The relevance of iron in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease

Mutation in the α-Synuclein Gene Identified in Families with Parkinson's Disease

1997 • 7,814 citations

Microglia-mediated neurotoxicity: uncovering the molecular mechanisms

2006 • 3,752 citations

AGEING AND PARKINSON'S DISEASE: SUBSTANTIA NIGRA REGIONAL SELECTIVITY

1991 • 3,275 citations

Mutations in LRRK2 Cause Autosomal-Dominant Parkinsonism with Pleomorphic Pathology

2004 • 2,880 citations

Stages in the development of Parkinson’s disease-related pathology

2004 • 2,527 citations

Iron, brain ageing and neurodegenerative disorders

2004 • 1,737 citations

MITOCHONDRIAL COMPLEX I DEFICIENCY IN PARKINSON'S DISEASE

1989 • 1,717 citations

An Essay on the Shaking Palsy

2002 • 1,658 citations

Oxidative Damage Linked to Neurodegeneration by Selective α-Synuclein Nitration in Synucleinopathy Lesions

2000 • 1,526 citations

Basal Lipid Peroxidation in Substantia Nigra Is Increased in Parkinson's Disease

1989 • 1,369 citations

Transition Metals, Ferritin, Glutathione, and Ascorbic Acid in Parkinsonian Brains

1989 • 1,367 citations

An Essay on the Shaking Palsy

2002 • 1,151 citations

Alterations in glutathione levels in Parkinson's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders affecting basal ganglia

1994 • 1,120 citations

Increased Nigral Iron Content and Alterations in Other Metal Ions Occurring in Brain in Parkinson's Disease

1989 • 1,117 citations

ALTERATIONS IN THE LEVELS OF IRON, FERRITIN AND OTHER TRACE METALS IN PARKINSON'S DISEASE AND OTHER NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES AFFECTING THE BASAL GANGLIA

1991 • 1,012 citations

Imaging iron stores in the brain using magnetic resonance imaging

2005 • 978 citations

Immunohistochemical detection of 4-hydroxynonenal protein adducts in Parkinson disease.

1996 • 976 citations

Parkinson Disease in Twins<SUBTITLE>An Etiologic Study</SUBTITLE>

1999 • 861 citations

Increased iron (III) and total iron content in post mortem substantia nigra of parkinsonian brain

1988 • 738 citations

Deficiencies in Complex I subunits of the respiratory chain in Parkinson's disease

1989 • 735 citations

Vesicle Permeabilization by Protofibrillar α-Synuclein: Implications for the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Parkinson's Disease

2001 • 675 citations

I<scp>RON</scp>S<scp>TATUS AND</scp>N<scp>EURAL</scp>F<scp>UNCTIONING</scp>

2003 • 632 citations

Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs and the Risk of Parkinson Disease

2003 • 616 citations

Inflammation and neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease

2004 • 603 citations

Nitric oxide synthase and neuronal vulnerability in parkinson's disease

1996 • 588 citations

Reduced and oxidized glutathione in the substantia nigra of patients with Parkinson's disease

1992 • 575 citations

Altered Proteasomal Function in Sporadic Parkinson's Disease

2002 • 565 citations

Iron behaving badly: inappropriate iron chelation as a major contributor to the aetiology of vascular and other progressive inflammatory and degenerative diseases

2009 • 546 citations

Heterogeneity of Parkinson's disease in the early clinical stages using a data driven approach

2005 • 543 citations

Mutation in the gene encoding ferritin light polypeptide causes dominant adult-onset basal ganglia disease

2001 • 533 citations

Protein Aggregation in the Brain: The Molecular Basis for Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Diseases

2008 • 522 citations

Parkinson-like syndrome induced by continuous MPTP infusion: Convergent roles of the ubiquitin-proteasome system and α-synuclein

2005 • 491 citations

The α‐Synucleinopathies: Parkinson's Disease, Dementia with Lewy Bodies, and Multiple System Atrophy

2000 • 486 citations

The A53T alpha-synuclein mutation increases iron-dependent aggregation and toxicity.

2000 • 483 citations

Lewy bodies

2006 • 459 citations

Brain iron and ferritin in Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases

1990 • 440 citations

The Flavonoid Baicalein Inhibits Fibrillation of α-Synuclein and Disaggregates Existing Fibrils

2004 • 439 citations

The pathogenesis of cell death in Parkinson's disease

2006 • 432 citations

Neuromelanin biosynthesis is driven by excess cytosolic catecholamines not accumulated by synaptic vesicles

2000 • 432 citations

Neuromelanin-containing neurons of the substantia nigra accumulate iron and aluminum in Parkinson's disease: a LAMMA study

1992 • 423 citations

Degeneration of substantia nigra in chronic Parkinson's disease visualized by transcranial color-coded real-time sonography

1995 • 394 citations

Divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) contributes to neurodegeneration in animal models of Parkinson's disease

2008 • 385 citations

Iron, neuromelanin and ferritin content in the substantia nigra of normal subjects at different ages: consequences for iron storage and neurodegenerative processes

2001 • 381 citations

Echogenicity of the Substantia Nigra

2002 • 374 citations

Regional distribution of iron and iron‐regulatory proteins in the brain in aging and Alzheimer's disease

1992 • 367 citations

T1 and T2 in the Brain of Healthy Subjects, Patients with Parkinson Disease, and Patients with Multiple System Atrophy: Relation to Iron Content

1999 • 333 citations

Transferrin and Iron in Normal, Alzheimer's Disease, and Parkinson's Disease Brain Regions

1995 • 333 citations

A possible role for humoral immunity in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease

2005 • 332 citations

The Relevance of Iron in the Pathogenesis of Parkinson's Disease

2004 • 331 citations

A Quantitative Analysis of Isoferritins in Select Regions of Aged, Parkinsonian, and Alzheimer's Diseased Brains

1995 • 320 citations

An inflammatory review of Parkinson’s disease

2002 • 318 citations

Increased iron‐related MRI contrast in the substantia nigra in Parkinson's disease

1995 • 317 citations

Vulnerability of the nigrostriatal system as detected by transcranial ultrasound

1999 • 317 citations

Indices of oxidative stress and mitochondrial function in individuals with incidental Lewy body disease

1994 • 316 citations

Iron‐Melanin Complex in Substantia Nigra of Parkinsonian Brains: An X‐Ray Microanalysis

1992 • 308 citations

Activation of microglia by human neuromelanin is NF‐κB‐dependent and involves p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase: implications for Parkinson's disease

2003 • 303 citations

Glutathione‐related enzymes in brain in Parkinson's disease

1994 • 295 citations

Iron in Chronic Brain Disorders: Imaging and Neurotherapeutic Implications

2007 • 290 citations

Nitric oxide mediates iron release from ferritin

1990 • 290 citations

Iron‐Melanin Interaction and Lipid Peroxidation: Implications for Parkinson's Disease

1991 • 285 citations

Intraneuronal dopamine-quinone synthesis: A review

1999 • 280 citations

Alterations in levels of iron, ferritin, and other trace metals in neurodegenerative diseases affecting the basal ganglia

1992 • 277 citations

Heme oxygenase-1: role in brain aging and neurodegeneration

2000 • 268 citations

Neurodegeneration and neuroprotection in Parkinson disease

2004 • 256 citations

Sequestration of iron by Lewy bodies in Parkinson's disease

2000 • 243 citations

Isoprostanes and related products of lipid peroxidation in neurodegenerative diseases

2003 • 240 citations

Decreased blood–brain barrier P-glycoprotein function in the progression of Parkinson’s disease, PSP and MSA

2008 • 239 citations

The Metabolism of Neuronal Iron and Its Pathogenic Role in Neurological Disease: Review

2004 • 236 citations

Heme oxygenase expression in human central nervous system disorders

2004 • 232 citations

Role of Cytochrome c as a Stimulator of α-Synuclein Aggregation in Lewy Body Disease

1999 • 229 citations

Studies on Parkinson's Disease Including X-Ray Fluorescent Spectroscopy of Formalin Fixed Brain Tissue

1968 • 227 citations

Brain iron metabolism: Neurobiology and neurochemistry

2007 • 224 citations

Expression of iron transport proteins and excessive iron accumulation in the brain in neurodegenerative disorders

1998 • 219 citations

The determination of hydroxydopamines and other trace amines in the urine of Parkinsonian patients and normal controls

1993 • 219 citations

Brain iron deposition in Parkinson's disease imaged using the PRIME magnetic resonance sequence

2000 • 218 citations

Iron in the basal ganglia in Parkinson's disease

1999 • 216 citations

Crosslinking of α-synuclein by advanced glycation endproducts — an early pathophysiological step in Lewy body formation?

2000 • 215 citations

Neuromelanin associated redox‐active iron is increased in the substantia nigra of patients with Parkinson's disease

2003 • 214 citations

MRI evaluation of brain iron in earlier- and later-onset Parkinson’s disease and normal subjects

1999 • 212 citations

Expression of lactoferrin receptors is increased in the mesencephalon of patients with Parkinson disease.

1995 • 209 citations

In vivo detection of iron and neuromelanin by transcranial sonography: A new approach for early detection of substantia nigra damage

2005 • 203 citations

Expression of the iron transporter ferroportin in synaptic vesicles and the blood–brain barrier

2004 • 202 citations

Decreased transferrin receptor expression by neuromelanin cells in restless legs syndrome

2004 • 197 citations

Calbindin-D28K-containing neurons in animal models of neurodegeneration: possible protection from excitotoxicity

1992 • 193 citations

MPTP: a review of its mechanisms of neurotoxicity

2001 • 184 citations

Iron regulation and erythropoiesis

2008 • 180 citations

Isoforms of ferritin have a specific cellular distribution in the brain

1994 • 175 citations

Parkinson's disease-like midbrain sonography abnormalities are frequent in depressive disorders

2007 • 174 citations

Rasagiline: A novel anti-Parkinsonian monoamine oxidase-B inhibitor with neuroprotective activity

2010 • 164 citations

Altered mitochondrial function, iron metabolism and glutathione levels in Parkinson's disease

1993 • 163 citations

MRI assessment of basal ganglia iron deposition in Parkinson's disease

2008 • 157 citations

The Parkinson's disease gene DJ-1 is also a key regulator of stroke-induced damage

2007 • 154 citations

Degeneration of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons increases iron within the substantia nigra: a histochemical and neurochemical study

1994 • 154 citations

Melanin, tyrosine hydroxylase, calbindin and substance P in the human midbrain and substantia nigra in relation to nigrostriatal projections and differential neuronal susceptibility in Parkinson's disease

1992 • 152 citations

In Vitro Studies of Ferritin Iron Release and Neurotoxicity

1998 • 152 citations

Hydroxyl Radicals, Iron, Oxidative Stress, and Neurodegeneration^a

1994 • 141 citations

MRI evaluation of the basal ganglia size and iron content in patients with Parkinson's disease

2005 • 135 citations

Could a loss of α‐synuclein function put dopaminergic neurons at risk?

2004 • 135 citations

The role of transition metals in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease

1995 • 135 citations

Regional Metal Concentrations in Parkinson's Disease, Other Chronic Neurological Diseases, and Control Brains

1989 • 131 citations

Iron metabolism and Parkinson's disease.

1998 • 125 citations

Pathophysiology of parkinsonian motor abnormalities.

1993 • 124 citations

Cellular distribution of the iron-binding protein lactotransferrin in the mesencephalon of Parkinson's disease cases

1996 • 119 citations

Association study between iron-related genes polymorphisms and Parkinson's disease

2002 • 116 citations

Neuromelanin and iron in human locus coeruleus and substantia nigra during aging: consequences for neuronal vulnerability

2006 • 113 citations

Lack of up‐regulation of ferritin is associated with sustained iron regulatory protein‐1 binding activity in the substantia nigra of patients with Parkinson's disease

2002 • 113 citations

Mössbauer Spectroscopic Studies of Purified Human Neuromelanin Isolated from the Substantia Nigra

1995 • 113 citations

Depletion of brain glutathione results in a decrease of glutathione reductase activity; an enzyme susceptible to oxidative damage

1996 • 111 citations

In parkinsonian substantia nigra, α-synuclein is modified by acrolein, a lipid-peroxidation product, and accumulates in the dopamine neurons with inhibition of proteasome activity

2007 • 111 citations

NGAL decreases E-cadherin-mediated cell–cell adhesion and increases cell motility and invasion through Rac1 in colon carcinoma cells

2009 • 109 citations

Potential sources of increased iron in the substantia nigra of parkinsonian patients

2006 • 108 citations

Iron in parkinsonian and control substantia nigra—A mössbauer spectroscopy study

1996 • 103 citations

8-Nitro-2‘-deoxyguanosine, a Specific Marker of Oxidation by Reactive Nitrogen Species, Is Generated by the Myeloperoxidase−Hydrogen Peroxide−Nitrite System of Activated Human Phagocytes

1999 • 103 citations

“Subcellular Proteomics” of Neuromelanin Granules Isolated from the Human Brain

2005 • 100 citations

Hereditary Causes of Disturbed Iron Homeostasis in the Central Nervous System

2004 • 99 citations

Original Papers: ON THE OCCURRENCE OF ABNORMAL DEPOSITS OF IRON IN THE BRAIN IN PARKINSONISM WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ITS LOCALISATION.

1924 • 97 citations

Iron in neurodegenerative disorders

2002 • 97 citations

The neuromelanin of human substantia nigra and its interaction with metals

2002 • 95 citations

Generation of the Neurotoxin 6-Hydroxydopamine by Peroxidase/H2O2 Oxidation of Dopamine

1995 • 94 citations

Proteasomal dysfunction induced by 4‐hydroxy‐2,3‐trans‐nonenal, an end‐product of lipid peroxidation: a mechanism contributing to neurodegeneration?

2002 • 92 citations

Magnetic Resonance Imaging Evidence of Decreased Putamenal Iron Content in Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease

1995 • 91 citations

Towards a pathway definition of Parkinson’s disease: a complex disorder with links to cancer, diabetes and inflammation

2008 • 90 citations

Activated microglia cause superoxide-mediated release of iron from ferritin

1995 • 85 citations

The role of iron in senescence of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease.

1993 • 83 citations

Implications of alterations in trace element levels in brain in Parkinson's disease and other neurological disorders affecting the basal ganglia.

1993 • 81 citations

Anti-melanin antibodies are increased in sera in Parkinson's disease

2009 • 79 citations

Downregulation of hepcidin and haemojuvelin expression in the hepatocyte cell‐line HepG2 induced by thalassaemic sera

2006 • 79 citations

Physiological and Pathological Role of Alpha-synuclein in Parkinson’s Disease Through Iron Mediated Oxidative Stress; The Role of a Putative Iron-responsive Element

2009 • 79 citations

Biochemistry of Parkinson's disease with special reference to the dopaminergic systems

1994 • 78 citations

Iron induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction: relevance to Parkinson's disease

1993 • 75 citations

Iron states and cognitive abilities in young adults: neuropsychological and neurophysiological assessment

2008 • 70 citations

Iron accumulation in the striatum predicts aging-related decline in motor function in rhesus monkeys

2006 • 67 citations

Iron histochemistry of the substantia nigra in Parkinson's disease.

1994 • 66 citations

Tyrosine Hydroxylase Activity in Caudate Nucleus from Parkinson's Disease: Effects of Iron and Phosphorylating Agents

1988 • 66 citations

Structural abnormality of the substantia nigra in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder

2010 • 62 citations

Dopaminergic cell death precedes iron elevation in MPTP-injected monkeys

2003 • 61 citations

L-DOPA Neurotoxicity Is Mediated by Up-Regulation of DMT1−IRE Expression

2009 • 60 citations

Biochemical fundamentals of Parkinson's disease.

1988 • 58 citations

Sequential damage in mitochondrial complexes by peroxidative stress

1991 • 57 citations

Hereditary Late-Onset Chorea Without Significant Dementia

1995 • 57 citations

Glutathione depletion in immortalized midbrain-derived dopaminergic neurons results in increases in the labile iron pool: Implications for Parkinson's disease

2008 • 54 citations

Iron, melanin and dopamine interaction: relevance to parkinson's disease

1993 • 53 citations

Identification of L-ferritin in Neuromelanin Granules of the Human Substantia Nigra

2009 • 53 citations

Q-band EPR investigations of neuromelanin in control and Parkinson’s disease patients

2000 • 51 citations

Hyperechogenicity of the substantia nigra in healthy controls is related to MRI changes and to neuronal loss as determined by F-Dopa PET

2009 • 49 citations

Neuromelanin inhibits enzymatic activity of 26S proteasome in human dopaminergic SH-SY5Y cells

2004 • 48 citations

Rasagiline: an anti-Parkinson drug with neuroprotective activity

2003 • 47 citations

Antioxidant capacity in postmortem brain tissues of Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases

2006 • 46 citations

Iron as a cause of Parkinson disease – a myth or a well established hypothesis?

2009 • 43 citations

Substantia nigra hyperechogenicity in depressive subjects relates to motor asymmetry and impaired word fluency

2008 • 42 citations

Isolation and13C-NMR characterization of an insoluble proteinaceous fraction from substantia nigra of patients with parkinson's disease

2000 • 41 citations

Neuromelanin selectively induces apoptosis in dopaminergic SH‐SY5Y cells by deglutathionylation in mitochondria: involvement of the protein and melanin component

2008 • 37 citations

Determination of trace elements in the human substantia nigra

2005 • 35 citations

Neonatal Iron Treatment Increases Apoptotic Markers in Hippocampal and Cortical Areas of Adult Rats

2010 • 34 citations

Dopaminforschung heute und morgen — L-Dopa in der Zukunft

1985 • 28 citations

Anti-inflammatory effects of pioglitazone on iron-induced oxidative injury in the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system

2010 • 28 citations

Potential mechanisms for nitric oxide-mediated impairment of brain mitochondrial energy metabolism

1997 • 26 citations

Sulfonylurea-sensitive potassium current evoked by sodium-loading in rat midbrain dopamine neurons

1996 • 25 citations

Evaluation of the role of P-glycoprotein in inflammation induced blood–brain barrier damage

2002 • 21 citations

Clozapine induced increase of human plasma norepinephrine

1979 • 21 citations

Glia Protects Neurons against Extracellular Human Neuromelanin

2007 • 20 citations

Neuromelanins in various regions of human brain are associated with native and oxidized isoprenoid lipids

2009 • 16 citations

`Like a thief in the night' : the selectivity of degeneration in Parkinson's disease

1999 • 11 citations

Captopril Induces Iron Release From Ferritin and Oxidative Stress

1995 • 7 citations

Decreased blood-brain barrier P-glycoprotein function with aging

2008 • 2 citations

Parkinson's disease : experimental models and therapy

1995 • 1 citations