Localization of drug reward mechanisms by intracranial injections

Schedules of reinforcement.

1957 • 4,688 citations

Drugs abused by humans preferentially increase synaptic dopamine concentrations in the mesolimbic system of freely moving rats.

1988 • 4,617 citations

A psychomotor stimulant theory of addiction.

1987 • 2,704 citations

Cannabinoid receptor localization in brain.

1990 • 2,248 citations

Brain Dopamine and Reward

1989 • 1,899 citations

Are theories of learning necessary?

1950 • 1,780 citations

Two-process learning theory: Relationships between Pavlovian conditioning and instrumental learning.

1967 • 1,474 citations

Conditioning and Associative Learning

1984 • 1,327 citations

A Medical Treatment for Diacetylmorphine (Heroin) Addiction

1965 • 1,166 citations

Reinforcement, expectancy, and learning.

1972 • 1,057 citations

Problems of Drug Dependence

1969 • 970 citations

On the dual nature of learning—a re-interpretation of "conditioning" and "problem-solving."

1947 • 942 citations

Reinstatement of cocaine-reinforced responding in the rat

1981 • 936 citations

Self-administration of psychoactive substances by the monkey

1969 • 807 citations

Low doses of ethanol activate dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area

1985 • 788 citations

Extinction and recovery of cocaine self-administration following 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the nucleus accumbens

1980 • 736 citations

On the role of ascending catecholaminergic systems in intravenous self-administration of cocaine

1977 • 733 citations

Lectures on conditioned reflexes

1928 • 717 citations

Widespread patterns of neuronal damage following systemic or intracerebral injections of kainic acid: A histological study

1980 • 700 citations

Nicotine preferentially stimulates dopamine release in the limbic system of freely moving rats

1986 • 693 citations

Destruction of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens selectively attenuates cocaine but not heroin self-administration in rats

1984 • 644 citations

Neuroleptic-Induced "Anhedonia" in Rats: Pimozide Blocks Reward Quality of Food

1978 • 643 citations

Experimental Morphine Addiction: Method for Automatic Intravenous Injections in Unrestrained Rats

1962 • 638 citations

Drinking induced by injection of angiotensin into the brain of the rat

1970 • 598 citations

Compensations after lesions of central dopaminergic neurons: some clinical and basic implications

1990 • 597 citations

Lectures on Conditioned Reflexes.

1929 • 593 citations

Heroin and cocaine intravenous self-administration in rats: Mediation by separate neural systems

1982 • 560 citations

A motivational view of learning, performance, and behavior modification.

1974 • 559 citations

Increased Lever Pressing for Amphetamine After Pimozide in Rats: Implications for a Dopamine Theory of Reward

1975 • 536 citations

Determinants of the specificity of behavioral effects of drugs

2007 • 534 citations

Normalization of extracellular dopamine in striatum following recovery from a partial unilateral 6-OHDA lesion of the substantia nigra: a microdialysis study in freely moving rats

1988 • 516 citations

Ethanol increases the firing rate of dopamine neurons of the rat ventral tegmental area in vitro

1990 • 507 citations

Intracranial self-administration of morphine into the ventral tegmental area in rats

1981 • 497 citations

Cortical Dopaminergic Involvement in Cocaine Reinforcement

1983 • 491 citations

Blockade of cocaine reinforcement in rats with the dopamine receptor blocker pimozide, but not with the noradrenergic blockers phentolamine or phenoxybenzamine.

1977 • 490 citations

Self Administration of and Behavioral Dependence on Drugs

1969 • 489 citations

Studies on the distinction between uptake inhibition and release of [3H]dopamine in rat brain tissue slices

1975 • 473 citations

Destruction of dopaminergic nerve terminals in nucleus accumbens: Effect on d-amphetamine self-administration

1979 • 460 citations

Enkephalin may mediate euphoria and drive-reduction reward

1977 • 450 citations

Eating or Drinking Elicited by Direct Adrenergic or Cholinergic Stimulation of Hypothalamus

1960 • 449 citations

Enhanced behavioural control by conditioned reinforcers following microinjections of d-amphetamine into the nucleus accumbens

1984 • 440 citations

Behavioral effects of separate and combined administration of naloxone and d-amphetamine.

1974 • 411 citations

GLUTAMATE-INDUCED NEURONAL NECROSIS IN THE INFANT MOUSE HYPOTHALAMUS

1971 • 409 citations

Self-injection of amphetamine directly into the brain

1983 • 373 citations

Attenuation of intravenous amphetamine reinforcement by central dopamine blockade in rats

1976 • 371 citations

Anatomic-histological Description of the Birds' Singing Larynx

1927 • 365 citations

Enkephalin action on the mesolimbic system: a dopamine-dependent and a dopamine-independent increase in locomotor activity.

1983 • 355 citations

The effect of morphine applied locally to mesencephalic dopamine cell bodies on spontaneous motor activity in the rat

1979 • 354 citations

A portrait of the substrate for self-stimulation.

1981 • 344 citations

Heroin Addiction—A Metabolic Disease

1967 • 338 citations

Reinforcing effects of morphine microinjection into the ventral tegmental area

1980 • 334 citations

Pimozide-induced extinction of intracranial self-stimulation: response patterns rule out motor or performance deficits

1976 • 320 citations

Two Types of Conditioned Reflex: A Reply to Konorski and Miller

1937 • 319 citations

6-Hydroxydopamine lesions of the nucleus accumbens, but not of the caudate nucleus, attenuate enhanced responding with reward-related stimuli produced by intra-accumbens d-amphetamine

1986 • 316 citations

Both Positive Reinforcement and Conditioned Aversion from Amphetamine and from Apomorphine in Rats

1976 • 307 citations

The D1 dopamine receptor antagonist SCH 23390 increases cocaine self-administration in the rat

1987 • 281 citations

Ethanol preferentially stimulates dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens of freely moving rats

1985 • 279 citations

Preferential stimulation of ventral tegmental area dopaminergic neurons by nicotine

1987 • 275 citations

Conditioned place preference from intra-accumbens but not intra-caudate amphetamine injections

1983 • 273 citations

Drug reinstatement of heroin-reinforced responding in the rat

1983 • 266 citations

Anatomically Distinct Opiate Receptor Fields Mediate Reward and Physical Dependence

1984 • 265 citations

Reinforcing effects of morphine in the nucleus accumbens

1982 • 254 citations

6-Hydroxydopamine lesion of the rat prefrontal cortex increases locomotor activity, impairs acquisition of delayed alternation tasks, but does not affect uninterrupted tasks in the radial maze

1990 • 253 citations

Quantitative aspects of precipitated abstinence in morphine-dependent rats.

1973 • 252 citations

The cerebral ventricles as the avenue for the dipsogenic action of intracranial angiotensin

1975 • 250 citations

The curve-shift paradigm in self-stimulation

1986 • 250 citations

Reinforcing properties of ejaculation in the male rat: Role of opioids and dopamine.

1990 • 239 citations

Reinforcing effects of brain microinjections of morphine revealed by conditioned place preference

1982 • 238 citations

Self-administration of methionine enkephalin into the nucleus accumbens

1984 • 238 citations

Physical Dependence of Opiate-Like Peptides

1976 • 219 citations

Reinstatement of heroin and cocaine self-administration behavior in the rat by intracerebral application of morphine in the ventral tegmental area

1984 • 219 citations

Cocaine: An in vivo microdialysis evaluation of its acute action on dopamine transmission in rat striatum

1989 • 218 citations

Uptake of [3H]-catecholamines by homogenates of rat corpus striatum and cerebral cortex: Effects of amphetamine analogues

1973 • 215 citations

Anatomical disassociation of amphetamine's rewarding and aversive effects: An intracranial microinjection study

1986 • 215 citations

Cholinergic Tracing of a Central Neural Circuit Underlying the Thirst Drive

1962 • 210 citations

Reinforcing properties of ejaculation in the male rat: Role of opioids and dopamine.

1990 • 206 citations

The tegmental pedunculopontine nucleus: a brain-stem output of the limbic system critical for the conditioned place preferences produced by morphine and amphetamine

1989 • 206 citations

Intravenous self-administration of dopamine receptor agonists by rhesus monkeys.

1984 • 203 citations

Intracranial chemical injection and behavior: A critical review

1972 • 198 citations

Animal Models of Parkinsonism Using Selective Neurotoxins: Clinical and Basic Implications

1989 • 194 citations

The use of place conditioning in studying the neuropharmacology of drug reinforcement

1989 • 193 citations

The acquisition of responding with conditioned reinforcement: Effects of pipradrol, methylphenidate, d-amphetamine, and nomifensine

1978 • 192 citations

Parametric analysis of brain stimulation reward in the rat: III. Effect of performance variables on the reward summation function.

1974 • 192 citations

The effects of chlorpromazine on psychomotor stimulant self-administration in the Rhesus monkey

1972 • 186 citations

Pimozide-induced extinction in rats: Stimulus control of responding rules out motor deficit

1979 • 186 citations

Affective states associated with morphine injections

1976 • 184 citations

Simultaneous measurement of dopamine release and rotational behaviour in 6-hydroxydopamine denervated rats using intracerebral dialysis

1986 • 184 citations

Amphetamine-type reinforcement by dopaminergic agonists in the rat

1978 • 182 citations

Locomotor activation induced by infusion of endorphins into the ventral tegmental area: evidence for opiate-dopamine interactions.

1980 • 182 citations

Reinstatement of Drug-Taking Behavior as a Method of Assessing Incentive Motivational Properties of Drugs

1987 • 182 citations

Drug-induced reinstatement of extinguished self-administration behavior in monkeys

1975 • 180 citations

Bromocriptine self-administration and bromocriptine-reinstatement of cocaine-trained and heroin-trained lever pressing in rats

1990 • 179 citations

Catecholamines and self-stimulation: Reward and performance effects dissociated

1978 • 175 citations

Blockade of nucleus accumbens opiate receptors attenuates intravenous heroin reward in the rat

1985 • 175 citations

Reinforcing properties of cocaine in the medial prefrontal cortex: Primary action on presynaptic dopaminergic terminals

1986 • 169 citations

The Road to H: Narcotics, Delinquency, and Social Policy

1965 • 164 citations

Reward or reinforcement: What's the difference?

1989 • 163 citations

Effect of spontaneous ingestion of ethanol on brain dopamine metabolism

1989 • 163 citations

A Pavlovian analysis of goal-directed behavior.

1987 • 161 citations

Increased food intake after opioid microinjections into nucleus accumbens and ventral tegmental area of rat

1986 • 160 citations

Pimozide and amphetamine have opposing effects on the reward summation function

1984 • 156 citations

Morphine addiction in rats.

1957 • 154 citations

152 Possible role of enzyme inhibition and repression in drug tolerance and addiction

1961 • 152 citations

Mu opioid receptor involvement in enkephalin activation of dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area.

1987 • 151 citations

Morphine addiction in chimpanzees.

1940 • 151 citations

Self-injection of apomorphine in the rat: Positive reinforcement by a dopamine receptor stimulant

1974 • 147 citations

Hunger and appetite after single doses of marihuana, alcohol, and dextroamphetamine

1971 • 146 citations

Supersensitivity to the reinforcing effects of cocaine following 6-hydroxydopamine lesions to the medial prefrontal cortex in rats

1991 • 144 citations

Influence of morphine on lateral hypothalamic self-stimulation in the rat

1973 • 142 citations

Modulation of dopaminergic activity in the nucleus accumbens following facilitation or blockade of the dopaminergic transmission in the amygdala: a study by in vivo differential pulse voltammetry

1985 • 140 citations

The relationship between success and the laws of conditioning.

1937 • 138 citations

The behavioural effects of enkephalin analogues injected into the ventral tegmental area and globus pallidus

1981 • 137 citations

Neuropharmacological assessment of cocaine self-administration into the medial prefrontal cortex

1986 • 136 citations

The effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol on potassium-evoked release of dopamine in the rat caudate nucleus: an in vivo electrochemical and in vivo microdialysis study

1988 • 136 citations

Neuroanatomical boundaries of the reward-relevant opiate-receptor field in the ventral tegmental area as mapped by the conditioned place preference method in rats

1987 • 130 citations

Facilitation of sexual behaviors in the male rat associated with Intra-VTA injections of opiates

1990 • 124 citations

Does pimozide block the reinforcing effect of brain stimulation?

1982 • 117 citations

Effects of chlorpromazine, meprobamate, pentobarbital and morphine on self-stimulation.

1960 • 116 citations

Parametric analysis of brain stimulation reward in the rat: I. The transient process and the memory-containing process.

1974 • 115 citations

6-Hydroxydopamine lesions of the medial prefrontal cortex fail to influence intravenous self-administration of cocaine

1986 • 115 citations

A comparison of the effects of intra-accumbens injections of amphetamine and morphine on reinstatement of heroin intravenous self-administration behavior

1988 • 114 citations

Quantitative determination of the effects of catecholaminergic agonists and antagonists on the rewarding efficacy of brain stimulation

1987 • 113 citations

Sites of action of morphine involved in the development of physical dependence in rats

1976 • 112 citations

Conditioned Place Preference: A Parametric Analysis Using Systemic Heroin Injections

1987 • 111 citations

On the Rate of Formation of a Conditioned Reflex

1932 • 110 citations

Effects of nucleus accumbens amphetamine on lateral hypothalamic brain stimulation reward

1988 • 109 citations

Brain sites of precipitated abstinence in morphine-dependent rats.

1973 • 108 citations

Separation of inhibiting and stimulating effects of morphine on self-stimulation behaviour by intracerebral microinjections

1976 • 106 citations

Haloperidol induces a partial reinforcement extinction effect in rats: Implications for a dopamine involvement in food reward

1986 • 106 citations

Simultaneous rate-independent and rate-dependent assessment of intracranial self-stimulation: Evidence for the direct involvement of dopamine in brain reinforcement mechanisms

1979 • 106 citations

The Neuropharmacological Basis of Reward

1991 • 103 citations

Catecholaminergic mechanisms of reinforcement: Direct assessment by drug self-administration

1977 • 102 citations

Prefrontal cortex lesions differentially disrupt cocaine-reinforced conditioned place preference but not conditioned taste aversion.

1989 • 100 citations

Supersensitivity and Dependence

1968 • 100 citations

Pimozide attenuates lever pressing for water reinforcement in rats

1981 • 97 citations

Effect of haloperidol on (+)-amphetamine self-administration

1975 • 95 citations

The effects of selective dopamine D1 or D2 receptor antagonists on the establishment of agonist-induced place conditioning in rats

1989 • 95 citations

Ventral tegmental site of opiate reward: Antagonism by a hydrophilic opiate receptor blocker

1983 • 91 citations

Comparative involvement of dopamine and noradrenaline in rate-free self-stimulation in substantia nigra, lateral hypothalamus, and mesencephalic central gray

1974 • 90 citations

Hypothalamic substrate for the positive reinforcing properties of morphine in the rat

1979 • 89 citations

Opioid receptor subtypes associated with ventral tegmental facilitation of lateral hypothalamic brain stimulation reward

1987 • 84 citations

Chronic neuroleptic treatment and mesolimbic dopamine denervation induce behavioural supersensitivity to opiates

1985 • 80 citations

Reduction of the rewarding effect of brain stimulation by a blockade of dopamine D1 receptor with SCH 23390

1986 • 80 citations

MORPHINE INDUCED CALCIUM DEPLETION IN DISCRETE REGIONS OF RAT BRAIN¹

1975 • 76 citations

Affinity for the dopamine D2 receptor predicts neuroleptic potency in blocking the reinforcing effect of MFB stimulation

1983 • 75 citations

Single-trial conditioned place preference using intravenous morphine

1986 • 75 citations

Drinking Induced by Carbachol: Thirst Circuit or Ventricular Modification?

1967 • 74 citations

Intra-nucleus accumbens amphetamine: Dose-dependent effects on food intake

1986 • 73 citations

The subfornical organ and carbachol-induced drinking

1972 • 73 citations

The Rate of Establishment of a Discrimination

1933 • 73 citations

D & L amphetamine stereoisomers: comparative potencies in affecting the firing of central dopaminergic and noradrenergic neurons.

1975 • 71 citations

Self-administration of D-Ala2-Met-enkephalinamide at hypothalamic self-stimulation sites

1980 • 71 citations

Self-administration of small amounts of morphine through glass micropipettes into the ventral tegmental area of the rat

1989 • 67 citations

Depression of Morphine-seeking Behaviour by Dopamine Inhibition

1974 • 67 citations

Effects of naloxone and pimozide on initiation and maintenance measures of free feeding

1986 • 66 citations

Involvement of neurohypophyseal peptides in drug-mediated adaptive responses

1980 • 66 citations

The incentive of brain-stimulation reward.

1969 • 66 citations

Conditioned place preference produced by intra-hippocampal morphine

1988 • 65 citations

Addictive agents and intracranial stimulation: Daily morphine and lateral hypothalamic self-stimulation

1976 • 62 citations

Electrolytic microinfusion transducer system: an alternative method of intracranial drug application

1980 • 62 citations

The effect of microinjections of amphetamine into the neostriatum and the nucleus accumbens on self-stimulation behaviour

1975 • 62 citations

A partial reinforcement extinction effect in water-reinforced rats intermittently treated with haloperidol

1986 • 62 citations

Actions of GABAergic agents on dopamine metabolism in the nigrostriatal pathway of the rat.

1982 • 61 citations

Morphology of the rat brain ventricles, ependyma, and periventricular structures.

1981 • 61 citations

Strategies for studying the neurochemical substrates of drug reinforcement in rodents

1983 • 61 citations

A theory of the action of the after-effects of a connection upon it.

1933 • 60 citations

Neurohumors in hypothalamic substrates of reward

1964 • 58 citations

Microdialysis: A system for localized drug delivery into the brain

1989 • 57 citations

In vivo electrochemical demonstration of the presynaptic actions of phencyclidine in rat caudate nucleus.

1987 • 56 citations

Opioid-neuroleptic interaction in brainstem self-stimulation

1989 • 52 citations

An investigation of the interaction between the reinforcing properties of food and ethanol using the place preference paradigm

1981 • 49 citations

Regional sensitivity of the rat brain to the inhibitory effects of morphine on wet shake behavior.

1975 • 48 citations

Enkephalin Analogs and Physical Dependence

1980 • 47 citations

Chronic treatment with five different neuroleptics elicits behavioral supersensitivity to opiate infusion into the nucleus accumbens

1986 • 45 citations

On the Rate of Extinction of a Conditioned Reflex

1933 • 45 citations

Small-dose intravenous heroin facilitates hypothalamic self-stimulation without response suppression in rats

1981 • 42 citations

Complex interaction of cocaine with the dopamine uptake carrier

1990 • 42 citations

Adrenergic Innervation of the Parasympathetic Ciliary Ganglion in the Chick

1974 • 40 citations

The effects of pipradrol on the acquisition of responding with conditioned reinforcement: A role for sensory preconditioning

1980 • 38 citations

Effects of naltrexone on nucleus accumbens, lateral hypothalamic and ventral tegmental self-stimulation rate—frequency functions

1988 • 37 citations

Opposite effects of ventral tegmental and periaqueductal gray morphine injections on lateral hypothalamic stimulation-induced feeding

1986 • 35 citations

Increased and decreased eating following THC administration

1972 • 34 citations

Dissociation of the rewarding and physical dependence-producing properties of morphine.

1983 • 32 citations

The effects of (+)-amphetamine and apomorphine on responding for a conditioned reinforcer

1986 • 32 citations

Opiate antagonists and self-stimulation: extinction-like response patterns suggest selective reward deficit

1989 • 29 citations

A method of direct chemical brain stimulation in behavioral studies using microiontophoresis

1975 • 29 citations

Increasing the work requirements lowers the threshold of naloxone for reducing self-stimulation in the midbrain of rats

1983 • 28 citations

Apomorphine self-injection is not affected by alpha-methylparatyrosine treatment: Support for dopaminergic reward

1976 • 25 citations

Facilitory and Inhibitory Effects of Nucleus Accumbens Amphetamine on Feeding

1988 • 19 citations

Concurrent facilitory and inhibitory effects of amphetamine on stimulation-induced eating

1988 • 19 citations

Opiate rewarding action: independence of the cells of the lateral hypothalamus

1981 • 19 citations

Intracranial application of substances in the unrestrained, awake rat by pressure injection through glass micropipettes

1985 • 18 citations

Equal suppression of cerebellar Purkinje cell activity by amphetamine stereoisomers

1977 • 11 citations

Some effects of morphine on habit function.

1957 • 11 citations