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Models of the self: Self-construals and gender.

Data up to Jan 2025

Published1997
Citations2,341
References422

Total Citations Per Year

Abstract

References (422)

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A Collective Fear of the Collective: Implications for Selves and Theories of Selves

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1977 • 556 citations

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Narcissistic Illusions in Self‐Evaluations of Intelligence and Attractiveness

1994 • 473 citations

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1987 • 472 citations

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1984 • 468 citations

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Interpersonal Processes in Close Relationships

1988 • 387 citations

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1985 • 379 citations

Loneliness, social interaction, and sex roles.

1983 • 369 citations

Sex, personality, and physiological variables in the communication of affect via facial expression.

1974 • 362 citations

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Situational Detenninants of Shame and Guilt in Young Adulthood

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The influence of individualism-collectivism and self-monitoring on conflict styles

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Stereotype accuracy: Toward appreciating group differences.

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Are Women Evaluated More Favorably Than Men?: An Analysis of Attitudes, Beliefs, and Emotions

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1989 • 293 citations

Evidence for egocentric comparison in social judgment.

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Critical issues in the study of empathy.

1987 • 289 citations

Similarity and uniqueness: The effects of attribute type, relevance, and individual differences in self-esteem and depression.

1986 • 288 citations

Status Generalization: New Theory and Research.

1989 • 288 citations

The nature of self-referent encoding: The contributions of elaborative and organizational processes.

1988 • 285 citations

Spontaneous self-descriptions and ethnic identities in individualistic and collectivistic cultures.

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1993 • 272 citations

Self-disclosure : theory, research, and therapy

1987 • 272 citations

Portrait of Divorce: Adjustment to Marital Breakdown

1993 • 269 citations

Automaticity of chronically accessible constructs in person × situation effects on person perception: It's just a matter of time.

1988 • 256 citations

The Black Family: Essays and Studies

1988 • 255 citations

Gender differences in children's achievement-related beliefs and emotional responses to success and failure in mathematics.

1991 • 254 citations

Gender Differences in Relationship Awareness and Marital Satisfaction among Young Married Couples

1992 • 253 citations

Friendship and Social Interaction

1986 • 251 citations

Perceived versus meta-analytic effect sizes: An assessment of the accuracy of gender stereotypes.

1994 • 247 citations

Personal narratives about guilt: Role in action control and interpersonal relationships.

1995 • 245 citations

Organizations of the future: Changes and challenges.

1990 • 245 citations

Conflict between the sexes: Strategic interference and the evocation of anger and upset.

1989 • 244 citations

Sharing of home responsibilities between professionally employed women and their husbands.

1991 • 243 citations

Moral Stages and Moral Orientations in Real-Life and Hypothetical Dilemmas

1987 • 240 citations

Multidimensional Adolescent Self-Concepts: Their Relationship to Age, Sex, and Academic Measures

1985 • 239 citations

Situational influences on gender differences in agency and communion.

1994 • 236 citations

Gender and Nonverbal Behavior

1981 • 234 citations

Sex differences in eavesdropping on nonverbal cues.

1979 • 232 citations

Elaboration, organization, and the self-reference effect in memory.

1986 • 230 citations

Changes in functions of three relations during adolescence.

1982 • 230 citations

Preschool Children's Decoding of Facial Emotions

1993 • 226 citations

Intimacy and reciprocity of exchange: A comparison of spouses and strangers.

1978 • 226 citations

Friendship and Gender: Perspectives of Professional Men and Women

1988 • 224 citations

Mother-child talk about past emotions: Relations of maternal language and child gender over time

1995 • 223 citations

Self-evaluation maintenance and the perception of friends and strangers

1982 • 220 citations

Exploring sex differences in the emotional content of mother-child conversations about the past

1989 • 220 citations

Gender and social support: Taking the bad with the good?

1994 • 216 citations

Sex Role Identity and Ego Development.

1985 • 215 citations

Close friendship in adulthood: Conversational content between same-sex friends

1983 • 214 citations

Display Rules for Anger and Aggression in School-Age Children

1992 • 212 citations

Early adolescent age and gender differences in patterns of emotional self-disclosure to parents and friends.

1990 • 210 citations

Serving Self-Relevant Goals Through Social Comparison

2024 • 207 citations

Conflict in Married Couples: Personality Predictors of Anger and Upset

1991 • 203 citations

The self as a memory system: Powerful, but ordinary.

1989 • 202 citations

Sex Differences in Emotionality: A Multidimensional Approach

1976 • 200 citations

The influence of the family environment on personality: Accounting for sibling differences.

1991 • 197 citations

The Uniqueness Bias: Studies of Constructive Social Comparison

2024 • 195 citations

Children's Expected Interpersonal Consequences of Communicating Their Affective State and Reported Likelihood of Expression

1988 • 195 citations

A Schema-Based Approach to Modeling an African-American Racial Belief System

1989 • 193 citations

Gender and age differences in empathy and sympathy.

1987 • 192 citations

Self-Disclosure in Dating Couples: Sex Roles and the Ethic of Openness

1980 • 191 citations

Sex differences in the intimacy of social interaction: Further examination of potential explanations.

1985 • 191 citations

Sex, sex roles, and self-image

1975 • 191 citations

The Psychology of Person Identification

2017 • 190 citations

Sex differences in the encoding and decoding of negative facial emotions

1988 • 190 citations

Emotional Intimacy among Men

1978 • 190 citations

The definition of self: Private and public self-evaluation management strategies.

1983 • 189 citations

Outcome Values and Aggression

1989 • 188 citations

The challenge of social change for psychology: Globalization and psychology's theory of the person.

1989 • 187 citations

Gender differences in parent-child conversations about past emotions

1992 • 186 citations

Gender Differences in Sources of Self-Esteem

1991 • 185 citations

Gender, Interaction, and Inequality

1992 • 184 citations

Children's household work: Its nature and functions.

1988 • 183 citations

Procedural justice and culture: Effects of culture, gender, and investigator status on procedural preferences.

1986 • 183 citations

Needed Concepts in the Study of Gender Identity

1982 • 178 citations

On confidence and consequence: The certainty and importance of self-knowledge.

1991 • 178 citations

Change in job and marital experiences and change in psychological distress: A longitudinal study of dual-earner couples.

1995 • 174 citations

Female Aggression in Cross-Cultural Perspective

1987 • 172 citations

The Self : definitional and methodological issues

1992 • 172 citations

Measuring loneliness in different relationships.

1983 • 171 citations

Friendship: Communication and interactional patterns in same-sex dyads

1982 • 167 citations

Gender and Emotion in Mother-Child Conversations About the Past

1991 • 166 citations

Meta-Analysis and the Psychology of Gender Differences

1990 • 166 citations

Self-esteem maintenance in family dynamics.

1980 • 166 citations

Two self-reference effects: The importance of distinguishing between self-descriptiveness judgments and autobiographical retrieval in self-referent encoding.

1989 • 165 citations

Communication of individual emotions by spontaneous facial expressions.

1986 • 165 citations

The Development and Maintenance of Friendship

1984 • 162 citations

Information Processing and the Study of the Self

1988 • 162 citations

On the politics of psychological constructs: Stop the bandwagon, I want to get off.

1989 • 160 citations

Making People Feel Guilty in Conversations.

1991 • 159 citations

The interpersonal self.

1990 • 159 citations

Beyond depression: Gender differences in normal adolescents' emotional experiences

1989 • 157 citations

Sex Differences in Children's Modes of Aggressive Responses Toward Outsiders.

1969 • 157 citations

Self-esteem, similarity, and reactions to active versus passive downward comparison.

1991 • 156 citations

Cross-cultural and national studies in social psychology

1985 • 153 citations

The psychology of sex

1979 • 152 citations

Ambiguity and Bias in the Self-Concept

1981 • 149 citations

Loving and leaving: Sex differences in romantic attachments

1981 • 148 citations

The Inexpressive Male: Tragedy or Sexual Politics?

1976 • 147 citations

Toward a His and Hers Theory of Emotion: Gender Differences in Visceral Perception

1992 • 146 citations

Two investigations of ?female modesty? in achievement situations

1993 • 145 citations

Sex differences in reactions to evaluative feedback

1989 • 144 citations

The Role of Intimacy in Interpersonal Relations

1990 • 141 citations

Pardon my gaffe: Effects of sex, status, and consequence severity on accounts.

1990 • 141 citations

Same- and cross-sex friendships and the psychology of homosociality

1985 • 141 citations

Downward Comparison and Coping with Threat

2024 • 140 citations

Thinking One's Abilities Are Unique and One's Opinions Are Common

1984 • 137 citations

American fathering in historical perspective.

1987 • 136 citations

Sex Differences in Same-Sex Friendships

1986 • 135 citations

Models of anger and aggression in the social talk of women and men.

1987 • 134 citations

Subjective and Experiential Correlates of Guilt in Daily Life

1995 • 134 citations

Toward a reconsideration of the gender–emotion relationship.

1992 • 134 citations

Social representation of aggression as an explanation of gender differences: A preliminary study

1992 • 133 citations

…And justice for all: Ethnicity, gender, and preferences for dispute resolution procedures.

1994 • 131 citations

Naturalistic social cognition: Methodology, assessment, and validation.

1986 • 126 citations

Friendship choice and performance: Self-evaluation maintenance in children.

1984 • 125 citations

Intimacy in same-sex friendships

1990 • 124 citations

Getting out of hot water: Facework in social predicaments.

1996 • 123 citations

Concerns about drawing causal inferences from meta-analyses: An example in the study of gender differences in aggression.

1996 • 119 citations

Gender, masculinity-femininity, and emotional intimacy in same-sex friendship

1985 • 119 citations

Sex Differences in Adult Moral Orientations

1988 • 117 citations

Stress, self-esteem, and mental health: How does gender make a difference?

1989 • 116 citations

"Social" Cognition and Social Cognition

1994 • 115 citations

Measuring Person Perception Accuracy: Another Look at Self-Other Agreement

1994 • 115 citations

Role of gender, interpersonal orientation, and self-presentation in distributive-justice behavior.

1983 • 110 citations

Are Wives' Memories for Events in Relationships more Vivid than their Husbands' Memories?

1992 • 108 citations

Sex differences in the consequences that children anticipate for aggression.

1989 • 108 citations

Are Gender Differences Status Differences?

1992 • 108 citations

Development of the emotional self-disclosure scale

1988 • 108 citations

Why Are Traits Inferred Spontaneously? A Developmental Approach

1991 • 107 citations

Gender and individualistic vs. collectivist bases for notions about the self

1985 • 106 citations

The etiology of children's stereotypes about sex differences in emotionality

1984 • 105 citations

The Mental Health of Women

1980 • 104 citations

What Children Say about Classroom Performance: Sex and Grade Differences in Perceived Competence

1987 • 103 citations

Gender differences in self-rated emotional expressiveness

1989 • 103 citations

Men in Networks: Private Communities, Domestic Friendships

1992 • 103 citations

A Functional Comparison of Same-Sex and Opposite-Sex Friendships during Adolescence

1993 • 102 citations

Friendship and personal adjustment during adolescence

1992 • 102 citations

Aggression in toddlers: Responses to the assertive acts of boys and girls

1985 • 100 citations

Impact of context on spontaneous trait and situational attributions.

1990 • 99 citations

Human Values, Global Self‐Esteem, and Belief in a Just World

1991 • 99 citations

The importance of life events for explaining sex differences in psychological distress.

1987 • 98 citations

Photographic depictions of the self: Gender and age differences in social connectedness

1993 • 98 citations

The Development of Sex Differences in Nonverbal Signals: Fallacies, Facts, and Fantasies

1981 • 98 citations

Beyond self-constructed knowledge: The study of culture and morality.

1982 • 97 citations

Gender Comparisons in Responsiveness to Others' Evaluations in Achievement Settings

1994 • 94 citations

The Black Family: Socialization and Sex Roles

1975 • 91 citations

Sympathy and personal distress: Development, gender differences, and interrelations of indexes

1989 • 91 citations

Shyness and physical attractiveness in mixed-sex dyads.

1991 • 90 citations

Men's Friendships

1992 • 89 citations

Contributions of Parental Attachments to View of Self and Depressive Symptoms among Early Adolescents

1993 • 89 citations

Divorce and Remarriage

1978 • 87 citations

Age and Gender Dimensions of Friendship

1985 • 85 citations

Affiliation Motivation and Daily Experience: Some Issues on Gender Differences

2014 • 84 citations

Self-Perspectives Across the Life Span.

1993 • 81 citations

Judgments of Self-Other Similarity

1990 • 81 citations

On explaining gender differences: The case of nonverbal communication.

1987 • 81 citations

What do children feel guilty about? Developmental and gender differences.

1994 • 81 citations

Implicit theories of relationship: An intergenerational study.

1979 • 80 citations

How Individualists Interpret Behavior: Idiocentrism and Spontaneous Trait Inference

1993 • 80 citations

Relationships as natural categories.

1993 • 80 citations

Sex Roles and Intimacy in Same Sex and Other Sex Relationships

1981 • 79 citations

Communication of specific emotions: Gender differences in sending accuracy and communication measures

1993 • 78 citations

Physical Symptoms Associated with Blood Pressure

1982 • 77 citations

Gender differences in depression in college students

1991 • 76 citations

Social reactions to the expression of emotion

1991 • 75 citations

Why Am I Telling You This?

1987 • 74 citations

Self-evaluation maintenance and the mediational role of emotion: The perception of friends and strangers.

1989 • 71 citations

Blood pressure estimation and beliefs among normotensives and hypertensives.

1988 • 70 citations

Gender Differences in the Costs and Benefits of Peer Relationships During Adolescence

1991 • 69 citations

Children's attributions regarding the situational determinants of emotion in self and others.

1986 • 68 citations

How provoking! what makes men and women angry?

1993 • 67 citations

Self- and family-expressiveness styles in the experience and expression of anger

1987 • 66 citations

Gender Differences In Perceiving Internal State: Toward A His-And-Hers Model Of Perceptual Cue Use

1995 • 66 citations

Gender Effects in an Initial Encounter: A Case Where Men Exceed Women in Disclosure

1985 • 65 citations

Stability and change in self over the life course.

1988 • 64 citations

Men's and women's emotional disclosures: The impact of disclosure recipient, culture, and the masculine role

1989 • 64 citations

When boy meets girl: Sex roles and the negotiation of intimacy in an acquaintance exercise.

1978 • 64 citations

The Loneliness Experience of College Students

1986 • 63 citations

Adult Age and Gender Differences in Eyewitness Recall in Field Settings1

1993 • 62 citations

Gender and Self-Disclosure

1987 • 61 citations

Social Loafing on an Optimizing Task

1985 • 60 citations

Social comparison, equality, and relationship satisfaction: Gender differences over a ten-year period

1989 • 58 citations

Self-relevance and goal-directed processing in the recall and weighting of information about others

1988 • 58 citations

Sex differences in effects of social and value similarity in same-sex friendship.

1981 • 58 citations

The effect of agency and communality on self-esteem: Gender differences in longitudinal data

1992 • 58 citations

Type A behavior pattern and emotion expression in younger and older adults.

1992 • 57 citations

Human Feelings

2013 • 56 citations

Gender of Subject and Target as Mediators of Aggression1

1994 • 56 citations

Anger proneness in women: Development and validation of the anger situation questionnaire

1994 • 55 citations

Age and Gender Differences In and Personality Correlates of Loneliness in Different Relationships

1985 • 54 citations

Sex role orientation and dimensions of self-esteem among middle adolescents

1986 • 54 citations

The self-in-relation: Empathy and the mother-daughter relationship.

1986 • 53 citations

The division of labor within the home: Have gender roles changed?

1989 • 50 citations

Fair vs. Equal Role Relations in Dual-Career and Dual-Earner Families: Implications for Family Interventions

1987 • 50 citations

Sex differences in self-disclosure: Effects of topic content, friendship, and partner's sex

1981 • 50 citations

Conversational Patterns among Same-Sex Pairs of Late-Adolescent Close Friends

1983 • 50 citations

Toward understanding sex differences in pay allocation: Agency, communion, and reward distribution behavior

1982 • 49 citations

The social learning of gender.

1993 • 49 citations

Age and Gender Differences with the Anger Expression Scale

1987 • 48 citations

Gender and gender role differences in smiling and communication consistency

1988 • 45 citations

Female Aggression among the Zapotec of Oaxaca, Mexico

1992 • 45 citations

Unitization of spontaneous nonverbal behavior in the study of emotion communication.

1980 • 45 citations

Two hundred years of American communes

1989 • 44 citations

Confidence and aspirations: Self‐esteem and self‐concepts as predictors of students' life goals

1985 • 44 citations

Are stereotypes exaggerated? A sampling of racial, gender, academic, occupational, and political stereotypes.

2004 • 43 citations

Temporal organization of spontaneous emotional expression: A segmentation analysis.

1982 • 43 citations

Gender and sex roles as predictors of self-disclosure.

1981 • 42 citations

Sex and ethnic differences in past aggressive behaviors

1992 • 41 citations

Adolescents' expectancies of success, self-evaluations, and attributions about performance on spatial and verbal tasks

1982 • 41 citations

Play aggression among zapotec children: Implications for the practice hypothesis

1990 • 40 citations

Two Hundred Years of American Communes.

1989 • 39 citations

Career Development and Counseling of Women

1979 • 39 citations

Reasoning about the self and relationships in maturity: An integrative complexity analysis of individual differences.

1990 • 38 citations

Gender Differences and Similarities in Self-Concept Within Everyday Life Contexts

1992 • 38 citations

Conceptions of separation and connection in female adolescents.

1990 • 35 citations

Emotion work in supervisor-subordinate relations: Gender differences in the perception of angry displays

1992 • 34 citations

Social Cognition and Self-Concept: A Socially Contextualized Model of Identity

1996 • 33 citations

Boys and girls as social support theorists

1987 • 33 citations

Naturalistic social cognition: Intersubjectivity in same-sex dyads

1988 • 32 citations

The Domestication of Self: Gender Comparisons of Self-Imagery and Self-Esteem

1983 • 31 citations

Gender, gender role identity, and children's reported feelings toward the same and opposite sex

1990 • 31 citations

Sex Differences in Children's Verbal Aggression.

1988 • 30 citations

Conceptualizing gender in personality theory and research

1985 • 28 citations

Gender and personality : current perspectives on theory and research

1985 • 25 citations

Sex differences in nonverbal communication

1984 • 25 citations

The Employed mother and the family context

1993 • 24 citations

Sex biases in counseling: Counselor retention of the concerns of a female and male client.

1981 • 23 citations

Differences across gender, grade level, and academic track in the content of the ideal self-image

1990 • 23 citations

Type A behavior, anger expression, and reactions to anger imagery

1986 • 20 citations

Passionate women and passionate men: Sex differences in accounting for angry and weeping episodes

1988 • 19 citations

Toward a Theory of Situational Structure

1985 • 19 citations

Black self-concept: An individual/collective analysis

1985 • 19 citations

When Boy Meets Girl (Revisited): Gender, Gender-Role Orientation, and Prospect of Future Interaction as Determinants of Seff-Disclosure among Same- and Opposite-Sex Acquaintances

1996 • 19 citations

Gender Differences in the Attribution of Causes for Depressed Feelings

1991 • 18 citations

Remote memory as a function of age and sex

1978 • 17 citations

He's such a nice boy . . . when he's with Grandma: Gender and evaluation in self-with-other representations.

1992 • 16 citations

Independent Threats and Self-Evaluation Maintenance Processes

1990 • 15 citations

Gender differences in self-system processes as rated by teachers and students

1988 • 12 citations

Sex Composition of Groups and Pattern of Self-Disclosure by High School Females

1975 • 12 citations

Sex differences in social memory among preschool children

1976 • 10 citations

“Women Are Women and Men Are Men”: How Bellonese Women Get Even

1992 • 9 citations

Toward a situational analysis of gender differences in aggression

1982 • 9 citations

Sex and Age Differences in Children's Creative Writing

1986 • 6 citations

Responses to the Challenger tragedy: Subtle and significant gender differences

1988 • 4 citations

Deleted Work

1955 • 0 citations

Cited By (0)

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