Cytokines as mediators in the regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical function

Physiological Functions of Glucocorticoids in Stress and Their Relation to Pharmacological Actions*

1984 • 3,073 citations

The concepts of stress and stress system disorders. Overview of physical and behavioral homeostasis

1992 • 3,026 citations

Elevated Circulating Levels of Tumor Necrosis Factor in Severe Chronic Heart Failure

1990 • 2,566 citations

Anti-cachectin/TNF monoclonal antibodies prevent septic shock during lethal bacteraemia

1987 • 2,492 citations

The Concepts of Stress and Stress System Disorders

1992 • 2,419 citations

Passive Immunization Against Cachectin/Tumor Necrosis Factor Protects Mice from Lethal Effect of Endotoxin

1985 • 2,380 citations

Detection of Circulating Tumor Necrosis Factor after Endotoxin Administration

1988 • 1,711 citations

Interleukin-1 Stimulates the Secretion of Hypothalamic Corticotropin-Releasing Factor

1987 • 1,512 citations

Tumor necrosis factor (cachectin) is an endogenous pyrogen and induces production of interleukin 1.

1986 • 1,501 citations

Control of Cachectin (Tumor Necrosis Factor) Synthesis: Mechanisms of Endotoxin Resistance

1986 • 1,305 citations

Interleukin-1 and the Pathogenesis of the Acute-Phase Response

1984 • 1,136 citations

Correlations and interactions in the production of interleukin-6 (IL- 6), IL-1, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in human blood mononuclear cells: IL-6 suppresses IL-1 and TNF

1990 • 991 citations

The Role of Interleukin-1 in Disease

1993 • 967 citations

Tumor necrosis factor soluble receptors circulate during experimental and clinical inflammation and can protect against excessive tumor necrosis factor alpha in vitro and in vivo.

1992 • 842 citations

Role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in the pathophysiologic alterations after hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury in the rat.

1990 • 828 citations

Circulating Interleukin-1 and Tumor Necrosis Factor in Septic Shock and Experimental Endotoxin Fever

1990 • 765 citations

Response of Serum Interleukin-6 in Patients Undergoing Elective Surgery of Varying Severity

1990 • 760 citations

Elevated levels of circulating cachectin/tumor necrosis factor in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

1988 • 739 citations

Evidence for Impaired Activation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis in Patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

1991 • 736 citations

Tumor Necrosis Factor and Interleuktn-1 in the Serum of Children with Severe Infectious Purpura

1988 • 735 citations

The Immune-Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis*

1989 • 671 citations

Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist

1993 • 670 citations

Antibodies to cachectin/tumor necrosis factor reduce interleukin 1 beta and interleukin 6 appearance during lethal bacteremia.

1989 • 651 citations

Inflammatory cytokines within the central nervous system: sources, function, and mechanism of action

1992 • 614 citations

Systemic cytokine response after major surgery

1992 • 606 citations

Participation of tumor necrosis factor in the mediation of gram negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide-induced injury in rabbits.

1988 • 603 citations

In vivo administration of purified human interleukin 2. II. Half life, immunologic effects, and expansion of peripheral lymphoid cells in vivo with recombinant IL 2.

1985 • 600 citations

T cell-mediated lethal shock triggered in mice by the superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin B: critical role of tumor necrosis factor.

1992 • 595 citations

Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist. A new member of the interleukin 1 family.

1991 • 589 citations

Prognostic Values of Tumor Necrosis Factor/Cachectin, Interleukin-l, Interferon- , and Interferon- in the Serum of Patients with Septic Shock

1990 • 555 citations

Acute Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal Responses to the Stress of Treadmill Exercise

1987 • 520 citations

Pathogenesis of Infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus

1987 • 496 citations

Effect of interleukin 2, interferon-gamma, and mitogens on the production of tumor necrosis factors alpha and beta.

1985 • 492 citations

CORRELATION OF PLASMA INTERLEUKIN 1 LEVELS WITH DISEASE ACTIVITY IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS

1988 • 490 citations

Detection of interleukin 8 and tumor necrosis factor in normal humans after intravenous endotoxin: the effect of antiinflammatory agents.

1991 • 452 citations

Interleukin-6 stimulates the secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone in conscious, freely-moving rats

1988 • 428 citations

EVIDENCE FOR TUMOUR NECROSIS FACTOR/CACHECTIN PRODUCTION IN CANCER

1987 • 425 citations

Bacterial Endotoxins

1992 • 372 citations

The role of cytokines in the generation of inflammation and tissue damage in experimental gram-positive meningitis.

1990 • 367 citations

Tumor necrosis factor and endotoxin induce similar metabolic responses in human beings

1989 • 365 citations

METABOLIC AND RESPIRATORY CHANGES AFTER CHOLECYSTECTOMY PERFORMED VIA LAPAROTOMY OR LAPAROSCOPY

1992 • 352 citations

Increased Plasma Interleukin-1 Activity in Women After Ovulation

1985 • 349 citations

The released interleukin 2 receptor binds interleukin 2 efficiently.

1986 • 348 citations

Influence of uremia and hemodialysis on circulating interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor α

1990 • 346 citations

Interleukins-1 and -6 Stimulate the Release of Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone-41 from Rat Hypothalamusin Vitrovia the Eicosanoid Cyclooxygenase Pathway*

1991 • 331 citations

Differential regulation of lipopolysaccharide‐induced interleukin 1 and tumor necrosis factor synthesis: effects of endogenous and exogenous glucocorticoids and the role of the pituitary‐adrenal axis

1989 • 328 citations

The effects of psychological stress on plasma interleukin-6 activity in rats

1990 • 315 citations

Natural killer (NK) cells as a responder to interleukin 2 (IL 2). II. IL 2-induced interferon gamma production.

1983 • 288 citations

Synthesis of interleukin 1/endogenous pyrogen in the brain of endotoxin-treated mice: a step in fever induction?

1984 • 279 citations

Production of Interleukin-6 by Folliculo-Stellate Cells of the Anterior Pituitary Gland in a Histiotypic Cell Aggregate Culture System

1989 • 272 citations

In the Mouse, the Activation of the Hypothalamic Pituitary-Adrenal Axis by a Lipopolysaccharide (Endotoxin) Is Mediated through Interleukin-1*

1989 • 271 citations

Virus-Induced Corticosterone in Hypophysectomized Mice: A Possible Lymphoid Adrenal Axis

1982 • 266 citations

Cytokine profile in systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and other rheumatic diseases

1993 • 265 citations

The serum interleukin 6 response to elective surgery.

1989 • 256 citations

Endogenous Pyrogen Activity in Human Plasma After Exercise

1983 • 256 citations

The Complex Pattern of Cytokines in Sepsis Association Between Prostaglandins, Cachectin, and Interleukins

1991 • 254 citations

Staphylococcus epidermidis induces complement activation, tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1, a shock-like state and tissue injury in rabbits without endotoxemia. Comparison to Escherichia coli.

1991 • 248 citations

Cytokine production after intravenous or peritoneal gram-negative bacterial challenge in mice. Comparative protective efficacy of antibodies to tumor necrosis factor-alpha and to lipopolysaccharide.

1992 • 245 citations

Adrenal secretion of cortisol in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

1990 • 238 citations

Release of soluble receptors for tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in relation to circulating TNF during experimental endotoxinemia.

1992 • 238 citations

Synergistic roles of interleukin-6, interleukin-1, and tumor necrosis factor in the adrenocorticotropin response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide in vivo.

1993 • 237 citations

Acute phase response in exercise. II. Associations between vitamin E, cytokines, and muscle proteolysis

1991 • 233 citations

Metabolic effects of cachectin/tumor necrosis factor are modified by site of production. Cachectin/tumor necrosis factor-secreting tumor in skeletal muscle induces chronic cachexia, while implantation in brain induces predominantly acute anorexia.

1990 • 228 citations

Interactions between Tumor Necrosis Factor-α, Hypothalamic Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone, and Adrenocorticotropin Secretion in the Rat*

1990 • 227 citations

Adrenocorticotropin Release Induced by Intracerebroventricular Injection of Recombinant Human Interleukin-1 in Rats: Possible Involvement of Prostaglandin*

1988 • 221 citations

Inadequate Interleukin 2 Production

1984 • 211 citations

Peripheral blood monocyte/macrophages and serum tumor necrosis factor in Kawasaki disease

1988 • 207 citations

Interleukin 1 and tumor necrosis factor do not regulate protein balance in skeletal muscle

1987 • 200 citations

Production and clearance of tumor necrosis factor in rats exposed to endotoxin and dexamethasone

1987 • 196 citations

Cytokines and endocrine function: an interaction between the immune and neuroendocrine systems

1991 • 189 citations

Differential alterations in plasma IL-6 and TNF levels after trauma and hemorrhage

1991 • 167 citations

The relationship between the circulating concentrations of interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and the acute phase response to elective surgery and accidental injury.

1990 • 163 citations

Interleukin involvement in anterior pituitary cell growth regulation: effects of IL-2 and IL-6.

1993 • 163 citations

Biphasic Changes in Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Adrenal Function during the Early Recovery Period after Major Abdominal Surgery*

1991 • 163 citations

Circulating cytokines: the tip of the iceberg?

1992 • 157 citations

Endotoxin-induced corticotropin-releasing hormone gene expression in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus is mediated centrally by interleukin-1.

1993 • 157 citations

Endotoxin-induced cytokine gene expression in vivo. III. IL-6 mRNA and serum protein expression and the in vivo hematologic effects of IL-6.

1991 • 154 citations

Interleukin 1 and interleukin 2 enhance proopiomelanocortin gene expression in pituitary cells.

1987 • 150 citations

The role of interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor α in the neurochemical and neuroendocrine responses to endotoxin

1992 • 148 citations

Nocturnal plasma levels of cytokines in healthy men

1992 • 147 citations

Effects of recombinant human interleukin-1α, -1β, 2 and 6 on ACTH synthesis and release in the mouse pituitary tumour cell line AtT-20

1989 • 145 citations

Prostaglandin-Dependent in Vitro Stimulation of Adrenocortical Steroidogenesis by Interleukins*

1991 • 145 citations

Nitrovasodilators relax arterial smooth muscle by decreasing [Ca2+]i and uncoupling stress from myosin phosphorylation

1992 • 143 citations

Intrinsic Pituitary Interleukin-1β Is Induced by Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide**

1990 • 142 citations

Circulating interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α concentrations after burn injury in humans

1992 • 141 citations

The Neuroendocrine Effects of Interleukin-2 Treatment

1989 • 140 citations

Pretreatment with Ibuprofen Augments Circulating Tumor Necrosis Factor- , Interleukin-6, and Elastase during Acute Endotoxinemia

1991 • 137 citations

Interleukin-6 immunoreactivity in human tumors.

1989 • 136 citations

Anterior pituitary hormone control by interleukin 2.

1991 • 134 citations

Tumor Necrosis Factor Not Detectable in Patients With Clinical Cancer Cachexia

1988 • 133 citations

High levels of “complexed” interleukin-6 in human blood.

1992 • 133 citations

Role of interleukin 6 (IL-6) in protection from lethal irradiation and in endocrine responses to IL-1 and tumor necrosis factor.

1992 • 126 citations

Increased levels of circulating interleukin 6 in burn patients

1990 • 121 citations

Interleukin-6 and its relation to the humoral immune response and clinical parameters in burned patients.

1991 • 121 citations

Effect of physical exercise on cytokines and lymphocyte subpopulations in human peripheral blood

1990 • 120 citations

Auto‐Antibodies to Tumour Necrosis Factor a in Healthy Humans and Patients with Inflammatory Diseases and Gram‐Negative Bacterial Infections

1989 • 117 citations

Direct stimulation of the adrenal cortex by interleukin-1.

1987 • 117 citations

Effect of diabetes on Na(+)-H+ exchange by single isolated hepatocytes

1991 • 117 citations

Selective Depletion of Macrophages Prevents Pituitary-Adrenal Activation in Response to Subpyrogenic, but not to Pyrogenic, Doses of Bacterial Endotoxin in Rats*

1991 • 113 citations

Is interleukin 2 a neuromodulator in the brain?

1991 • 111 citations

Interleukin-2 and interleukin-2 receptor expression in human corticotrophic adenoma and murine pituitary cell cultures.

1992 • 109 citations

Cytokines and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis

1990 • 107 citations

Endotoxin-Induced Release of Interleukin-6 from Rat Medial Basal Hypothalami*

1990 • 107 citations

IL-2 stimulates the production of IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells.

1988 • 107 citations

Neuropeptide regulation of inflammatory and immunologic responses. The capacity of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone to inhibit tumor necrosis factor and IL-1-inducible biologic responses.

1988 • 103 citations

IgG Autoantibodies against Interleukin 1α in Sera of Normal Individuals

1989 • 93 citations

Serum Interleukin-6 in Long-Term Hemodialyzed Patients

1992 • 92 citations

Tumor necrosis factor: receptors and inhibitors.

1991 • 90 citations

Serum cytokine changes in systemic vasculitis.

1989 • 89 citations

Differential expression of interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor in murine septic shock models.

1989 • 87 citations

Interleukin-1 in adrenal chromaffin cells

1989 • 87 citations

Circulating interleukin 1 and tumor necrosis factor during inflammation

1987 • 87 citations

Detection and measurement of cytokines

1992 • 85 citations

Circulating cytokine levels in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: results of a double blind trial with sulphasalazine.

1992 • 83 citations

Nucleotide and amino acid sequence of lymphocyte-derived corticotropin: endotoxin induction of a truncated peptide.

1990 • 80 citations

Influence of Timing and Intensity of Muscular Exercise on Temporal Patterns of Plasma Cortisol Levels

1975 • 79 citations

Elaboration of Interleukin 1–Receptor Antagonist Is Not Attenuated by Glucocorticoids After Endotoxemia

1993 • 76 citations

Interleukin-1 and interleukin-6 act synergistically to stimulate the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone in vivo.

1991 • 75 citations

Roles of interleukin-1 alpha and -1 beta in endotoxin-induced suppression of plasma gonadotropin levels in rats.

1992 • 75 citations

Neuropeptide α-MSH antagonizes IL-6- and TNF-induced fever

1991 • 74 citations

Binding Sites for Interleukin-6 in the Anterior Pituitary Gland

1992 • 74 citations

Infection of peripheral blood mononuclear cells by herpes simplex and Epstein-Barr viruses. Differential induction of interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha.

1992 • 73 citations

Cytokine immunoreactivity in plasma does not change after moderate endurance exercise

1992 • 72 citations

Adrenal function in HIV infected patients

1989 • 71 citations

Regulation of interleukin 6 gene expression in rat.

1993 • 70 citations

α-MSH peptides inhibit acute inflammation induced in mice by rIL-1β, rIL-6, rTNF-α and endogenous pyrogen but not that caused by LTB4, PAF and rIL-8

1992 • 70 citations

Interleukin-2 Initiates Metabolic Responses Associated with Critical Illness in Humans

1988 • 70 citations

Endocrine changes after burn trauma - A review.

1989 • 66 citations

Interferon and adrenocorticotropic hormone induction of steroidogenesis, melanogenesis and antiviral activity

1981 • 61 citations

Interleukin-2 induction of ACTH secretion: presence of an interleukin-2 receptor α-chain-like molecule on pituitary cells

1989 • 58 citations

Chronic stimulation of the pituitary-adrenal axis in rats by interleukin-1 beta infusion: in vivo and in vitro studies.

1992 • 56 citations

The Effects of Hemorrhage and Trauma on Interleukin 2 Production

1985 • 55 citations

α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone reduces interleukin-lβ effects on rat stomach preparations possibly through interference with a type I receptor

1991 • 55 citations

Interleukin-1β production in vivo and in vitro in rats and mice measured using specific immunoradiometric assays

1991 • 53 citations

The interrelation between TNF, IL-6, and PAF secretion induced by LPS in an in vivo and in vitro murine model.

1991 • 52 citations

Time course of IL-6 and TNFα release during endotoxin-induced endotoxin tolerance in rats

1991 • 52 citations

Adrenocorticotropic hormone-releasing activities of interleukins in a homologous invivo system

1989 • 51 citations

Pituitary-dependent and -independent secretion of CS caused by bacterial endotoxin in rats

1986 • 49 citations

ACTH and prostaglandin receptors in human adrenocortical tumors. Apparent modification of a specific component of the ACTH-binding site.

1975 • 48 citations

Evidence That the Hypothalamus Mediates Endotoxin Stimulation of Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Secretion*

1978 • 46 citations

Measles virus infection enhances IL-1 beta but reduces tumor necrosis factor-alpha expression in human monocytes.

1992 • 45 citations

Chronic Effects of Interleukin-1 on Hypothalamus, Pituitary and Adrenal Glands in Rat

1990 • 45 citations

The relationship between perfusion medium flow rate and steroid secretion in the isolated perfused rat adrenal gland in situ

1986 • 45 citations

Thermoregulation : the pathophysiological basis of clinical disorders

1992 • 44 citations

Interleukin-Ibeta and Beta-Endorphin Orcadian Rhythms are Inversely Related in Normal and Stress-Altered Sleep

1992 • 44 citations

Interleukin-1-induced corticosterone release occurs by an adrenergic mechanism from rat adrenal gland

1992 • 43 citations

Interleukin-2 induces corticotropin-releasing hormone release from superfused rat hypothalami: influence of glucocorticoids.

1992 • 42 citations

Virus-Induced Increases in Plasma Corticosterone

1987 • 41 citations

Effects of gamma-interferon on the endocrine system: results from a phase I study.

1987 • 41 citations

Development and application of radioimmunoassays for interleukin-1α and interleukin-1β

1989 • 41 citations

Interferon-Alpha-2-Induced Stimulation of ACTH and Cortisol Secretion in Man

1991 • 41 citations

Alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone antagonizes the neuroendocrine effects of corticotropin-releasing factor and interleukin-1 alpha in the primate.

1992 • 40 citations

Intravenous administration of tumor necrosis factor-α stimulates corticotropin releasing hormone secretion in the push-pull cannulated median eminence of freely moving rats

1992 • 38 citations

SERUM INTERFERON CONCENTRATIONS AND RETROVIRAL SEROLOGY IN KAWASAKI SYNDROME

1988 • 37 citations

Nitric oxide as a regulator of adrenal blood flow

1993 • 36 citations

Lymphocyte-derived adrenocorticotropin is insufficient to stimulate adrenal steroidogenesis in hypophysectomized rats.

1992 • 36 citations

Mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes release biologically active corticotropin.

1993 • 35 citations

Characterization of a neuronal interleukin-1 receptor and the corresponding mRNA in the mouse anterior pituitary cell line AtT-20

1991 • 35 citations

Serum interferon concentrations and retroviral serology in Kawasaki syndrome.

1988 • 32 citations

Intraoperative Course and Prognostic Significance of Endotoxin, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha and Interleukin-6 in Liver Transplant Recipients

1991 • 31 citations

Possible involvement of interferon alfa in the pathogenesis of fever in systemic lupus erythematosus.

1989 • 26 citations

Immunoprotective effect of a calcium channel blocker on macrophage antigen presentation function, major histocompatability class II antigen expression, and interleukin-1 synthesis after hemorrhage.

1990 • 25 citations

Role of protein kinase A in the regulation of cytosolic free calcium in human osteoblast-like SaOS-2 cells

1993 • 25 citations

Toxic Shock Syndrome is Mediated by Interleukin 1 and Tumor Necrosis Factor

1989 • 23 citations

Androgen receptors in normal and pathological thyroids

1991 • 22 citations

Development and application of a radioimmunoassay to detect interleukin-1 in rat peripheral circulation

1992 • 20 citations

IL 1-like activities present in murine amniotic fluid. A significantly larger amount of IL 1 beta-like activity is present in the amniotic fluid of autoimmune NZB mice.

1987 • 18 citations

Mother's Little Favorite

1992 • 17 citations

Hormonal changes following tumor transplantation: Factors increasing corticosterone and the relationship of corticosterone to tumor‐induced anti‐inflammation

1988 • 17 citations

Regulation of interleukin‐1 receptors on AtT‐20 mouse pituitary tumour cells

1992 • 16 citations

Effect of platelet‐activating factor on cortisol and corticosterone secretion by perfused dog adrenal

1991 • 14 citations

Coevolution of cytokine receptor families in the immune and nervous systems

1992 • 14 citations

Endocrine aspects of acute illness

1986 • 12 citations

Indirect and selective down-regulation of serum tumor necrosis factor-α release by interleukin-1β

1992 • 12 citations

Interleukin-1β stimulates growth of adrenocortical cells in primary culture

1992 • 11 citations

Hormonal and metabolic effects of chronic interleukin-2 infusion in cancer patients.

1990 • 11 citations

Endocrine Involvement in Minor (Non-H-2) Graft Versus Host Reaction in Mice: Dissociated Effect on Corticosterone and Aldosterone Plasma Levels

1988 • 8 citations

Endocrine aspects of acute illness

1985 • 6 citations

Serum interleukin 2 activity in renal graft recipients.

1988 • 6 citations

Serum interleukin-2 levels in relation to the neuroendocrine status in cancer patients

1990 • 6 citations

Monitoring of renal transplant patients with interleukin-2 and interleukin-2 receptor enzyme immunoassay and interleukin-2 receptor immunocytology.

1990 • 4 citations

Effects of interleukins on the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis

1990 • 1 citations