The role of transition metals in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease

Parkinsonism

1967 • 11,463 citations

Oxidative Stress, Glutamate, and Neurodegenerative Disorders

1993 • 3,746 citations

AGEING AND PARKINSON'S DISEASE: SUBSTANTIA NIGRA REGIONAL SELECTIVITY

1991 • 3,275 citations

Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease

1985 • 2,482 citations

Transition Metals, Ferritin, Glutathione, and Ascorbic Acid in Parkinsonian Brains

1989 • 1,367 citations

Melanized dopaminergic neurons are differentially susceptible to degeneration in Parkinson's disease

1988 • 1,235 citations

Evaluation of 2′,7′-Dichlorofluorescin and Dihydrorhodamine 123 as Fluorescent Probes for Intracellular H2O2 in Cultured Endothelial Cells

1993 • 1,126 citations

Increased iron (III) and total iron content in post mortem substantia nigra of parkinsonian brain

1988 • 738 citations

Altered Brain Metabolism of Iron as a Cause of Neurodegenerative Diseases?

1994 • 701 citations

Pathology of Parkinson’s disease

1991 • 674 citations

Do defecs in mitochondrial energy metabolism underlie the pathology of neurodegenerative diseases?

1993 • 583 citations

Free radical-lipid interactions and their pathological consequences

1993 • 518 citations

Iron and Aluminum Increase in the Substantia Nigra of Patients with Parkinson's Disease: An X‐Ray Microanalysis

1991 • 518 citations

Selective Increase of Iron in Substantia Nigra Zona Compacta of Parkinsonian Brains

1991 • 516 citations

The regional distribution and cellular localization of iron in the rat brain

1984 • 487 citations

Selective accumulation of aluminum and iron in the neurofibrillary tangles of Alzheimer's disease: A laser microprobe (LAMMA) study

1992 • 474 citations

Cellular distribution of transferrin, ferritin, and iron in normal and aged human brains

1990 • 457 citations

Brain iron and ferritin in Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases

1990 • 440 citations

Inorganic Biochemistry of Iron Metabolism

2001 • 439 citations

Neuromelanin-containing neurons of the substantia nigra accumulate iron and aluminum in Parkinson's disease: a LAMMA study

1992 • 423 citations

Iron‐Melanin Complex in Substantia Nigra of Parkinsonian Brains: An X‐Ray Microanalysis

1992 • 308 citations

The possible role of iron in the etiopathology of parkinson's disease

1993 • 303 citations

The Iron Chelator Desferrioxamine (Desferal) Retards 6‐Hydroxydopamine‐Induced Degeneration of Nigrostriatal Dopamine Neurons

1991 • 297 citations

Dopamine Neurotoxicity: Inhibition of Mitochondrial Respiration

1995 • 288 citations

Iron‐Melanin Interaction and Lipid Peroxidation: Implications for Parkinson's Disease

1991 • 285 citations

Alterations in levels of iron, ferritin, and other trace metals in neurodegenerative diseases affecting the basal ganglia

1992 • 277 citations

Complex I, Iron, and ferritin in Parkinson's disease substantia nigra

1994 • 239 citations

The determination of hydroxydopamines and other trace amines in the urine of Parkinsonian patients and normal controls

1993 • 219 citations

Histochemical Distribution of Non-Haem Iron in the Human Brain

1992 • 218 citations

Spontaneous autoxidation of dopamine

1995 • 214 citations

LIPOPROTEIN PIGMENTS—THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO AGEING IN THE HUMAN NERVOUS SYSTEM

1974 • 207 citations

Intranigral Iron Injection Induces Behavioral and Biochemical “Parkinsonism” in Rats

1991 • 194 citations

Speech localization using repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation

1994 • 176 citations

A brainstem atlas of catecholaminergic neurons in man, using melanin as a natural marker

1981 • 174 citations

Reductive release of iron from ferritin by cation free radicals of paraquat and other bipyridyls.

1986 • 169 citations

Brain Hemosiderin and Superficial Siderosis of the Central Nervous System

1988 • 165 citations

Regional Distributions of Thiobarbituric Acid‐Reactive Products, Activities of Enzymes Regulating the Metabolism of Oxygen Free Radicals, and Some of the Related Enzymes in Adult and Aged Rat Brains

1986 • 163 citations

The apparent autoxidation rate of catechols in dopamine-rich regions of human brains increases with the degree of depigmentation of substantia nigra

1989 • 162 citations

Degeneration of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons increases iron within the substantia nigra: a histochemical and neurochemical study

1994 • 154 citations

The distribution of transferrin immunoreactivity in the rat central nervous system

1986 • 149 citations

Ferritin immunohistochemistry as a marker for microglia

1989 • 148 citations

Decreased tyrosine hydroxylase messenger RNA in the surviving dopamine neurons of the substantia nigra in parkinson's disease: An in situ hybridization study

1990 • 143 citations

Hydroxyl Radicals, Iron, Oxidative Stress, and Neurodegeneration^a

1994 • 141 citations

Neuromelanin and Parkinson's disease.

1983 • 139 citations

Increased Iron in the Substantia Nigra Compacta of the MPTP-Lesioned Hemiparkinsonian African Green Monkey: Evidence from Proton Microprobe Elemental Microanalysis

1994 • 138 citations

Iron accumulation in the substantia nigra of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced hemiparkinsonian monkeys

1994 • 133 citations

The effect of a synthetic neuromelanin on yield of free hydroxyl radicals generated in model systems

1995 • 128 citations

Nonidentical distribution of transferrin and ferric iron in human brain

1988 • 127 citations

A comparative study of techniques for quantitative analysis of the X‐ray spectra obtained with a Si(Li) detector

1976 • 126 citations

Chemical evidence for 6-hydroxydopamine to be an endogenous toxic factor in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease.

1995 • 121 citations

6-Hydroxydopamine releases iron from ferritin and promotes ferritin-dependent lipid peroxidation

1989 • 121 citations

Why are nigral catecholaminergic neurons more vulnerable than other cells in Parkinson's disease?

1992 • 120 citations

Immunohistochemical evidence for an intracellular localization of plasma proteins in human foetal choroid plexus and brain

1979 • 118 citations

Ferrous‐Citrate Complex and Nigral Degeneration: Evidence for Free‐radical Formation and Lipid Peroxidation^a

1994 • 115 citations

The roles of neuromelanin, binding of metal ions, and oxidative cytotoxicity in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease: A hypothesis

1994 • 114 citations

Mössbauer Spectroscopic Studies of Purified Human Neuromelanin Isolated from the Substantia Nigra

1995 • 113 citations

Inorganic biochemistry of iron metabolism

1992 • 108 citations

Infusion of iron into the rat substantia nigra: Nigral pathology and dose‐dependent loss of striatal dopaminergic markers

1993 • 107 citations

Iron induces degeneration of nigrostriatal neurons

1992 • 89 citations

Brain iron homeostasis

1992 • 89 citations

Distribution of iron in different brain regions and subcellular compartments in Parkinson's disease

1992 • 87 citations

Oxidative stress in Parkinson's disease

1995 • 87 citations

Toxin-Induced Models of Neurological Disorders

1994 • 78 citations

Iron and ferritin in substantia nigra in Parkinson's disease.

1993 • 78 citations

NEURONAL PIGMENTS: SPECTROSCOPIC CHARACTERIZATION OF HUMAN BRAIN MELANIN

1978 • 75 citations

Iron induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction: relevance to Parkinson's disease

1993 • 75 citations

Degeneration of dopaminergic neurons and free radicals. Possible participation of levodopa.

1993 • 74 citations

Neuromelanin of the Human Substantia Nigra: A Mixed‐Type Melanin

1994 • 73 citations

Progressive Changes in Striatal Dopaminergic Markers, Nigral Volume, and Rotational Behavior Following Iron Infusion into the Rat Substantia Nigra

1994 • 73 citations

Antioxidant Action of Neuromelanin: The Mechanism of Inhibitory Effect on Lipid Peroxidation

1995 • 72 citations

The enigma of neuromelanin in Parkinson's disease substantia nigra.

1994 • 69 citations

Iron histochemistry of the substantia nigra in Parkinson's disease.

1994 • 66 citations

Purified Human Neuromelanin, Synthetic Dopamine Melanin as a Potential Model Pigment, and the Normal Human Substantia Nigra: Characterization by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

1993 • 56 citations

Toxin-Induced Models of Neurological Disorders

1995 • 52 citations

Transferrin receptors in the Parkinsonian midbrain

1994 • 51 citations

Toxic Effects of Iron for Cultured Mesencephalic Dopaminergic Neurons Derived from Rat Embryonic Brains

1992 • 50 citations

Changes in glial cell markers in recent and old demyelinated lesions in central pontine myelinolysis

1990 • 48 citations

Selectivity of melaninized nigra-striatal dopamine neurons to degeneration in Parkinson’s disease may depend on iron-melanin interaction

1990 • 47 citations

Iron in Central Nervous System Disorders

1993 • 44 citations

Intranigral injected iron progressively reduces striatal dopamine metabolism

1994 • 40 citations

Hydroxyl Free Radical (·OH) Formation Reflected by Salicylate Hydroxylation and Neuromelanin

1993 • 35 citations

Complex formation followed by internal electron transfer: the reaction between L-dopa and iron(III)

1991 • 32 citations

Combined histochemical and biochemical demonstration of nigral vulnerability to lipid peroxidation induced by DOPA and iron

1992 • 25 citations

Iron-melanin complex is toxic to dopaminergic neurons in a nigrostriatal co-culture

1993 • 25 citations

Untitled

1993 • 24 citations

The effect of haloperidol, spiperone and pimozide on the flexor reflex of the hind limb of the spinal rat

1978 • 23 citations

Does iron play a role in Parkinson's disease?

1994 • 21 citations

Iron deposits in brain disorders

1993 • 10 citations

Iron storage and transport markers in Parkinson’s disease and MPTP-treated mice

1993 • 7 citations

Intranigral Iron Infusion as a Model for Parkinson’s Disease

1994 • 6 citations