ventral tegmental area

1995 • 235 citations

Self-administration of psychomotor stimulant drugs: The effects of unlimited access

1976 • 227 citations

Dynamic Changes in Nucleus Accumbens Dopamine Efflux During the Coolidge Effect in Male Rats

1997 • 227 citations

Synaptic inputs to GABAA and GABAB receptors originate from discrete afferent neurons

1992 • 220 citations

THE EFFECT OF REPEATED DOSES OF COCAINE IN THE RAT

1932 • 217 citations

Reward and somatic changes during precipitated nicotine withdrawal in rats: centrally and peripherally mediated effects.

2000 • 213 citations

Reward value of a non-nutritive sweet taste.

1950 • 210 citations

A review of methods to induce alcohol addiction in animals

1973 • 210 citations

Amphetamine and the reward system: Evidence for tolerance and post-drug depression

1976 • 203 citations

Effects of Nicotine on Biological Systems II

1995 • 199 citations

Intracranial chemical injection and behavior: A critical review

1972 • 198 citations

The Neuropharmacological Basis of Reward

1992 • 193 citations

Science-Based Views of Drug Addiction and Its Treatment

1999 • 192 citations

Elevations of nucleus accumbens dopamine and DOPAC levels during intravenous heroin self‐administration

1995 • 188 citations

Control of Sensory Fields by Stimulation of Hypothalamus

1966 • 182 citations

On Two Types of Conditioned Reflex

1937 • 180 citations

Evidence implicating descending fibers in self-stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle

1986 • 179 citations

Rewarding brain stimulation: Role of tegmental cholinergic neurons that activate dopamine neurons.

1993 • 179 citations

Effects of a D1 and a D2 dopamine antagonist on the self-administration of cocaine and piribedil by Rhesus monkeys

1986 • 177 citations

Sensitization to repeated morphine injection in the rat: possible involvement of A10 dopamine neurons.

1987 • 176 citations

Habit-forming actions of nomifensine in nucleus accumbens

1995 • 170 citations

Lateral hypothalamic electrical stimulation: Does it make animals ‘hungry’?

1974 • 168 citations

Role of extracellular dopamine in the initiation and long-term expression of behavioral sensitization to cocaine.

1996 • 162 citations

Appetite and choice of diet. The ability of the vitamin B deficient rat to discriminate between diets containing and lacking the vitamin

1933 • 161 citations

Effects of the availability of rewarding septal and hypothalamic stimulation on bar pressing for food under conditions of deprivation.

1965 • 154 citations

GABA_A Receptor Blockade in the Anterior Ventral Tegmental Area Increases Extracellular Levels of Dopamine in the Nucleus Accumbens of Rats

1997 • 154 citations

The distribution and origin of glutamate decar☐ylase and choline acetyltransferase in ventral pallidum and other basal forebrain regions

1979 • 150 citations

Dopamine Fluctuations in the Nucleus Accumbens during Maintenance, Extinction, and Reinstatement of Intravenous d-Amphetamine Self-Administration

1999 • 149 citations

Rewarding brain stimulation: Role of tegmental cholinergic neurons that activate dopamine neurons.

1993 • 149 citations

M5 Muscarinic Receptors Are Required for Prolonged Accumbal Dopamine Release after Electrical Stimulation of the Pons in Mice

2002 • 148 citations

Electrical stimulation of the prefrontal cortex increases cholecystokinin, glutamate, and dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens: an in vivo microdialysis study in freely moving rats.

1998 • 147 citations

Enhanced responding for conditioned reward produced by intra-accumbens amphetamine is potentiated after cocaine sensitization

1999 • 143 citations

Reinforcement as consolidation.

1969 • 140 citations

Animal models in alcohol research.

2000 • 140 citations

Both Nicotinic and Muscarinic Receptors in Ventral Tegmental Area Contribute to Brain-Stimulation Reward

1997 • 137 citations

Rewarding and Psychomotor Stimulant Effects of Endomorphin-1: Anteroposterior Differences within the Ventral Tegmental Area and Lack of Effect in Nucleus Accumbens

2002 • 134 citations

The absolute refractory periods of self-stimulation neurons

1979 • 131 citations

Contingent and non-contingent actions of sucrose and saccharin reinforcers: Effects on taste preference and memory

1984 • 130 citations

Electrical Stimulation of the Prefrontal Cortex Increases Cholecystokinin, Glutamate, and Dopamine Release in the Nucleus Accumbens: anIn VivoMicrodialysis Study in Freely Moving Rats

1998 • 126 citations

Cholinergic involvement in lateral hypothalamic rewarding brain stimulation

1985 • 124 citations

Microinjections of phencyclidine (PCP) and related drugs into nucleus accumbens shell potentiate medial forebrain bundle brain stimulation reward

1996 • 123 citations

M5 muscarinic receptors are needed for slow activation of dopamine neurons and for rewarding brain stimulation

2001 • 123 citations

Behaviorally derived measures of conduction velocity in the substrate for rewarding medial forebrain bundle stimulation

1982 • 121 citations

Self-infusion of GABA-sub(A ) antagonists directly into the ventral tegmental area and adjacent regions.

1997 • 120 citations

Sensory control of hypothalamic attack

1966 • 115 citations

Pharmacological regulation of intravenous cocaine and heroin self-administration in rats: A variable dose paradigm

1989 • 115 citations

Facilitation of sexual behavior in male rats following d -amphetamine-induced behavioral sensitization

1999 • 111 citations

Effects of nucleus accumbens amphetamine on lateral hypothalamic brain stimulation reward

1988 • 109 citations

Post-amphetamine depression of self-stimulation responding from the substantia nigra: Reversal by tricyclic antidepressants

1980 • 109 citations

Self-stimulation in the frontal cortex of rattus norvegicus

1972 • 108 citations

Enhanced appetitive conditioning following repeated pretreatment with d-amphetamine

1998 • 107 citations

Acetylcholine Release in Ventral Tegmental Area by Hypothalamic Self-Stimulation, Eating, and Drinking

2000 • 106 citations

Regional Differences Within the Rat Ventral Tegmental Area for Muscimol Self-Infusions

1998 • 106 citations

Self-infusion of GABAA antagonists directly into the ventral tegmental area and adjacent regions.

1997 • 100 citations

Cocaine self-administration ”binges": transition from behavioral and autonomic regulation toward homeostatic dysregulation in rats

2000 • 100 citations

Lateral Hypothalamus: Learning of Food-Seeking Response Motivated by Electrical Stimulation

1965 • 99 citations

Blockade of D1 Dopamine Receptors in the Ventral Tegmental Area Decreases Cocaine Reward: Possible Role for Dendritically Released Dopamine

2001 • 99 citations

Postcocaine depression and sensitization of brain-stimulation reward: Analysis of reinforcement and performance effects

1990 • 97 citations

Crossroads of Limbic and Striatal Circuitry: Hypothalamo-Nigral Connections

1978 • 95 citations

Long-term sensitization to the excitatory effects of morphine

1983 • 92 citations

Opposing Roles of Dopamine D₁ and D₂ Receptors in Nigral γ‐[³H]Aminobutyric Acid Release?

1987 • 91 citations

Opiates as Reinforcing Stimuli

1971 • 91 citations

Satiation effects in self-stimulation of the brain.

1958 • 90 citations

Self-Selection of Alcohol by Animals, Human Variation, and the Etiology of Alcoholism; A Critical Review

1966 • 88 citations

Intravenous Drug Self-Administration: A Special Case of Positive Reinforcement

1987 • 82 citations

Experimental Genetic Approaches to Addiction

2002 • 82 citations

Chronic neuroleptic treatment and mesolimbic dopamine denervation induce behavioural supersensitivity to opiates

1985 • 80 citations

Rate of binding of various inhibitors at the dopamine transporter in vivo

1995 • 76 citations

Brain-Stimulation Reward Thresholds Raised by an Antisense Oligonucleotide for the M5 Muscarinic Receptor Infused near Dopamine Cells

2000 • 73 citations

The Rate of Establishment of a Discrimination

1933 • 73 citations

Addiction and the brain

1999 • 73 citations

Self-administration of small amounts of morphine through glass micropipettes into the ventral tegmental area of the rat

1989 • 67 citations

Differential effects of the dopamine D 2 /D 3 receptor antagonist sulpiride on self-administration of morphine into the ventral tegmental area or the nucleus accumbens

2002 • 66 citations

Two substrates for medial forebrain bundle self-stimulation: Myelinated axons and dopamine axons

1989 • 65 citations

Rat substantia nigra pars reticulata neurones are tonically inhibited via GABA A , but not GABA B , receptors in vitro

1994 • 63 citations

Vitamin D ₃ : Direct Action on the Small Intestine of the Rat

1964 • 62 citations

A theory of the action of the after-effects of a connection upon it.

1933 • 60 citations

Potentiation of central reward by localised perfusion of acetylcholine and 5-hydroxytryptamine

1976 • 59 citations

Neurohumors in hypothalamic substrates of reward

1964 • 58 citations

In vivo electrochemical demonstration of the presynaptic actions of phencyclidine in rat caudate nucleus.

1987 • 56 citations

Phasic inhibition of dopamine uptake in nucleus accumbens induced by intravenous cocaine in freely behaving rats

2000 • 54 citations

The effect of previous exposure to amphetamine on drug-induced locomotion and self-administration of a low dose of the drug

1999 • 53 citations

The effect of chronic cocaine on self-stimulation train-duration thresholds

1988 • 53 citations

Current-distance relation for rewarding brain stimulation

1984 • 52 citations

Facilitation of learning by reward of post-trial memory processes

1974 • 51 citations

Place preference conditioning with ventral tegmental injections of cytisine

1994 • 48 citations

Chronic treatment with five different neuroleptics elicits behavioral supersensitivity to opiate infusion into the nucleus accumbens

1986 • 45 citations

Facilitation of sexual behaviors in the male rat in the presence of stimuli previously paired with systemic injections of morphine

1990 • 44 citations

Reinforcement delay of one second severely impairs acquisition of brain self-stimulation

1985 • 43 citations

Self-administration of the GABA A antagonist bicuculline into the ventral tegmental area in mice: dependence on D 2 dopaminergic mechanisms

1997 • 43 citations

Hypothalamic Reward Mechanism: Two First-Stage Fiber Populations with a Cholinergic Component

1985 • 43 citations

Evidence that pure uptake inhibitors including cocaine interact slowly with the dopamine neuronal carrier

1994 • 42 citations

Lateral Hypothalamic Stimulation in Satiated Rats: T-Maze Learning for Food

1965 • 40 citations

Absolute and relative refractory periods of the substrates for lateral hypothalamic and ventral midbrain self-stimulation

1982 • 38 citations

Enhanced passive avoidance learning and appetitive T-maze learning with post-trial rewarding hypothalamic stimulation

1978 • 37 citations

Carbachol-induced drinking at ventricular and subfornical organ sites of application

1971 • 36 citations

Differential effects of atropine, procaine and dopamine in the rat ventral tegmentum on lateral hypothalamic rewarding brain stimulation

1990 • 36 citations

Rats Self-Administer Carbachol Directly into the Nucleus Accumbens

1998 • 30 citations

Anatomical and pharmacological specificity of the rewarding effect elicited by microinjections of morphine into the nucleus accumbens of mice

2000 • 30 citations

Evidence implicating both slow- and fast-conducting fibers in the rewarding effect of medial forebrain bundle stimulation

1994 • 30 citations

Electrical self-stimulation of single and multiple loci: Long term observations

1974 • 28 citations

Nicotine addiction: a re-analysis of the arguments

1992 • 28 citations

An investigation of the factors affecting development of frontal cortex self-stimulation

1985 • 27 citations

Parsimonious biological models of memory and reinforcement.

1969 • 25 citations

Self stimulation pathways: Origins and terminations - a three stage technique

1976 • 24 citations

Modelling drug kinetics with brain stimulation: Dopamine antagonists increase self-stimulation

1992 • 11 citations

The cost of delaying rewarding brain stimulation

1997 • 10 citations

Abuse liability and the regulatory control of therapeutic drugs: untested assumptions

1990 • 9 citations

Differentiating Habits and Addictions: The Evidence That Nicotine is Not ’Addictive’

1995 • 3 citations

Deleted Work

1955 • 0 citations