From prediction error to incentive salience: mesolimbic computation of reward motivation

A Neural Substrate of Prediction and Reward

1997 • 8,991 citations

The neural basis of drug craving: An incentive-sensitization theory of addiction

1993 • 7,074 citations

Neurocircuitry of Addiction

2009 • 4,706 citations

Predictive Reward Signal of Dopamine Neurons

1998 • 4,446 citations

The Psychology of Learning and Motivation

2021 • 4,196 citations

What is the role of dopamine in reward: hedonic impact, reward learning, or incentive salience?

1998 • 3,973 citations

Psychosis as a State of Aberrant Salience: A Framework Linking Biology, Phenomenology, and Pharmacology in Schizophrenia

2002 • 2,577 citations

NEURAL MECHANISMS OF ADDICTION: The Role of Reward-Related Learning and Memory

2006 • 2,533 citations

Drug Abuse: Hedonic Homeostatic Dysregulation

1997 • 2,472 citations

Uncertainty-based competition between prefrontal and dorsolateral striatal systems for behavioral control

2005 • 2,464 citations

Back to Bentham? Explorations of Experienced Utility

1997 • 2,456 citations

The debate over dopamine’s role in reward: the case for incentive salience

2006 • 2,256 citations

Food reward: Brain substrates of wanting and liking

1996 • 1,831 citations

Schizophrenia

2009 • 1,797 citations

Human and Rodent Homologies in Action Control: Corticostriatal Determinants of Goal-Directed and Habitual Action

2009 • 1,642 citations

Behavioral Theories and the Neurophysiology of Reward

2005 • 1,605 citations

Dopamine-dependent prediction errors underpin reward-seeking behaviour in humans

2006 • 1,560 citations

Temporal Difference Models and Reward-Related Learning in the Human Brain

2003 • 1,488 citations

Toward a modern theory of adaptive networks: Expectation and prediction.

1981 • 1,416 citations

Neuronal Coding of Prediction Errors

2000 • 1,411 citations

Reconsidering anhedonia in depression: Lessons from translational neuroscience

2010 • 1,324 citations

Responses of monkey dopamine neurons to reward and conditioned stimuli during successive steps of learning a delayed response task

1993 • 1,279 citations

Motivation concepts in behavioral neuroscience

2004 • 1,239 citations

Preliminary validation of the Yale Food Addiction Scale

2008 • 1,218 citations

Tonic dopamine: opportunity costs and the control of response vigor

2006 • 1,103 citations

Value-driven attentional capture

2011 • 1,022 citations

Neuroleptics and operant behavior: The anhedonia hypothesis

1982 • 1,021 citations

A selective role for dopamine in stimulus–reward learning

2010 • 999 citations

Effort-related functions of nucleus accumbens dopamine and associated forebrain circuits

2007 • 958 citations

Temporal Prediction Errors in a Passive Learning Task Activate Human Striatum

2003 • 928 citations

Understanding dopamine and reinforcement learning: The dopamine reward prediction error hypothesis

2011 • 877 citations

The tempted brain eats: Pleasure and desire circuits in obesity and eating disorders

2010 • 828 citations

Reward, Motivation, and Reinforcement Learning

2002 • 816 citations

The neuropsychological basis of addictive behaviour

2001 • 796 citations

Stress-induced obesity and the emotional nervous system

2009 • 769 citations

Applications of Information Theory to Psychology

1959 • 762 citations

Intra-Accumbens Amphetamine Increases the Conditioned Incentive Salience of Sucrose Reward: Enhancement of Reward “Wanting” without Enhanced “Liking” or Response Reinforcement

2000 • 760 citations

Neuronal activity in monkey ventral striatum related to the expectation of reward

1992 • 755 citations

How adaptive behavior is produced: a perceptual-motivational alternative to response reinforcements

1978 • 735 citations

Dopamine Operates as a Subsecond Modulator of Food Seeking

2004 • 686 citations

Reinforcement learning: The Good, The Bad and The Ugly

2008 • 684 citations

Unconscious Affective Reactions to Masked Happy Versus Angry Faces Influence Consumption Behavior and Judgments of Value

2004 • 677 citations

Neuroleptic-Induced "Anhedonia" in Rats: Pimozide Blocks Reward Quality of Food

1978 • 643 citations

Leptin Regulates Striatal Regions and Human Eating Behavior

2007 • 608 citations

Dopaminergic Network Differences in Human Impulsivity

2010 • 586 citations

Individual Differences in Reward Drive Predict Neural Responses to Images of Food

2006 • 583 citations

Reward Changes Salience in Human Vision via the Anterior Cingulate

2010 • 571 citations

Importance of unpredictability for reward responses in primate dopamine neurons

1994 • 543 citations

Individual differences in the attribution of incentive salience to reward-related cues: Implications for addiction

2008 • 541 citations

Behavioral functions of nucleus accumbens dopamine: Empirical and conceptual problems with the anhedonia hypothesis

1997 • 525 citations

Hyperdopaminergic Mutant Mice Have Higher “Wanting” But Not “Liking” for Sweet Rewards

2003 • 521 citations

Operant-Pavlovian Interactions

2021 • 501 citations

THE FORM OF THE AUTO‐SHAPED RESPONSE WITH FOOD OR WATER REINFORCERS¹

1973 • 490 citations

A unified framework for addiction: Vulnerabilities in the decision process

2008 • 484 citations

Amphetamine-Induced Increases in Extracellular Dopamine, Drug Wanting, and Novelty Seeking A PET/[11C]Raclopride Study in Healthy Men

2002 • 475 citations

Handbook of Implicit Cognition and Addiction

2006 • 461 citations

Compulsive drug use linked to sensitized ventral striatal dopamine transmission

2006 • 461 citations

“Nonhedonic” food motivation in humans involves dopamine in the dorsal striatum and methylphenidate amplifies this effect

2002 • 447 citations

Opponency Revisited: Competition and Cooperation Between Dopamine and Serotonin

2010 • 444 citations

Goal Representations and Motivational Drive in Schizophrenia: The Role of Prefrontal-Striatal Interactions

2010 • 439 citations

Incentive Sensitization by Previous Amphetamine Exposure: Increased Cue-Triggered “Wanting” for Sucrose Reward

2001 • 435 citations

Disentangling pleasure from incentive salience and learning signals in brain reward circuitry

2011 • 433 citations

Hedonic Hot Spots in the Brain

2006 • 432 citations

What is an unconscious emotion?(The case for unconscious "liking")

2003 • 423 citations

A computational substrate for incentive salience

2003 • 421 citations

Role of brain dopamine in food reward and reinforcement

2006 • 418 citations

Similarities and differences between pathological gambling and substance use disorders: a focus on impulsivity and compulsivity

2011 • 405 citations

Reinforcement Learning Signals in the Human Striatum Distinguish Learners from Nonlearners during Reward-Based Decision Making

2007 • 393 citations

Relations Between Pavlovian-Instrumental Transfer and Reinforcer Devaluation.

2004 • 386 citations

Cocaine-induced cocaine craving

1989 • 381 citations

Pavlovian Conditioning: A Functional Perspective

2005 • 349 citations

The nucleus accumbens as part of a basal ganglia action selection circuit

2006 • 344 citations

Conditioned Cues Elicit Feeding in Sated Rats: A Role for Learning in Meal Initiation

1983 • 333 citations

Leptin: a pivotal regulator of human energy homeostasis

2009 • 323 citations

Dialogues on prediction errors

2008 • 319 citations

Reward learning: Reinforcement, incentives, and expectations

2000 • 298 citations

Human Pavlovian–Instrumental Transfer

2008 • 297 citations

Enhanced Striatal Dopamine Release During Food Stimulation in Binge Eating Disorder

2011 • 293 citations

A Neural Computational Model of Incentive Salience

2009 • 293 citations

The General and Outcome-Specific Forms of Pavlovian-Instrumental Transfer Are Differentially Mediated by the Nucleus Accumbens Core and Shell

2011 • 292 citations

Dissociation of Pavlovian and instrumental incentive learning under dopamine antagonists.

2000 • 290 citations

Stimulus-induced eating when satiated

1989 • 283 citations

What psychological process mediates feeding evoked by electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus?

1991 • 282 citations

Cue-induced striatal dopamine release in Parkinson's disease-associated impulsive-compulsive behaviours

2011 • 281 citations

Morphine reward in dopamine-deficient mice

2005 • 273 citations

A Cocaine Cue Acts as an Incentive Stimulus in Some but not Others: Implications for Addiction

2010 • 273 citations

Ventral pallidal neurons code incentive motivation: amplification by mesolimbic sensitization and amphetamine

2005 • 269 citations

Reward without Dopamine

2003 • 269 citations

Temporal maps and informativeness in associative learning

2009 • 261 citations

Taste reactivity analysis of 6-hydroxydopamine-induced aphagia: Implications for arousal and anhedonia hypotheses of dopamine function.

1989 • 261 citations

Dopamine dysregulation syndrome in Parkinson's disease

2004 • 257 citations

A normative perspective on motivation

2006 • 248 citations

Dissociation of Pavlovian and instrumental incentive learning under dopamine antagonists.

2000 • 244 citations

Distinguishing Whether Dopamine Regulates Liking, Wanting, and/or Learning About Rewards.

2005 • 243 citations

Opioids for hedonic experience and dopamine to get ready for it

2006 • 242 citations

Ventral Pallidum Firing Codes Hedonic Reward: When a Bad Taste Turns Good

2006 • 241 citations

Taste reactivity analysis of 6-hydroxydopamine-induced aphagia: Implications for arousal and anhedonia hypotheses of dopamine function.

1989 • 238 citations

Emotional environments retune the valence of appetitive versus fearful functions in nucleus accumbens

2008 • 236 citations

Nucleus accumbens activation mediates the influence of reward cues on financial risk taking

2008 • 225 citations

Environmental stimuli promote the acquisition of nicotine self-administration in rats

2002 • 224 citations

Which Cue to “Want?” Central Amygdala Opioid Activation Enhances and Focuses Incentive Salience on a Prepotent Reward Cue

2009 • 220 citations

Rats prone to attribute incentive salience to reward cues are also prone to impulsive action

2011 • 220 citations

Sodium depletion enhances salt palatability in rats.

1984 • 210 citations

Individual Variation in the Motivational Properties of Cocaine

2011 • 209 citations

Sexual compulsivity and substance use in hiv-seropositive men who have sex with men

1999 • 202 citations

Sodium appetite elicited by intracerebroventricular infusion of angiotensin II in the rat: II. Synergistic interaction with systemic mineralocorticoids.

1983 • 201 citations

Dopamine Is Necessary for Cue-Dependent Fear Conditioning

2009 • 201 citations

Striatal Dopamine and the Interface between Motivation and Cognition

2011 • 201 citations

High Dose Pimozide Does Not Block Amphetamine-Induced Euphoria in Normal Volunteers

1997 • 197 citations

Sodium depletion enhances salt palatability in rats.

1984 • 195 citations

Hungry for Money

2006 • 193 citations

Mesolimbic Dopamine in Desire and Dread: Enabling Motivation to Be Generated by Localized Glutamate Disruptions in Nucleus Accumbens

2008 • 187 citations

Sodium appetite elicited by intracerebroventricular infusion of angiotensin II in the rat: II. Synergistic interaction with systemic mineralocorticoids.

1983 • 187 citations

Nucleus accumbens corticotropin-releasing factor increases cue-triggered motivation for sucrose reward: paradoxical positive incentive effects in stress?

2006 • 186 citations

Anhedonia and Emotional Experience in Schizophrenia: Neural and Behavioral Indicators

2009 • 183 citations

The attribution of incentive salience to a stimulus that signals an intravenous injection of cocaine

2006 • 171 citations

The anhedonia hypothesis: Mark III

1985 • 169 citations

What and when to “want”? Amygdala-based focusing of incentive salience upon sugar and sex

2011 • 166 citations

Manic episode with psychotic symptoms induced by subthalamic nucleus stimulation in a patient with Parkinson's disease

2003 • 166 citations

Reward Guides Vision when It's Your Thing: Trait Reward-Seeking in Reward-Mediated Visual Priming

2010 • 156 citations

Central gustatory lesions: II. Effects on sodium appetite, taste aversion learning, and feeding behaviors.

1991 • 153 citations

All I saw was the cake. Hunger effects on attentional capture by visual food cues

2009 • 153 citations

Food Addiction in Humans

2009 • 149 citations

Hypothesis-driven structural connectivity analysis supports network over hierarchical model of brain architecture

2010 • 142 citations

Nucleus Accumbens Dopamine/Glutamate Interaction Switches Modes to Generate Desire versus Dread: D₁Alone for Appetitive Eating But D₁and D₂Together for Fear

2011 • 142 citations

A Role for Dopamine in Temporal Decision Making and Reward Maximization in Parkinsonism

2008 • 141 citations

Acquisition of sodium by rats: Interaction of innate mechanisms and latent learning.

1968 • 141 citations

Sodium hunger; The search for a salty taste

1992 • 139 citations

Differential dependence of Pavlovian incentive motivation and instrumental incentive learning processes on dopamine signaling

2011 • 137 citations

Special Review: Decision Utility, The Brain, and Pursuit of Hedonic Goals

2008 • 133 citations

Palatability shift of a salt-associated incentive during sodium depletion.

1989 • 127 citations

Dopamine Enhances Expectation of Pleasure in Humans

2009 • 124 citations

A neural systems analysis of the potentiation of feeding by conditioned stimuli

2005 • 123 citations

Regional specificity in the real‐time development of phasic dopamine transmission patterns during acquisition of a cue–cocaine association in rats

2009 • 123 citations

Requirement of dopamine signaling in the amygdala and striatum for learning and maintenance of a conditioned avoidance response

2011 • 123 citations

Central gustatory lesions: II. Effects on sodium appetite, taste aversion learning, and feeding behaviors.

1991 • 122 citations

Dynamic Computation of Incentive Salience: “Wanting” What Was Never “Liked”

2009 • 121 citations

Cocaine craving, euphoria, and self-administration: A preliminary study of the effect of catecholamine precursor depletion.

2005 • 120 citations

Neural Correlates of Instrumental Contingency Learning: Differential Effects of Action–Reward Conjunction and Disjunction

2011 • 119 citations

Dopamine, neuroleptics and reinforced behavior

1989 • 118 citations

Increased ethanol Choice in Social Drinkers following ethanol preload

1993 • 111 citations

Subjective responses to d-amphetamine alone and after pimozide pretreatment in normal, healthy volunteers

1996 • 110 citations

Chronic intermittent amphetamine pretreatment enhances future appetitive behavior for drug- and natural-reward: interaction with environmental variables

2002 • 107 citations

The risky business of dopamine agonists in Parkinson disease and impulse control disorders.

2011 • 103 citations

Transient compulsive foraging behavior associated with crack cocaine use

1993 • 100 citations

Anatomy of the soul as reflected in the cerebral hemispheres: Neural circuits underlying voluntary control of basic motivated behaviors

2005 • 100 citations

Getting the Brain's Attention

1997 • 99 citations

Cocaine-Conditioned Place Preference by Dopamine-Deficient Mice Is Mediated by Serotonin

2007 • 97 citations

Mood-elevating effects of d-amphetamine and incentive salience: the effect of acute dopamine precursor depletion.

2007 • 97 citations

Taste responses in patients with Parkinson's disease

2004 • 93 citations

A cocaine cue is more preferred and evokes more frequency-modulated 50-kHz ultrasonic vocalizations in rats prone to attribute incentive salience to a food cue

2011 • 92 citations

Cue-induced reinstatement of food seeking in rats that differ in their propensity to attribute incentive salience to food cues

2010 • 86 citations

Feast your eyes: Hunger and trait reward drive predict attentional bias for food cues.

2010 • 81 citations

Reinforcing effects of nicotine and non-nicotine components of cigarette smoke

2010 • 75 citations

Restricting Dopaminergic Signaling to Either Dorsolateral or Medial Striatum Facilitates Cognition

2010 • 72 citations

The Hedonic Brain: A Functional Neuroanatomy of Human Pleasure

2009 • 72 citations

Outpatient Treatment of Cocaine and Crack Addiction: A Clinical Perspective

1993 • 71 citations

Cue-Reactors: Individual Differences in Cue-Induced Craving after Food or Smoking Abstinence

2010 • 66 citations

Computational models of reinforcement learning: the role of dopamine as a reward signal

2010 • 66 citations

The relationship between cocaine-induced paranoia and compulsive foraging: a preliminary report

1994 • 65 citations

Sensory preconditioning of flavors with a formalin-produced sodium need.

1978 • 65 citations

Addiction as vulnerabilities in the decision process

2008 • 60 citations

Sing the mind electric – principles of deep brain stimulation

2010 • 58 citations

Relation of addiction genes to hypothalamic gene changes subserving genesis and gratification of a classic instinct, sodium appetite

2011 • 58 citations

Dopamine: at the intersection of reward and action

2007 • 55 citations

Anatomy of neuropsychiatry: The new anatomy of the basal forebrain and its implications for neuropsychiatric illness

2009 • 55 citations

Food scarcity, neuroadaptations, and the pathogenic potential of dieting in an unnatural ecology: Binge eating and drug abuse

2011 • 53 citations

Sensory preconditioning of flavors with a formalin-produced sodium need.

1978 • 51 citations

Learning and the motivation to eat: Forebrain circuitry

2011 • 51 citations

The Neurobiology of Desire: Dopamine and the Regulation of Mood and Motivational States in Humans

2009 • 48 citations

The Effect of Dopamine Agonists on Adaptive and Aberrant Salience in Parkinson's Disease

2011 • 44 citations

Dopamine Receptor Blockade Attenuates the General Incentive Motivational Effects of Noncontingently Delivered Rewards and Reward-Paired Cues Without Affecting Their Ability to Bias Action Selection

2011 • 43 citations

Involvement of Mesolimbic Structures in Short-Term Sodium Depletion: In situ Hybridization and Ligand-Binding Analyses

2003 • 42 citations

What Is It Like to Be an Addict?

2011 • 34 citations

Channeling of responses elicited by hypothalamic stimulation

1971 • 30 citations

AUTOSHAPING THE PIGEON'S GAPE RESPONSE: ACQUISITION AND TOPOGRAPHY AS A FUNCTION OF REINFORCER TYPE AND MAGNITUDE

1994 • 26 citations

Sexual fetishism in a quail (Coturnix japonica) model system: Test of reproductive success.

2006 • 23 citations

Aversion to the reinforcer differentially affects conditioned reinforcement and instrumental responding.

1981 • 20 citations

A latent cue preference based on sodium depletion in rats

2005 • 19 citations