Oxidative stress and neurodegeneration: where are we now?

Free radicals in biology and medicine

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Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine

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Chemistry and biochemistry of 4-hydroxynonenal, malonaldehyde and related aldehydes

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Oxygen toxicity, oxygen radicals, transition metals and disease

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Resting Microglial Cells Are Highly Dynamic Surveillants of Brain Parenchyma in Vivo

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[1] Role of free radicals and catalytic metal ions in human disease: An overview

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Mitochondrial formation of reactive oxygen species

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Neurodegenerative diseases and oxidative stress

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SUPEROXIDE RADICAL AND SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASES

1995 • 3,305 citations

Reactive Oxygen Species and the Central Nervous System

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Impairment of the Ubiquitin-Proteasome System by Protein Aggregation

2001 • 2,167 citations

Measuring reactive species and oxidative damagein vivoand in cell culture: how should you do it and what do the results mean?

2004 • 2,159 citations

Pathways of Oxidative Damage

2003 • 2,051 citations

Oxidative stress in Parkinson's disease

2003 • 2,001 citations

Understanding the Odd Science of Aging

2005 • 1,835 citations

Iron, brain ageing and neurodegenerative disorders

2004 • 1,737 citations

Role of Free Radicals in the Neurodegenerative Diseases

2001 • 1,490 citations

Peroxiredoxins: A historical overview and speculative preview of novel mechanisms and emerging concepts in cell signaling

2005 • 1,373 citations

Oxidative DNA damage and disease: induction, repair and significance

2004 • 1,304 citations

The oxidative environment and protein damage

2004 • 1,285 citations

MOLECULAR PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE

2005 • 1,244 citations

Tissue-specific functions of individual glutathione peroxidases

1999 • 1,115 citations

Increased Nuclear NAD Biosynthesis and SIRT1 Activation Prevent Axonal Degeneration

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Neurodegeneration, myocardial injury, and perinatal death in mitochondrial superoxide dismutase-deficient mice.

1996 • 1,020 citations

Superoxide dismutases

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The Ubiquitin Proteasome System in Neurodegenerative Diseases

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Biologically relevant metal ion‐dependent hydroxyl radical generation An update

1992 • 862 citations

Ascorbate regulation and its neuroprotective role in the brain

2000 • 821 citations

Endogenous nitric oxide synthesis: Biological functions and pathophysiology

1999 • 796 citations

A Role for 4‐Hydroxynonenal, an Aldehydic Product of Lipid Peroxidation, in Disruption of Ion Homeostasis and Neuronal Death Induced by Amyloid β‐Peptide

1997 • 779 citations

Increased Lipid Peroxidation Precedes Amyloid Plaque Formation in an Animal Model of Alzheimer Amyloidosis

2001 • 776 citations

A novel pantothenate kinase gene (PANK2) is defective in Hallervorden-Spatz syndrome

2001 • 738 citations

Life-long reduction in MnSOD activity results in increased DNA damage and higher incidence of cancer but does not accelerate aging

2003 • 719 citations

Mitochondrial Aβ: a potential focal point for neuronal metabolic dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease

2005 • 703 citations

Health promotion by flavonoids, tocopherols, tocotrienols, and other phenols: direct or indirect effects? Antioxidant or not?

2005 • 699 citations

Iron promoters of the Fenton reaction and lipid peroxidation can be released from haemoglobin by peroxides

1986 • 634 citations

Oxidative stress and nitration in neurodegeneration: Cause, effect, or association?

2003 • 634 citations

Decreased proteolysis caused by protein aggregates, inclusion bodies, plaques, lipofuscin, ceroid, and ‘aggresomes’ during oxidative stress, aging, and disease

2004 • 630 citations

Oxidative stress and nitration in neurodegeneration: Cause, effect, or association?

2003 • 626 citations

Oxidative Modifications and Down-regulation of Ubiquitin Carboxyl-terminal Hydrolase L1 Associated with Idiopathic Parkinson's and Alzheimer's Diseases

2004 • 548 citations

Peroxynitrite reactivity with amino acids and proteins

2003 • 545 citations

Role of cytochromes P450 in chemical toxicity and oxidative stress: studies with CYP2E1

2004 • 538 citations

Lon protease preferentially degrades oxidized mitochondrial aconitase by an ATP-stimulated mechanism

2002 • 535 citations

Evidence of increased oxidative damage in subjects with mild cognitive impairment

2005 • 533 citations

Nitrogen dioxide and carbonate radical anion: two emerging radicals in biology

2002 • 533 citations

Fundamental Aspects of Reactive Oxygen Species, or What's the Matter with Oxygen?

1999 • 530 citations

Oxidative stress in cell culture: an under‐appreciated problem?

2003 • 519 citations

Failure of the ubiquitin–proteasome system in Parkinson's disease

2001 • 508 citations

Tyrosine nitration: Localisation, quantification, consequences for protein function and signal transduction

2001 • 504 citations

A novel neurological phenotype in mice lacking mitochondrial manganese superoxide dismutase

1998 • 497 citations

Glyoxalase 1 and glutathione reductase 1 regulate anxiety in mice

2005 • 472 citations

Selective degradation of oxidatively modified protein substrates by the proteasome

2003 • 457 citations

Quantification of Isoprostanes as Indices of Oxidant Stress and the Risk of Atherosclerosis in Humans

2005 • 447 citations

Peroxide detoxification by brain cells

2004 • 447 citations

Neuronal and glial calcium signaling in Alzheimer’s disease

2003 • 443 citations

Astrocyte Influences on Ischemic Neuronal Death

2004 • 435 citations

Neuroprotective properties of the natural phenolic antioxidants curcumin and naringenin but not quercetin and fisetin in a 6-OHDA model of Parkinson's disease

2005 • 433 citations

cis-trans isomers of lycopene and β-carotene in human serum and tissues

1992 • 415 citations

Defective DNA single-strand break repair in spinocerebellar ataxia with axonal neuropathy-1

2005 • 410 citations

Formation of hydroxyl radicals from hydrogen peroxide in the presence of iron. Is haemoglobin a biological Fenton reagent?

1988 • 408 citations

Oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and cellular stress response in Friedreich's ataxia

2005 • 405 citations

Antioxidant strategies in the treatment of stroke

2005 • 402 citations

Non-Antioxidant Activities of Vitamin E

2004 • 374 citations

Conjugates of Catecholamines with Cysteine and GSH in Parkinson's Disease: Possible Mechanisms of Formation Involving Reactive Oxygen Species

1998 • 366 citations

Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored Ceruloplasmin Is Required for Iron Efflux from Cells in the Central Nervous System

2003 • 354 citations

Ascorbic-acid transporter Slc23a1 is essential for vitamin C transport into the brain and for perinatal survival

2002 • 346 citations

High‐field magnetic resonance imaging of brain iron: birth of a biomarker?

2004 • 339 citations

Ascorbic acid treatment corrects the phenotype of a mouse model of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease

2004 • 339 citations

Multifunctional Activities of Green Tea Catechins in Neuroprotection

2005 • 338 citations

Cellular uptake and metabolism of flavonoids and their metabolites: implications for their bioactivity

2003 • 311 citations

Oxidative stress in patients with Friedreich ataxia

2000 • 307 citations

Neuronal expression of myeloperoxidase is increased in Alzheimer's disease

2004 • 304 citations

Carnosine, homocarnosine and anserine: could they act as antioxidants in vivo?

1989 • 301 citations

Oxygen therapeutics: can we tame haemoglobin?

2004 • 293 citations

Early Vitamin E supplementation in young but not aged mice reduces Aβ levels and amyloid deposition in a transgenic model of Alzheimer's disease

2003 • 292 citations

Zn, Cu and Co in cyanobacteria: selective control of metal availability

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Are mitochondria critical in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease?

2005 • 280 citations

Antioxidant protection by haemopexin of haem-stimulated lipid peroxidation

1988 • 280 citations

Brain iron uptake and homeostatic mechanisms: an overview.

2003 • 279 citations

Evidence for Ozone Formation in Human Atherosclerotic Arteries

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Lipid peroxidation is an early event in the brain in amnestic mild cognitive impairment

2005 • 273 citations

Nitric oxide and peroxynitrite. The ugly, the uglier and the not so good

1999 • 273 citations

Manganese Superoxide Dismutase Protects nNOS Neurons from NMDA and Nitric Oxide-Mediated Neurotoxicity

1998 • 266 citations

Autophagy, proteasomes, lipofuscin, and oxidative stress in the aging brain

2004 • 263 citations

The Isoprostanes: Unique Products of Arachidonic Acid Oxidation-A Review

2003 • 261 citations

Energy Inhibition Elevates β-Secretase Levels and Activity and Is Potentially Amyloidogenic in APP Transgenic Mice: Possible Early Events in Alzheimer's Disease Pathogenesis

2005 • 254 citations

Antioxidants as treatment for neurodegenerative disorders

2002 • 246 citations

Reactivity Studies of the Fe(III) and Fe(II)NO Forms of Human Neuroglobin Reveal a Potential Role against Oxidative Stress

2004 • 244 citations

The in vivo neuromodulatory effects of the herbal medicine ginkgo biloba

2001 • 242 citations

Mediation of cell death by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1

2005 • 240 citations

A mutation in a novel ATP-dependent Lon protease gene in a kindred with mild mental retardation

2004 • 229 citations

Antioxidant Treatment of Patients With Friedreich Ataxia

2005 • 227 citations

Selective vulnerability of preterm white matter to oxidative damage defined by F₂‐isoprostanes

2005 • 226 citations

Dehydroascorbic acid, a blood–brain barrier transportable form of vitamin C, mediates potent cerebroprotection in experimental stroke

2001 • 218 citations

Tissue distribution and putative physiological function of NOX family NADPH oxidases.

2004 • 207 citations

Singlet Molecular Oxygen Generated from Lipid Hydroperoxides by the Russell Mechanism: Studies Using¹⁸O-Labeled Linoleic Acid Hydroperoxide and Monomol Light Emission Measurements

2003 • 205 citations

Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species: Weapons of Neuronal Destruction in Models of Parkinson's Disease

2005 • 203 citations

Proteasome Inhibition Alters Neural Mitochondrial Homeostasis and Mitochondria Turnover

2004 • 201 citations

Hydrogen Peroxide Production by Rat Brain In Vivo

1980 • 197 citations

The proteasomal system and HNE-modified proteins

2003 • 196 citations

Amyloid β‐peptide(1–42) and hydrogen peroxide‐induced toxicity are mediated by TRPM2 in rat primary striatal cultures

2005 • 196 citations

Phospholipase A2s and lipid peroxidation

2000 • 188 citations

Nitric oxide and neurological disorders

2005 • 187 citations

Iron and oxygen radicals in brain

1992 • 186 citations

Novel multifunctional neuroprotective iron chelator‐monoamine oxidase inhibitor drugs for neurodegenerative diseases.In vivoselective brain monoamine oxidase inhibition and prevention of MPTP‐induced striatal dopamine depletion

2005 • 184 citations

Genes, proteins, and neurotoxins involved in Parkinson’s disease

2004 • 184 citations

Endogenous mitochondrial oxidative stress: neurodegeneration, proteomic analysis, specific respiratory chain defects, and efficacious antioxidant therapy in superoxide dismutase 2 null mice

2003 • 179 citations

Chemistry-based studies on oxidative DNA damage: formation, repair, and mutagenesis

2002 • 172 citations

The Scientific Basis for the Current Treatment of Parkinson's Disease

2004 • 170 citations

15-Deoxy-Δ ^12,14 -prostaglandin J ₂ : The endogenous electrophile that induces neuronal apoptosis

2002 • 169 citations

Cyclooxygenases, peroxide tone and the allure of fish oil

2005 • 166 citations

Calorie restriction and SIR2 genes—Towards a mechanism

2005 • 155 citations

The role of an astrocytic NADPH oxidase in the neurotoxicity of amyloid beta peptides

2005 • 152 citations

Defenses against peroxynitrite: selenocompounds and flavonoids

2003 • 152 citations

Role of Lipid Hydroperoxides in Photo-Oxidative Stress Signaling

2004 • 145 citations

Regional and cellular expression of CYP2D6 in human brain: higher levels in alcoholics

2002 • 145 citations

In Vitro Metabolism of Tolcapone to Reactive Intermediates: Relevance to Tolcapone Liver Toxicity

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Antioxidant properties of caeruloplasmin towards iron‐ and copper‐dependent oxygen radical formation

1983 • 139 citations

Peroxynitrite releases copper from caeruloplasmin: implications for atherosclerosis

1994 • 137 citations

Coenzyme Q– responsive Leigh's encephalopathy in two sisters

2002 • 136 citations

Effect of proteasome inhibition on cellular oxidative damage, antioxidant defences and nitric oxide production

2001 • 136 citations

Brain CYP2E1 is induced by nicotine and ethanol in rat and is higher in smokers and alcoholics

2003 • 135 citations

Aceruloplasminemia, an iron metabolic disorder

2003 • 134 citations

Prophylactic activation of neuroprotective stress response pathways by dietary and behavioral manipulations

2004 • 131 citations

Oxidative Stress: The Old Enemy in Alzheimers Disease Pathophysiology

2005 • 130 citations

Neurodegeneration in Striatum Induced by the Mitochondrial Toxin 3-Nitropropionic Acid: Role of Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 in Early Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption?

2003 • 130 citations

A re-evaluation of the antioxidant activity of purified carnosine.

2000 • 129 citations

The Unique Regulation of Brain Cytochrome P450 2 (CYP2) Family Enzymes by Drugs and Genetics

2004 • 129 citations

Neurochemical consequences of kainate-induced toxicity in brain: involvement of arachidonic acid release and prevention of toxicity by phospholipase A2 inhibitors

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Neurochemical, neurophysiological, and neuropathological studies in vitamin E deficiency.

1990 • 124 citations

Neuroglobin: A Respiratory Protein of the Nervous System

2004 • 123 citations

Cellular expression of xanthine oxidoreductase protein in normal human tissues.

1999 • 120 citations

Mitochondrial dysfunction and Alzheimer's disease: role of amyloid‐β peptide alcohol dehydrogenase (ABAD)

2005 • 119 citations

Effect of Oxidative Stress on the Junctional Proteins of Cultured Cerebral Endothelial Cells

2005 • 115 citations

The α‐Ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase Complex

1999 • 112 citations

Increase in External Glutamate and NMDA Receptor Activation Contribute to H₂O₂‐Induced Neuronal Apoptosis

1999 • 111 citations

Zinc dyshomeostasis: A key modulator of neuronal injury

2005 • 109 citations

Selenium-deficient diet enhances protein oxidation and affects methionine sulfoxide reductase (MsrB) protein level in certain mouse tissues

2003 • 108 citations

A potentially critical role of phospholipases in central nervous system ischemic, traumatic, and neurodegenerative disorders

2004 • 107 citations

Coenzyme Q- responsive Leigh's encephalopathy in two sisters

2002 • 104 citations

Oxidation of Serotonin by Superoxide Radical: Implications to Neurodegenerative Brain Disorders

1998 • 103 citations

Hypothesis: Proteasomal Dysfunction

2002 • 103 citations

Vitamin E sensitive genes in the developing rat fetal brain: a high‐density oligonucleotide microarray analysis

2002 • 101 citations

Effects of reactive γ‐ketoaldehydes formed by the isoprostane pathway (isoketals) and cyclooxygenase pathway (levuglandins) on proteasome function

2002 • 100 citations

Emerging roles of thioredoxin cycle enzymes in the central nervous system

2005 • 99 citations

Why do Neurons Enter the Cell Cycle?

2004 • 97 citations

Proteasome inhibition by lactacystin in primary neuronal cells induces both potentially neuroprotective and pro‐apoptotic transcriptional responses: a microarray analysis

2005 • 97 citations

[3] Characterization of singlet oxygen

1984 • 96 citations

Dopamine induces proteasome inhibition in neural PC12 cell line

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Antioxidant treatment for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or motor neuron disease

2007 • 93 citations

The Suppression of Iron Release from Activated Myoglobin by Physiological Electron Donors and by Desferrioxamine

1989 • 92 citations

Hsp90 Enhances Degradation of Oxidized Calmodulin by the 20 S Proteasome

2004 • 92 citations

Iron‐sulfur enzyme mediated mitochondrial superoxide toxicity in experimental Parkinson's disease

2004 • 91 citations

Mitochondrial Inhibition and Oxidative Stress: Reciprocating Players in Neurodegeneration

2005 • 90 citations

Proteomic analysis of brain proteins in the gracile axonal dystrophy (gad) mouse, a syndrome that emanates from dysfunctional ubiquitin carboxyl‐terminal hydrolase L‐1, reveals oxidation of key proteins

2004 • 90 citations

Iron, Atherosclerosis, and Neurodegeneration: A Key Role for Cholesterol in Promoting Iron‐Dependent Oxidative Damage?

2004 • 86 citations

Neuroprotection by iron chelator against proteasome inhibitor-induced nigral degeneration

2005 • 86 citations

Bilirubin Production and Oxidation in CSF of Patients with Cerebral Vasospasm after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

2005 • 84 citations

Comparison of the radical trapping ability of PBN, S-PBN and NXY-059

2001 • 81 citations

Recombinant prion protein does not possess SOD-1 activity

2005 • 80 citations

Oxidative Modification of Glutamine Synthetase by Amyloid Beta Peptide

1997 • 80 citations

Proteasome inhibitors induce intracellular protein aggregation and cell death by an oxygen‐dependent mechanism

2003 • 78 citations

Concurrent administration of coenzyme Q10 and α-tocopherol improves learning in aged mice

2004 • 78 citations

Correlation of membrane lipid peroxidation with oxidation of hemoglobin variants: Possibly related to the rates of hemin release

1996 • 77 citations

Coupling endoplasmic reticulum stress to the cell-death program: a novel HSP90-independent role for the small chaperone protein p23

2005 • 76 citations

Redox proteomics identification of oxidatively modified proteins in Alzheimer's disease brain and in vivo and in vitro models of AD centered around Aβ(1–42)☆

2005 • 73 citations

Characterization of superoxide production sites in isolated rat brain and skeletal muscle mitochondria

2005 • 73 citations

Carnosine-related dipeptides in neurons and glia.

2000 • 70 citations

Minocycline blocks bilirubin neurotoxicity and prevents hyperbilirubinemia‐induced cerebellar hypoplasia in the Gunn rat

2005 • 69 citations

Isomer-specific contractile effects of a series of synthetic F2-isoprostanes on retinal and cerebral microvasculature

2003 • 68 citations

Heme Regulation in Traumatic Brain Injury: Relevance to the Adult and Developing Brain

2005 • 68 citations

Roles of Vitamins E and C on Neurodegenerative Diseases and Cognitive Performance

2002 • 66 citations

Statins: drugs for Alzheimer’s disease?

2005 • 65 citations

Why do neurons enter the cell cycle?

2004 • 62 citations

The Inhibition of Mammalian 15-Lipoxygenases by the Anti-Inflammatory Drug Ebselen: Dual-Type Mechanism Involving Covalent Linkage and Alteration of the Iron Ligand Sphere

1999 • 59 citations

Relationship between protein nitration and oxidation and development of hyperoxic seizures

2003 • 57 citations

Effects of Coenzyme Q₁₀ in Huntington's disease and early Parkinson's disease

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Nitrone-Related Therapeutics

2004 • 56 citations

Suppression of Uracil-DNA Glycosylase Induces Neuronal Apoptosis

2004 • 56 citations

Cyclopentenone Eicosanoids as Mediators of Neurodegeneration: A Pathogenic Mechanism of Oxidative Stress-Mediated and Cyclooxygenase-Mediated Neurotoxicity

2006 • 54 citations

Neuroprotective effect of ebselen on rat hippocampal slices submitted to oxygen–glucose deprivation: correlation with immunocontent of inducible nitric oxide synthase

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Role of metallothionein-III following central nervous system damage

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Manganese ions, oxidation reactions and the superoxide radical.

1984 • 51 citations

Proteasome inhibition increases DNA and RNA oxidation in astrocyte and neuron cultures

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Manganese neurotoxicity: Connecting the dots along the continuum of dysfunction

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Brainstem Axonal Degeneration in Mice with Deletion of Selenoprotein P

2005 • 48 citations

Absorption and tissue distribution of zeaxanthin and lutein in rhesus monkeys after taking Fructus lycii (Gou Qi Zi) extract.

2001 • 47 citations

Relationship between Dementia and Nutrition-Related Factors and Disorders: An Overview

2005 • 45 citations

Preventing Alzheimer's: A Lifelong Commitment?

2005 • 45 citations

Mechanisms of Vitamin E Regulation: Research Over the Past Decade and Focus on the Future

2000 • 45 citations

Distribution of hydroxynonenal-modified proteins in the kainate-lesioned rat hippocampus: evidence that hydroxynonenal formation precedes neuronal cell death

2000 • 45 citations

Changes in glutathione in the hippocampus of rats injected with kainate: depletion in neurons and upregulation in glia

2000 • 42 citations

The Intracellular Location and Function Of Proteins Of Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses

2004 • 41 citations

Proteasomal Dysfunction: A Common Feature of Neurodegenerative Diseases? Implications for the Environmental Origins of Neurodegeneration

2006 • 40 citations

Hemin: A Possible Cause of Oxidative Stress in Blood Circulation of β-Thalassemia/Hemoglobin E Disease

2003 • 39 citations

Hemoglobin and iron-evoked oxidative stress in the brain: Protection by bile pigments, managanese andS-nitrosoglutathione

1999 • 39 citations

Motoneuronal death during spinal cord development is mediated by oxidative stress

2005 • 39 citations

Proteasome inhibitors as therapeutics

2005 • 36 citations

Idebenone treatment in Friedreich patients: One-year-long randomized placebo-controlled trial

2004 • 35 citations

Differential modulation of base excision repair activities during brain ontogeny: Implications for repair of transcribed DNA

2005 • 34 citations

Alpha and Gamma Tocopherols in Cerebrospinal Fluid and Serum from Older, Male, Human Subjects

2004 • 34 citations

Cross-compartment protection by SOD1

2004 • 31 citations

Antioxidant treatment for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis / motor neuron disease

2005 • 31 citations

Distinguishing levuglandins produced through the cyclooxygenase and isoprostane pathways

2005 • 29 citations

Redox regulation of matrix metalloproteinase gene family in small cell lung cancer cells

2005 • 29 citations

Effect of a Prolonged Superoxide Flux on Transferrin and Ferritin

2000 • 28 citations

A non-enzymatic derived arachidonyl peroxide, 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α, in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage participates in the pathogenesis of delayed cerebral vasospasm

2004 • 27 citations

Idebenone treatment in Friedreich patients: One-year-long randomized placebo-controlled trial [3] (multiple letters)

2004 • 22 citations

Mechanism of cell death induced by an antioxidant extract of Cratoxylum cochinchinense (YCT) in Jurkat T cells: the role of reactive oxygen species and calcium

2004 • 21 citations

The Proteasome in Neurodegeneration

2006 • 13 citations

Distribution and antioxidant activity of a palm oil carotene fraction in rats.

1992 • 12 citations

Neuroprotection by iron chelator against proteasome inhibitor-induced nigral degeneration

2006 • 12 citations

Vitamin E in Neural and Visual Function

2004 • 8 citations

Deleted Work

1955 • 0 citations