B<scp>IOLOGIC</scp> M<scp>ECHANISMS OF THE</scp> P<scp>ROTECTIVE</scp> R<scp>OLE OF</scp> L<scp>UTEIN AND</scp> Z<scp>EAXANTHIN IN THE</scp> E<scp>YE</scp>

A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Clinical Trial of High-Dose Supplementation With Vitamins C and E, Beta Carotene, and Zinc for Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Vision Loss

2001 • 3,104 citations

β-Carotene: an Unusual Type of Lipid Antioxidant

1984 • 2,147 citations

The Role of Oxidative Stress in the Pathogenesis of Age-Related Macular Degeneration

2000 • 1,987 citations

Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids

2000 • 1,628 citations

Dietary carotenoids, vitamins A, C, and E, and advanced age-related macular degeneration. Eye Disease Case-Control Study Group

1994 • 1,170 citations

Validation of a self-administered diet history questionnaire using multiple diet records

1990 • 1,162 citations

Stereochemistry of carbon compounds

1962 • 1,110 citations

The Biochemistry of the Carotenoids

1984 • 1,006 citations

[4] Circular dichroism

1995 • 1,000 citations

Antioxidant functions of carotenoids

1989 • 916 citations

Carotenoid content of fruits and vegetables: An evaluation of analytic data

1993 • 862 citations

Evidence for protection against age-related macular degeneration by carotenoids and antioxidant vitamins

1995 • 804 citations

Lutein, Zeaxanthin, and the Macular Pigment

2001 • 794 citations

Antioxidant and Prooxidant Properties of Carotenoids

2001 • 781 citations

Human Vision and the Spectrum

1945 • 605 citations

The Biochemistry of the Carotenoids

1980 • 594 citations

A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Clinical Trial of High-Dose Supplementation With Vitamins C and E and Beta Carotene for Age-Related Cataract and Vision Loss

2001 • 529 citations

Identification, Quantification, and Relative Concentrations of Carotenoids and Their Metabolites in Human Milk and Serum

1997 • 526 citations

Analysis of the macular pigment by HPLC: retinal distribution and age study.

1988 • 522 citations

Fruits and vegetables that are sources for lutein and zeaxanthin: the macular pigment in human eyes

1998 • 512 citations

[38] Antioxidant effects of carotenoids in Vivo and in Vitro: An overview

1992 • 485 citations

ChemInform Abstract: UV/Visible Spectroscopy

1995 • 470 citations

Risk Factors for Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration

1992 • 464 citations

A One Year Study of the Macular Pigment: The Effect of 140 Days of a Lutein Supplement

1997 • 459 citations

Preliminary identification of the human macular pigment

1985 • 458 citations

Antioxidant Action of Carotenoids

1989 • 449 citations

The macular pigment. I. Absorbance spectra, localization, and discrimination from other yellow pigments in primate retinas.

1984 • 432 citations

Chemistry of singlet oxygen. X. Carotenoid quenching parallels biological protection

1970 • 418 citations

Dietary modification of human macular pigment density.

1997 • 413 citations

Identification of lutein and zeaxanthin oxidation products in human and monkey retinas.

1997 • 411 citations

Macular pigment and risk for age-related macular degeneration in subjects from a Northern European population.

2001 • 407 citations

Age-related accumulation and spatial distribution of lipofuscin in RPE of normal subjects.

2001 • 404 citations

Distribution of Lutein and Zeaxanthin Stereoisomers in the Human Retina

1997 • 397 citations

Oxidation of carotenoids by free radicals: relationship between structure and reactivity

1997 • 383 citations

Cis-trãns Isomeric Carotenoids Vitamins A and Arylpolyenes

1962 • 379 citations

Spectral reflectance of the human ocular fundus

1989 • 378 citations

Spectral transmission of the human ocular media

1974 • 376 citations

Absorption and Transport of Carotenoids

1993 • 371 citations

Macular pigment in donor eyes with and without AMD: a case-control study.

2001 • 365 citations

Identification and Quantitation of Carotenoids and their Metabolites in the Tissues of the Human Eye

2001 • 361 citations

Human plasma carotenoid response to the ingestion of controlled diets high in fruits and vegetables

1996 • 360 citations

Macular pigment and age related macular degeneration

1999 • 351 citations

The Body of Evidence to Support a Protective Role for Lutein and Zeaxanthin in Delaying Chronic Disease. Overview

2002 • 347 citations

Carotenoids in the human macula and whole retina.

1988 • 344 citations

A prospective study of carotenoid intake and risk of cataract extraction in US men

1999 • 342 citations

Oxygenated Carotenoid Lutein and Progression of Early Atherosclerosis

2001 • 329 citations

Nutrient intake and cataract extraction in women: a prospective study.

1992 • 316 citations

Relation among serum and tissue concentrations of lutein and zeaxanthin and macular pigment density

2000 • 313 citations

Age-related Macular Degeneration

2000 • 311 citations

A prospective study of carotenoid and vitamin A intakes and risk of cataract extraction in US women

1999 • 286 citations

Separation and identification of carotenoids and their oxidation products in the extracts of human plasma

1992 • 285 citations

Individual variations in the spatial profile of human macular pigment

1997 • 284 citations

Urinary Metabolites of Prostanoids and Risk of Recurrent Colorectal Adenomas in the Aspirin/Folate Polyp Prevention Study (AFPPS)

2015 • 282 citations

Macular pigment density measured by autofluorescence spectrometry: comparison with reflectometry and heterochromatic flicker photometry

2001 • 281 citations

Chemistry of singlet oxygen.

1968 • 281 citations

Concentrations of Selected Carotenoids and Vitamin A in Human Liver, Kidney and Lung Tissue

1991 • 273 citations

Lutein and zeaxanthin concentrations in plasma after dietary supplementation with egg yolk

1999 • 269 citations

Carotenoid composition, concentrations, and relationships in various human organs.

1990 • 269 citations

Influence of lutein supplementation on macular pigment, assessed with two objective techniques.

2000 • 268 citations

The Interaction of Dietary Carotenoids with Radical Species

2001 • 267 citations

Absorption, retention and metabolic transformations of carotenoids in rainbow trout, salmon and chicken

1985 • 261 citations

Lutein and zeaxanthin concentrations in rod outer segment membranes from perifoveal and peripheral human retina.

2000 • 252 citations

A practical method for measuring macular pigment optical density.

1999 • 249 citations

Resonance Raman measurement of macular carotenoids in normal subjects and in age-related macular degeneration patients

2002 • 247 citations

Optical density spectra of the macular pigmentin vivo andin vitro

1992 • 245 citations

The Potential Role of Dietary Xanthophylls in Cataract and Age-Related Macular Degeneration

2000 • 239 citations

Associations between Antioxidant and Zinc Intake and the 5-Year Incidence of Early Age-related Maculopathy in the Beaver Dam Eye Study

1998 • 234 citations

Key to Carotenoids

1987 • 231 citations

Aging and human macular pigment density

1987 • 220 citations

Basic mechanisms underlying the production of photochemical lesions in the mammalian retina

1984 • 220 citations

The Macular Pigment: A Possible Role in Protection from Age-Related Macular Degeneration

1996 • 210 citations

Carotenoids

1996 • 207 citations

Measurement of carotenoids, retinoids, and tocopherols in human lenses.

1995 • 204 citations

Lutein and Zeaxanthin in the Eyes, Serum and Diet of Human Subjects

2000 • 202 citations

Transformations of selected carotenoids in plasma, liver, and ocular tissues of humans and in nonprimate animal models.

2002 • 195 citations

Sex Differences in Macular Pigment Optical Density:

1996 • 193 citations

The Roche European American Cataract Trial (REACT): A randomized clinical trial to investigate the efficacy of an oral antioxidant micronutrient mixture to slow progression of age-related cataract

2002 • 192 citations

Association of Zinc and Antioxidant Nutrients With Age-Related Maculopathy

1996 • 191 citations

Relation between dietary intake, serum concentrations, and retinal concentrations of lutein and zeaxanthin in adults in a Midwest population

2001 • 191 citations

Lutein and zeaxanthin are associated with photoreceptors in the human retina

1999 • 182 citations

Beta Carotene: From Biochemistry to Clinical Trials

2009 • 180 citations

Spectral reflectance of the human eye

1986 • 174 citations

Macular pigment density in relation to serum and adipose tissue concentrations of lutein and serum concentrations of zeaxanthin

2002 • 173 citations

Progress in measurement of ocular blood flow and relevance to our understanding of glaucoma and age-related macular degeneration

1999 • 169 citations

The photochemistry of vision

1949 • 169 citations

Chemistry of carotenoid oxidation and free radical reactions

1999 • 166 citations

Macular pigment: influences on visual acuity and visibility

2002 • 164 citations

The Pathways of Light Measured in Fundus Reflectometry

1996 • 161 citations

Carotenoid pigments: their possible role in protecting against photooxidation in eyes and photoreceptor cells

1982 • 160 citations

Plasma antioxidant vitamins and carotenoids and age-related cataract

2001 • 157 citations

Macular pigment and lutein supplementation in retinitis pigmentosa and Usher syndrome.

2001 • 155 citations

Imperfect optics may be the eye's defence against chromatic blur

2002 • 155 citations

Preservation of visual sensitivity of older subjects: association with macular pigment density.

1998 • 152 citations

Macular pigment optical density in a midwestern sample

2001 • 143 citations

Color Doppler imaging discloses reduced ocular blood flow velocities in nonexudative age-related macular degeneration

1999 • 142 citations

MACULAR YELLOW PIGMENT

1981 • 141 citations

Designer egg evaluation in a controlled trial

2000 • 140 citations

Macular pigment and chromatic aberration

1974 • 139 citations

Raman detection of macular carotenoid pigments in intact human retina.

1998 • 137 citations

Elevated retinal zeaxanthin and prevention of light-induced photoreceptor cell death in quail.

2002 • 135 citations

The aging lens: in vivo assessment of light absorption in 84 human eyes.

1988 • 135 citations

Possible Biologic Mechanisms for a Protective Role of Xanthophylls

2002 • 130 citations

[17] Carotenoid reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography methods: Reference compendium

1992 • 128 citations

Interactions between Carotenoids and the CCl3O2.bul. Radical

1995 • 127 citations

Macular pigment in henle fiber membranes:A model for Haidinger's brushes

1984 • 125 citations

Carotenoid cation radicals: electrochemical, optical, and EPR study

1988 • 115 citations

Dietary antioxidants and age-related maculopathy The blue mountains eye study

1999 • 114 citations

Retinal tubulin binds macular carotenoids.

1997 • 112 citations

The reflexion of light from the macular and peripheral fundus oculi in man

1952 • 111 citations

Fat-soluble nutrient concentrations in different layers of human cataractous lens

1999 • 111 citations

Short-wavelength-sensitive-cone sensitivity loss with aging: a protective role for macular pigment?

1988 • 108 citations

Ligand-binding Characterization of Xanthophyll Carotenoids to Solubilized Membrane Proteins Derived from Human Retina

2001 • 108 citations

Macular Pigment and Lutein Supplementation in Choroideremia

2002 • 105 citations

Lutein improves visual function in some patients with retinal degeneration: a pilot study via the Internet.

2000 • 103 citations

Six‐year supplementation with alpha‐tocopherol and beta‐carotene and age‐related maculopathy

1998 • 103 citations

Isolation, Characterization, and cDNA Sequence of a Carotenoid Binding Protein from the Silk Gland of Bombyx mori Larvae

2002 • 101 citations

Human macular pigment assessed by imaging fundus reflectometry

1989 • 100 citations

Mechanisms of Maculopathy

1984 • 99 citations

Evidence for macular pigmentation from colour matching data

1963 • 97 citations

The first isolation of enantiomeric and Meso-zeaxanthin in nature

1986 • 90 citations

Long Term Dietary Supplementation with Zeaxanthin Reduces Photoreceptor Death in Light-damaged Japanese Quail

2002 • 87 citations

Color-Vision Mechanisms in the Peripheral Retinas of Normal and Dichromatic Observers

1973 • 86 citations

Properties of the eye with respect to polarized light

1953 • 85 citations

β-carotene and disease: a suggested pro-oxidant and anti-oxidant mechanism and speculations concerning its role in cigarette smoking

1996 • 84 citations

The Potential Preventive Effects of Vitamins for Cataract and Age-Related Macular Degeneration

1999 • 82 citations

A new instrument for the quantification of macular pigment density: first results in patients with AMD and healthy subjects

2002 • 79 citations

[40] Analysis of zeaxanthin distribution within individual human retinas

1999 • 79 citations

Changes in Carotenoid Intake in the United States

1997 • 77 citations

Ocular hazards of light sources: review of current knowledge.

1983 • 71 citations

Geometrical Isomerization of Carotenoids Mediated by Cation Radical/Dication Formation

1996 • 71 citations

An ecological study of diet and lung cancer in the South Pacific

1995 • 71 citations

Density of human lens pigmentation:In vivo measures over an extended age range

1972 • 66 citations

Thermal subsidence and eustasy in the Lower Palaeozoic miogeocline of western North America

1983 • 65 citations

Retinal pigment and the Haidinger effect

1954 • 63 citations

[11] Analysis of carotenoids in human and animal tissues

1993 • 61 citations

Electrochemical and electron paramagnetic resonance studies of carotenoid cation radicals and dications: effect of deuteration

1990 • 58 citations

New Aspects of Carotenoid Metabolism in Animals

1989 • 58 citations

A2E and Blue Light in the Retina: The Paradigm of Age-Related Macular Degeneration

2002 • 57 citations

Serum Beta Carotene, Alpha Tocopherol, and Age-Related Maculopathy: the Blue Mountains Eye Study

1997 • 52 citations

New carotenoid values for foods improve relationship of food frequency questionnaire intake estimates to plasma values.

1996 • 51 citations

Recent progress on carotenoid metabolism in animals

1991 • 49 citations

Linear dichroism and orientational studies of carotenoid Langmuir-Blodgett films

1988 • 49 citations

Absolute Konfiguration von α‐Doradexanthin und von Fritschiellaxanthin, einem neuen Carotinoid aus Fritschiella tuberosa I<scp>YENG</scp>

1978 • 45 citations

Beta-carotene did not work: aftermath of the ATBC study

1997 • 43 citations

Carotenoids of Higher Plants. 7. On the Absolute Configuration of Lutein.

1974 • 39 citations

Organisation of Xanthophyll-Lipid Membranes Studied by Means of Specific Pigment Antisera, Spectrophotometry and Monomolecular Layer Technique Lutein versus Zeaxanthin

1999 • 36 citations

The energy burden of the bopyrid parasite Argeia pauperata (Crustacea, isopoda) on the grass shrimp Crangon franciscorum (Crustacea, crangonidae)

1986 • 35 citations

Raman imaging of human macular pigments

2002 • 34 citations

The distribution of macular pigment in human albinos.

1992 • 32 citations

Macular pigment and the colour-specificity of visual evoked potentials

1998 • 30 citations

Radial measurement of hydrodynamically generated concentration profiles for molecular weight determination

1992 • 29 citations

Separation of (3R, 3′ R)‐, (3R, 3′ S; meso)‐, (3S, 3′ S)‐ Zeaxanthin, (3R, 3′ R, 6′ R)‐, (3R, 3′ S, 6′ S)‐ and (3S, 3′ S, 6′ S)‐Lutein via the dicarbamates of (S)‐(+)‐α‐(1‐naphthyl) ethyl isocyanate

1983 • 28 citations

Isolation, Reactions

1971 • 28 citations

Fundus photography for measurement of macular pigment density distribution in children.

2002 • 27 citations

ChemInform Abstract: Electronic Structure of Carotenoids

1995 • 24 citations

Macular Pigment Difference Spectrum from Sensitivity Measures of a Single Cone Mechanism

1983 • 23 citations

Age‐related changes in the human lens

1991 • 20 citations

Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine membranes modified with zeaxanthin: numeric study of membrane organisation

2000 • 18 citations

Strategies for recruitment to a population-based lung cancer prevention trial: the CARET experience with heavy smokers. Beta-Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial.

1998 • 18 citations

Makul�res Pigment und altersabh�ngige Makuladegeneration

2001 • 17 citations

Stereochemistry

1971 • 16 citations

The Carotenoids of the Human Retina

2021 • 11 citations

Spectral Sensitivity Curves and the Absorption of Light by the Ocular Media

1953 • 9 citations

Diet and Age-Related Macular Degeneration

2021 • 4 citations