Computational models of reinforcement learning: the role of dopamine as a reward signal
Data up to Jan 2025
Total Citations Per Year
Abstract
References (177)
Reinforcement Learning: An Introduction
2005 • 27,230 citations
Reinforcement Learning: An Introduction
1998 • 23,138 citations
A Neural Substrate of Prediction and Reward
1997 • 8,991 citations
Reinforcement Learning: A Survey
1996 • 8,026 citations
Synaptic Modifications in Cultured Hippocampal Neurons: Dependence on Spike Timing, Synaptic Strength, and Postsynaptic Cell Type
1998 • 4,476 citations
Predictive Reward Signal of Dopamine Neurons
1998 • 4,446 citations
What is the role of dopamine in reward: hedonic impact, reward learning, or incentive salience?
1998 • 3,973 citations
Untitled
1988 • 3,901 citations
The Handbook of brain theory and neural networks
1996 • 3,654 citations
Neural systems of reinforcement for drug addiction: from actions to habits to compulsion
2005 • 3,624 citations
Untitled
1992 • 3,506 citations
Theoretical Neuroscience: Computational and Mathematical Modeling of Neural Systems
2001 • 3,213 citations
Dopamine, learning and motivation
2004 • 3,146 citations
Neuronlike adaptive elements that can solve difficult learning control problems
1983 • 3,122 citations
Getting Formal with Dopamine and Reward
2002 • 2,558 citations
Uncertainty-based competition between prefrontal and dorsolateral striatal systems for behavioral control
2005 • 2,464 citations
The debate over dopamine’s role in reward: the case for incentive salience
2006 • 2,256 citations
Drugs of abuse: anatomy, pharmacology and function of reward pathways
1992 • 2,091 citations
Dissociable Roles of Ventral and Dorsal Striatum in Instrumental Conditioning
2004 • 2,078 citations
Emotion and motivation: the role of the amygdala, ventral striatum, and prefrontal cortex
2002 • 2,076 citations
A framework for mesencephalic dopamine systems based on predictive Hebbian learning
1996 • 2,003 citations
By Carrot or by Stick: Cognitive Reinforcement Learning in Parkinsonism
2004 • 1,951 citations
Brain Dopamine and Reward
1989 • 1,899 citations
Phasic versus tonic dopamine release and the modulation of dopamine system responsivity: A hypothesis for the etiology of schizophrenia
1991 • 1,819 citations
A Neostriatal Habit Learning System in Humans
1996 • 1,789 citations
Context and Behavioral Processes in Extinction: Table 1.
2004 • 1,677 citations
Neural Mechanisms of Extinction Learning and Retrieval
2007 • 1,555 citations
The incentive sensitization theory of addiction: some current issues
2008 • 1,555 citations
Temporal Difference Models and Reward-Related Learning in the Human Brain
2003 • 1,488 citations
The Neuroscience of Natural Rewards: Relevance to Addictive Drugs
2002 • 1,439 citations
The role of nucleus accumbens dopamine in motivated behavior: a unifying interpretation with special reference to reward-seeking
1999 • 1,420 citations
Two types of dopamine neuron distinctly convey positive and negative motivational signals
2009 • 1,331 citations
Conditioning and Associative Learning
1984 • 1,327 citations
Midbrain Dopamine Neurons Encode a Quantitative Reward Prediction Error Signal
2005 • 1,279 citations
Addiction, Dopamine, and the Molecular Mechanisms of Memory
2000 • 1,186 citations
Neurobehavioural mechanisms of reward and motivation
1996 • 1,177 citations
Models of Information Processing in the Basal Ganglia
1994 • 1,152 citations
Dichotomous Dopaminergic Control of Striatal Synaptic Plasticity
2008 • 1,152 citations
D1 and D2 dopamine-receptor modulation of striatal glutamatergic signaling in striatal medium spiny neurons
2007 • 1,125 citations
Differential Effect of Stress on In Vivo Dopamine Release in Striatum, Nucleus Accumbens, and Medial Frontal Cortex
1989 • 1,107 citations
Subsecond dopamine release promotes cocaine seeking
2003 • 1,086 citations
Neurobiology of addiction
1996 • 1,082 citations
Neural Responses during Anticipation of a Primary Taste Reward
2002 • 1,082 citations
Afferent modulation of dopamine neuron firing differentially regulates tonic and phasic dopamine transmission
2003 • 1,079 citations
Dopamine responses comply with basic assumptions of formal learning theory
2001 • 1,034 citations
Inverted-U dopamine D1 receptor actions on prefrontal neurons engaged in working memory
2007 • 991 citations
Responses of monkey dopamine neurons during learning of behavioral reactions
1992 • 986 citations
Computational roles for dopamine in behavioural control
2004 • 957 citations
Nucleus accumbens shell and core dopamine: differential role in behavior and addiction
2002 • 957 citations
Dynamic Dopamine Modulation in the Basal Ganglia: A Neurocomputational Account of Cognitive Deficits in Medicated and Nonmedicated Parkinsonism
2005 • 923 citations
Dopaminergic Modulation of Neuronal Excitability in the Striatum and Nucleus Accumbens
2000 • 916 citations
A cellular mechanism of reward-related learning
2001 • 863 citations
Amygdala Inhibitory Circuits and the Control of Fear Memory
2009 • 841 citations
Preferential activation of midbrain dopamine neurons by appetitive rather than aversive stimuli
1996 • 826 citations
Reward, Motivation, and Reinforcement Learning
2002 • 816 citations
Dopamine-mediated regulation of corticostriatal synaptic plasticity
2007 • 802 citations
Addictive Drugs and Brain Stimulation Reward
1996 • 777 citations
A Network Model of Catecholamine Effects: Gain, Signal-to-Noise Ratio, and Behavior
1990 • 767 citations
Temporal credit assignment in reinforcement learning
1984 • 746 citations
Neuroeconomics: The Consilience of Brain and Decision
2004 • 735 citations
Associative Processes in Addiction and Reward The Role of Amygdala‐Ventral Striatal Subsystems
1999 • 713 citations
Dopamine Operates as a Subsecond Modulator of Food Seeking
2004 • 686 citations
Genetic triple dissociation reveals multiple roles for dopamine in reinforcement learning
2007 • 685 citations
Long-term depression in the nucleus accumbens: a neural correlate of behavioral sensitization to cocaine
2001 • 622 citations
Temporal difference models describe higher-order learning in humans
2004 • 608 citations
Amygdala circuitry in attentional and representational processes
1999 • 606 citations
Orbitofrontal Cortex and Representation of Incentive Value in Associative Learning
1999 • 606 citations
Solving the Distal Reward Problem through Linkage of STDP and Dopamine Signaling
2007 • 603 citations
Neural Encoding in Orbitofrontal Cortex and Basolateral Amygdala during Olfactory Discrimination Learning
1999 • 602 citations
Ventral Tegmental Area Neurons in Learned Appetitive Behavior and Positive Reinforcement
2007 • 601 citations
Dopamine neurons encode the better option in rats deciding between differently delayed or sized rewards
2007 • 589 citations
Coincident but Distinct Messages of Midbrain Dopamine and Striatal Tonically Active Neurons
2004 • 573 citations
Dopaminergic modulation of limbic and cortical drive of nucleus accumbens in goal-directed behavior
2005 • 567 citations
Memory consolidation and the amygdala: a systems perspective
2002 • 562 citations
Neurotoxic Lesions of Basolateral, But Not Central, Amygdala Interfere with Pavlovian Second-Order Conditioning and Reinforcer Devaluation Effects
1996 • 562 citations
Decision theory, reinforcement learning, and the brain
2008 • 546 citations
Importance of unpredictability for reward responses in primate dopamine neurons
1994 • 543 citations
Dopamine-dependent plasticity of corticostriatal synapses
2002 • 509 citations
Midbrain dopamine neurons encode decisions for future action
2006 • 497 citations
Time-Derivative Models of Pavlovian Reinforcement
1990 • 494 citations
Prefrontal and striatal dopaminergic genes predict individual differences in exploration and exploitation
2009 • 483 citations
Actor–critic models of the basal ganglia: new anatomical and computational perspectives
2002 • 475 citations
Multiple Model-Based Reinforcement Learning
2002 • 468 citations
Dopamine Cells Respond to Predicted Events during Classical Conditioning: Evidence for Eligibility Traces in the Reward-Learning Network
2005 • 448 citations
Influence of Reward Delays on Responses of Dopamine Neurons
2008 • 431 citations
NMDA Receptors and L-Type Voltage-Gated Calcium Channels Contribute to Long-Term Potentiation and Different Components of Fear Memory Formation in the Lateral Amygdala
2002 • 431 citations
Adaptive Critics and the Basal Ganglia
1994 • 425 citations
Dopamine gates LTP induction in lateral amygdala by suppressing feedforward inhibition
2003 • 410 citations
Reward‐guided learning beyond dopamine in the nucleus accumbens: the integrative functions of cortico‐basal ganglia networks
2008 • 407 citations
Markov decision processes
1989 • 404 citations
Dopamine Receptor Activation Is Required for Corticostriatal Spike-Timing-Dependent Plasticity
2008 • 396 citations
Précis of The brain and emotion
2000 • 393 citations
Dopamine D-1/D-5 Receptor Activation Is Required for Long-Term Potentiation in the Rat Neostriatum In Vitro
2001 • 380 citations
D1/D5 Dopamine Receptor Activation Increases the Magnitude of Early Long-Term Potentiation at CA1 Hippocampal Synapses
1996 • 374 citations
Reconciling reinforcement learning models with behavioral extinction and renewal: Implications for addiction, relapse, and problem gambling.
2007 • 359 citations
Dopamine and N-Methyl-D- Aspartate Receptor Interactions in the Neostriatum
1998 • 358 citations
Dopamine neurons of the monkey midbrain: contingencies of responses to active touch during self-initiated arm movements
1990 • 350 citations
Reinforcement Learning Through Modulation of Spike-Timing-Dependent Synaptic Plasticity
2007 • 334 citations
Dopaminergic antagonists prevent long-term maintenance of posttetanic LTP in the CA1 region of rat hippocampal slices
1990 • 333 citations
Postsynaptic Induction and PKA-Dependent Expression of LTP in the Lateral Amygdala
1998 • 332 citations
The effect of dopaminergic D1 receptor blockade during tetanization on the expression of long-term potentiation in the rat CA1 region in vitro
1991 • 311 citations
Correlated Coding of Motivation and Outcome of Decision by Dopamine Neurons
2003 • 304 citations
Dopamine Neurons Can Represent Context-Dependent Prediction Error
2004 • 293 citations
Reward-Related Neuronal Activity During Go-Nogo Task Performance in Primate Orbitofrontal Cortex
2000 • 286 citations
Forebrain substrates of reward and motivation
2005 • 282 citations
Frequency of Dopamine Concentration Transients Increases in Dorsal and Ventral Striatum of Male Rats during Introduction of Conspecifics
2002 • 279 citations
Space, time and dopamine
2006 • 276 citations
Localization of drug reward mechanisms by intracranial injections
1992 • 274 citations
Dopaminergic Mechanisms in Actions and Habits: Figure 1.
2007 • 267 citations
Presynaptic induction of heterosynaptic associative plasticity in the mammalian brain
2003 • 257 citations
A Learning Theory for Reward-Modulated Spike-Timing-Dependent Plasticity with Application to Biofeedback
2008 • 253 citations
Distinct Roles of D1and D5Dopamine Receptors in Motor Activity and Striatal Synaptic Plasticity
2003 • 238 citations
Actor-Critic--Type Learning Algorithms for Markov Decision Processes
1999 • 234 citations
Neurocomputational models of basal ganglia function in learning, memory and choice
2008 • 226 citations
Time-limited modulation of appetitive Pavlovian memory by D1 and NMDA receptors in the nucleus accumbens
2005 • 217 citations
Simultaneous LTP of non-NMDA- and LTD of NMDA-receptor-mediated responses in the nucleus accumbens
1994 • 205 citations
Temporal Sequence Learning, Prediction, and Control: A Review of Different Models and Their Relation to Biological Mechanisms
2005 • 205 citations
Evidence for coexistence of GABA and dopamine in neurons of the rat olfactory bulb
1987 • 205 citations
Impulsive choice and response in dopamine agonist-related impulse control behaviors
2009 • 199 citations
Statistics of Midbrain Dopamine Neuron Spike Trains in the Awake Primate
2007 • 196 citations
Parallel Cortico-Basal Ganglia Mechanisms for Acquisition and Execution of Visuomotor Sequences—A Computational Approach
2001 • 195 citations
Dopaminergic Modulation of Long-term Synaptic Plasticity in Rat Prefrontal Neurons
2003 • 190 citations
Integrity of the mesocortical dopaminergic system is necessary for complete expression of in vivo hippocampal–prefrontal cortex long-term potentiation
1999 • 190 citations
Activity of dopamine neurons in the behaving primate
1992 • 178 citations
Dynamic Gain Control of Dopamine Delivery in Freely Moving Animals
2004 • 177 citations
Modifications of Reward Expectation-Related Neuronal Activity During Learning in Primate Orbitofrontal Cortex
2000 • 176 citations
Synaptic Plasticity in an In Vitro Slice Preparation of the Rat Nucleus Accumbens
1993 • 174 citations
Representation and Timing in Theories of the Dopamine System
2006 • 173 citations
Differential reactivity of dopaminergic neurons in the nucleus accumbens in response to different behavioral situations. An in vivo voltammetric study in free moving rats
1986 • 169 citations
D1/D5 Dopamine Receptors Inhibit Depotentiation at CA1 Synapses via cAMP-Dependent Mechanism
1998 • 167 citations
Dopamine Modulates Persistent Synaptic Activity and Enhances the Signal-to-Noise Ratio in the Prefrontal Cortex
2009 • 157 citations
Anatomy of the dopaminergic neuron systems in the rat brain.
1978 • 155 citations
The ability of the mesocortical dopamine system to operate in distinct temporal modes
2006 • 153 citations
Learning in neural networks by reinforcement of irregular spiking
2004 • 148 citations
Solving the distal reward problem through linkage of STDP and dopamine signaling
2007 • 144 citations
A Role for Dopamine in Temporal Decision Making and Reward Maximization in Parkinsonism
2008 • 141 citations
New insights on the subcortical representation of reward
2008 • 138 citations
The performance on learning tasks of patients in the early stages of Parkinson's disease
1989 • 136 citations
Activity-Dependent Synaptic Plasticity in the Central Nucleus of the Amygdala
2005 • 131 citations
Dopaminergic signaling in dendritic spines
2008 • 129 citations
Modeling functions of striatal dopamine modulation in learning and planning
2001 • 122 citations
Role of P/Q-Ca2+ Channels in Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 2/3-Dependent Presynaptic Long-Term Depression at Nucleus Accumbens Synapses
2002 • 119 citations
Synaptic plasticity in the basal ganglia
2008 • 116 citations
Silencing the critics: understanding the effects of cocaine sensitization on dorsolateral and ventral striatum in the context of an actor/critic model
2008 • 115 citations
‘Passive stabilization’ of striatal extracellular dopamine across the lesion spectrum encompassing the presymptomatic phase of Parkinson's disease: a voltammetric study in the 6‐OHDA‐lesioned rat
2003 • 108 citations
Heterosynaptic Long-Term Potentiation of Inhibitory Interneurons in the Lateral Amygdala
2004 • 107 citations
Increased dopamine release in vivo in nucleus accumbens and caudate nucleus of the rat during drinking: A microdialysis study
1992 • 107 citations
A Spiking Neural Network Model of an Actor-Critic Learning Agent
2008 • 96 citations
Co-Transmission of Dopamine and GABA in Periglomerular Cells
2008 • 92 citations
Repeated Cocaine Administration Promotes Long-Term Potentiation Induction in Rat Medial Prefrontal Cortex
2006 • 84 citations
AMPA/kainate, NMDA, and dopamine D1 receptor function in the nucleus accumbens core: A context-limited role in the encoding and consolidation of instrumental memory
2005 • 84 citations
Extracellular dopamine dynamics in rat caudate–putamen during experimenter-delivered and intracranial self-stimulation
2000 • 79 citations
Neuroeconomics: Opening the Gray Box
2008 • 78 citations
Understanding Consolidation through the Architecture of Memories
2006 • 76 citations
Dopamine neuron glutamate cotransmission: frequency-dependent modulation in the mesoventromedial projection
2009 • 72 citations
Definitions of state variables and state space for brain-computer interface
2006 • 71 citations
L-type voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels mediate expression of presynaptic LTP in amygdala
2009 • 70 citations
Repeated exposure to amphetamine disrupts dopaminergic modulation of excitatory synaptic plasticity and neurotransmission in nucleus accumbens
2003 • 69 citations
Low-frequency stimulation induces a pathway-specific late phase of LTP in the amygdala that is mediated by PKA and dependent on protein synthesis
2007 • 66 citations
Reinforcement Learning, Spike-Time-Dependent Plasticity, and the BCM Rule
2007 • 64 citations
Interactions of glutamate and dopamine in a computational model of the striatum
1995 • 63 citations
Inter-module credit assignment in modular reinforcement learning
2003 • 59 citations
Rat Orbitofrontal Cortex Separately Encodes Response and Outcome Information during Performance of Goal-Directed Behavior
2008 • 57 citations
Dopamine release from pharmacologically distinct storage pools in rat striatum following stimulation at frequency of neuronal bursting
2000 • 56 citations
Background Dopamine Concentration Dependently Facilitates Long-term Potentiation in Rat Prefrontal Cortex through Postsynaptic Activation of Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinases
2009 • 54 citations
Systematic presence of GABA-immunoreactivity in the tubero-infundibular and tubero-hypophyseal dopaminergic axonal systems: an ultrastructural immunogold study on several mammals
1991 • 51 citations
Domperidone, an inhibitor of the D2-receptor, blocks a late phase of an electrically induced long-term potentiation in the CA1-region in rats.
1989 • 49 citations
A neurocomputational account of catalepsy sensitization induced by D2 receptor blockade in rats: context dependency, extinction, and renewal
2009 • 45 citations
Facilitation of conditioned taste aversion learning by systemic amphetamine: role of nucleus accumbens shell dopamine D1 receptors
2003 • 44 citations
Functional Heterogeneity at Dopamine Release Sites
2009 • 34 citations
Spiking neurons, dopamine, and plasticity: Timing is everything, but concentration also matters
2007 • 29 citations
Neural Encoding in the Orbitofrontal Cortex Related to Goal‐Directed Behavior
2007 • 28 citations
Multiple model-based reinforcement learning explains dopamine neuronal activity
2007 • 19 citations
A Roles of Dopamine
2002 • 16 citations
Parallel reinforcement learning for weighted multi-criteria model with adaptive margin
2008 • 13 citations
An implementation of reinforcement learning based on spike timing dependent plasticity
2008 • 10 citations
Postsynaptic modulation of AMPA- and NMDA-receptor currents by Group III metabotropic glutamate receptors in rat nucleus accumbens
2003 • 9 citations