The brain as a target of inflammation: common pathways link inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases

Inflammation and Alzheimer's disease

2000 • 4,315 citations

Axonal Transection in the Lesions of Multiple Sclerosis

1998 • 4,007 citations

Pathobiology of ischaemic stroke: an integrated view

1999 • 3,776 citations

Reactive microglia are positive for HLA‐DR in the substantia nigra of Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease brains

1988 • 2,754 citations

Axonal damage in acute multiple sclerosis lesions

1997 • 1,543 citations

Decreased Prevalence of Alzheimer Disease Associated With 3-Hydroxy-3-Methyglutaryl Coenzyme A Reductase Inhibitors

2000 • 1,415 citations

Transected neurites, apoptotic neurons, and reduced inflammation in cortical multiple sclerosis lesions

2001 • 1,377 citations

Arthritis and anti-inflammatory agents as possible protective factors for Alzheimer's disease

1996 • 1,371 citations

Pathways to neuronal injury and apoptosis in HIV-associated dementia

2001 • 1,190 citations

Relapsing and remitting multiple sclerosis: Pathology of the newly forming lesion

2004 • 1,167 citations

Dexamethasone in Adults with Bacterial Meningitis

2002 • 1,153 citations

Aggregated α‐synuclein activates microglia: a process leading to disease progression in Parkinson's disease

2005 • 1,122 citations

The HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, atorvastatin, promotes a Th2 bias and reverses paralysis in central nervous system autoimmune disease

2002 • 1,074 citations

Minocycline inhibits caspase-1 and caspase-3 expression and delays mortality in a transgenic mouse model of Huntington disease

2000 • 1,040 citations

In-vivo measurement of activated microglia in dementia

2001 • 1,025 citations

Disruption of Cnp1 uncouples oligodendroglial functions in axonal support and myelination

2003 • 988 citations

Tetracyclines inhibit microglial activation and are neuroprotective in global brain ischemia

1998 • 974 citations

Evidence of active nerve cell degeneration in the substantia nigra of humans years after 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine exposure

1999 • 967 citations

Altered neuronal and microglial responses to excitotoxic and ischemic brain injury in mice lacking TNF receptors

1996 • 947 citations

Interleukin-1 and neuronal injury

2005 • 941 citations

Mitochondria take center stage in aging and neurodegeneration

2005 • 934 citations

Clonal Expansions of Cd8+ T Cells Dominate the T Cell Infiltrate in Active Multiple Sclerosis Lesions as Shown by Micromanipulation and Single Cell Polymerase Chain Reaction

2000 • 918 citations

Multiple Sclerosis and Chronic Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

2000 • 907 citations

Ibuprofen Suppresses Plaque Pathology and Inflammation in a Mouse Model for Alzheimer's Disease

2000 • 880 citations

Glutamate excitotoxicity in a model of multiple sclerosis

2000 • 832 citations

Dendritic cells permit immune invasion of the CNS in an animal model of multiple sclerosis

2005 • 831 citations

Mitochondrial dysfunction as a cause of axonal degeneration in multiple sclerosis patients

2006 • 801 citations

Cellular immune reactivity within the CNS

1986 • 771 citations

Cortical lesions in multiple sclerosis

1999 • 767 citations

The adhesion molecule and cytokine profile of multiple sclerosis lesions

1995 • 761 citations

Distinct Patterns of Multiple Sclerosis Pathology Indicates Heterogeneity in Pathogenesis

1996 • 741 citations

Smac agonists sensitize for Apo2L/TRAIL- or anticancer drug-induced apoptosis and induce regression of malignant glioma in vivo

2002 • 739 citations

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis repressed by microglial paralysis

2005 • 711 citations

Current Practice of Clinical Electroencephalography.

1980 • 700 citations

The physiology and pathophysiology of nitric oxide in the brain

2005 • 700 citations

Green Tea Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate (EGCG) Modulates Amyloid Precursor Protein Cleavage and Reduces Cerebral Amyloidosis in Alzheimer Transgenic Mice

2005 • 663 citations

Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs and the Risk of Parkinson Disease

2003 • 616 citations

Increased Sensitivity to N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor-Mediated Excitotoxicity in a Mouse Model of Huntington's Disease

2002 • 603 citations

The Effect of Corticosteroids for Acute Optic Neuritis on the Subsequent Development of Multiple Sclerosis

1993 • 572 citations

Green tea polyphenol (–)‐epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate prevents N‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine‐induced dopaminergic neurodegeneration

2001 • 557 citations

TNF is a potent anti-inflammatory cytokine in autoimmune-mediated demyelination

1998 • 553 citations

Epidermal immunization by a needle-free powder delivery technology: Immunogenicity of influenza vaccine and protection in mice

2000 • 550 citations

Inflammatory Mechanisms after Ischemia and Stroke

2003 • 544 citations

Acute treatment with the PPARγ agonist pioglitazone and ibuprofen reduces glial inflammation and Aβ1–42 levels in APPV717I transgenic mice

2005 • 539 citations

Effects of α-Synuclein Immunization in a Mouse Model of Parkinson’s Disease

2005 • 538 citations

Cerebral protection in homozygous null ICAM-1 mice after middle cerebral artery occlusion. Role of neutrophil adhesion in the pathogenesis of stroke.

1996 • 521 citations

Evidence of Axonal Damage in the Early Stages of Multiple Sclerosis and Its Relevance to Disability

2001 • 507 citations

Early and Progressive Accumulation of Reactive Microglia in the Huntington Disease Brain

2001 • 495 citations

Oral simvastatin treatment in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis

2004 • 479 citations

Autoimmune encephalomyelitis ameliorated by AMPA antagonists

2000 • 467 citations

Monoclonal antibody treatment exposes three mechanisms underlying the clinical course of multiple sclerosis

1999 • 467 citations

Chemokine Expression by Glial Cells Directs Leukocytes to Sites of Axonal Injury in the CNS

2003 • 462 citations

CD95 Ligand (Fas-L/APO-1L) and Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand Mediate Ischemia-Induced Apoptosis in Neurons

1999 • 435 citations

Prominent neurodegeneration and increased plaque formation in complement-inhibited Alzheimer's mice

2002 • 434 citations

Monoclonal antibody treatment exposes three mechanisms underlying the clinical course of multiple sclerosis

1999 • 426 citations

A randomised phase II study of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in acute stroke patients

2005 • 423 citations

Multiple Sclerosis: Distribution of T Cell Subsets Within Active Chronic Lesions

1983 • 417 citations

Targeting leukocyte MMPs and transmigration

2002 • 413 citations

Current practice of clinical electroencephalography

1990 • 412 citations

Regional axonal loss in the corpus callosum correlates with cerebral white matter lesion volume and distribution in multiple sclerosis

2000 • 404 citations

Focal thinning of the cerebral cortex in multiple sclerosis

2003 • 398 citations

CNTF is a major protective factor in demyelinating CNS disease: A neurotrophic cytokine as modulator in neuroinflammation

2002 • 395 citations

Randomised placebo-controlled trial of monthly intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis

1997 • 386 citations

Protection by pioglitazone in the MPTP model of Parkinson's disease correlates with IκBα induction and block of NFκB and iNOS activation

2003 • 379 citations

Early development of multiple sclerosis is associated with progressive grey matter atrophy in patients presenting with clinically isolated syndromes

2004 • 378 citations

Cerebral X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy: the international hematopoietic cell transplantation experience from 1982 to 1999

2004 • 355 citations

Short-lived plasma blasts are the main B cell effector subset during the course of multiple sclerosis

2005 • 355 citations

Role of CD8 ⁺ T Cells in Murine Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis

1992 • 351 citations

Intravenous immunoglobulins containing antibodies against -amyloid for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease

2004 • 325 citations

Suppression of experimentally induced autoimmune encephalomyelitis by cytolytic T–T cell interactions

1988 • 324 citations

Green Tea Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate Mediates T Cellular NF-κB Inhibition and Exerts Neuroprotection in Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

2004 • 312 citations

Therapeutic immunization protects dopaminergic neurons in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease

2004 • 310 citations

Inhibition of the cyclooxygenase isoenzymes COX-1 and COX-2 provide neuroprotection in the MPTP-mouse model of Parkinson's disease

2000 • 303 citations

Neuronal injury in bacterial meningitis: mechanisms and implications for therapy

2002 • 300 citations

Locus Ceruleus Degeneration Promotes Alzheimer Pathogenesis in Amyloid Precursor Protein 23 Transgenic Mice

2006 • 297 citations

Stimulation of Microglial Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor mGlu2 Triggers Tumor Necrosis Factor α-Induced Neurotoxicity in Concert with Microglial-Derived Fas Ligand

2005 • 288 citations

Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐γ agonists prevent experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

2002 • 286 citations

Treatment of Relapsing Paralysis in Experimental Encephalomyelitis by Targeting Th1 Cells through Atorvastatin

2003 • 281 citations

Immune Surveillance in the Injured Nervous System: T-Lymphocytes Invade the Axotomized Mouse Facial Motor Nucleus and Aggregate around Sites of Neuronal Degeneration

1998 • 276 citations

Neurotrophic cross‐talk between the nervous and immune systems: Implications for neurological diseases

2003 • 271 citations

Neuritic Beading Induced by Activated Microglia Is an Early Feature of Neuronal Dysfunction Toward Neuronal Death by Inhibition of Mitochondrial Respiration and Axonal Transport

2005 • 270 citations

Transection of Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I-Induced Neurites by Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes

2001 • 265 citations

Neuroprotection by a caspase inhibitor in acute bacterial meningitis

1999 • 265 citations

Virtues and pitfalls of EAE for the development of therapies for multiple sclerosis

2005 • 259 citations

Presence of T-cytotoxic suppressor and leucocyte common antigen positive cells in Alzheimer's disease brain tissue

1988 • 248 citations

Autoimmune concepts of multiple sclerosis as a basis for selective immunotherapy: From pipe dreams to (therapeutic) pipelines

2004 • 239 citations

β-Amyloid-Stimulated Microglia Induce Neuron Death via Synergistic Stimulation of Tumor Necrosis Factor α and NMDA Receptors

2005 • 236 citations

In vivo MRI of brain inflammation in human ischaemic stroke

2004 • 216 citations

The Clinical Course of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis and Inflammation Is Controlled by the Expression of Cd40 within the Central Nervous System

2001 • 215 citations

Role of CD40 ligand in amyloidosis in transgenic Alzheimer's mice

2002 • 213 citations

Neuronal Damage in Autoimmune Neuroinflammation Mediated by the Death Ligand TRAIL

2005 • 212 citations

Vulnerability of Human Neurons to T Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity

2003 • 210 citations

Induction of Inflammatory Mediators and Microglial Activation in Mice Transgenic for Mutant Human P301S Tau Protein

2004 • 203 citations

Cognition in the early stage of multiple sclerosis

2006 • 194 citations

Flavonoids Influence Monocytic GTPase Activity and Are Protective in Experimental Allergic Encephalitis

2004 • 193 citations

Physiology of microglial cells

2005 • 190 citations

Immunological aspects of microglia: relevance to Alzheimer's disease

2001 • 188 citations

Neuronal injury mediated via stimulation of microglial toll‐like receptor‐9 (TLR9)

2003 • 182 citations

TRAIL-expressing T cells induce apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells in the atherosclerotic plaque

2006 • 169 citations

Nasal vaccination with a proteosome-based adjuvant and glatiramer acetate clears β-amyloid in a mouse model of Alzheimer disease

2005 • 162 citations

MHC class I-restricted killing of neurons by virus-specific CD8+ T lymphocytes is effected through the Fas/FasL, but not the perforin pathway

2000 • 160 citations

Reduction of potassium currents and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-dependent AKT phosphorylation by tumor necrosis factor-(alpha) rescues axotomized retinal ganglion cells from retrograde cell death in vivo.

2001 • 159 citations

Immunotherapy for Alzheimer's disease

2004 • 157 citations

T-cell- and macrophage-mediated axon damage in the absence of a CNS-specific immune response: involvement of metalloproteinases

2001 • 144 citations

Nasal Vaccination with Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Reduces Stroke Size by Inducing IL-10-Producing CD4+ T Cells

2003 • 143 citations

Direct Impact of T Cells on Neurons Revealed by Two-Photon Microscopy in Living Brain Tissue

2004 • 142 citations

Activation of Microglial Poly(ADP-Ribose)-Polymerase-1 by Cholesterol Breakdown Products during Neuroinflammation

2003 • 141 citations

Adrenoleukodystrophy

2005 • 135 citations

Protective autoimmunity against the enemy within: fighting glutamate toxicity

2003 • 130 citations

Tumour necrosis factor-induced death of adult human oligodendrocytes is mediated by apoptosis inducing factor

2005 • 123 citations

Lack of Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand But Presence of Its Receptors in the Human Brain

2002 • 123 citations

Vaccination with amyloid-beta peptide induces autoimmune encephalomyelitis in C57/BL6 mice

2003 • 118 citations

Reduction of Potassium Currents and Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase-Dependent Akt Phosphorylation by Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Rescues Axotomized Retinal Ganglion Cells from Retrograde Cell DeathIn Vivo

2001 • 118 citations

Simvastatin prevents 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced striatal dopamine depletion and protein tyrosine nitration in mice

2005 • 116 citations

Circulating monocytic cells infiltrate layers of anterograde axonal degeneration where they transform into microglia

2005 • 115 citations

Intravenous immunoglobulin treatment of experimental T cell-mediated autoimmune disease. Upregulation of T cell proliferation and downregulation of tumor necrosis factor alpha secretion.

1994 • 113 citations

Highly Activated CD8+ T Cells in the Brain Correlate with Early Central Nervous System Dysfunction in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

2001 • 113 citations

Regulation of soluble and surface-bound TRAIL in human T cells, B cells, and monocytes

2003 • 112 citations

Axonal Injury Heralds Virus-Induced Demyelination

2003 • 107 citations

The Powerful Neuroprotective Action of C1-Inhibitor on Brain Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Does Not Require C1q

2004 • 107 citations

Identification of the inflammatory cells in the central nervous system of patients with adrenoleukodystrophy

1985 • 105 citations

Indirect evidence for early widespread gray matter involvement in relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis

2004 • 104 citations

Neutralization of TRAIL death pathway protects human neuronal cell line from β-amyloid toxicity

2003 • 99 citations

Dual Phases of Apoptosis in Pneumococcal Meningitis

2004 • 90 citations

Dual implication of 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3' phosphodiesterase as major autoantigen and C3 complement-binding protein in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis.

1998 • 82 citations

Role of Caspase‐1 in experimental pneumococcal meningitis: Evidence from pharmacologic Caspase inhibition and Caspase‐1‐deficient mice

2002 • 82 citations

Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand induces neuronal death in a murine model of HIV central nervous system infection

2003 • 80 citations

The selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor rofecoxib suppresses brain inflammation and protects cholinergic neurons from excitotoxic degeneration in vivo

2003 • 79 citations

Absence of Macrophage-Inflammatory Protein-1α Delays Central Nervous System Demyelination in the Presence of an Intact Blood-Brain Barrier

2001 • 77 citations

Immune (dys)regulation in multiple sclerosis: role of the CD95–CD95 ligand system

1999 • 69 citations

Distribution of degeneration of cholinergic neurons in the septum following axotomy in different portions of the fimbria-fornix: a correlation between degree of cell loss and proximity of neuronal somata to the lesion.

1988 • 69 citations

Failed Central Nervous System Regeneration: A Downside of Immune Privilege?

2005 • 67 citations

Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation for Multiple Sclerosis

2005 • 65 citations

Presence of B7–2 (CD86) and lack of B7–1 (CD(80) on myelin phagocytosing MHC-II-positive rat microglia is associated with nondestructive immunity in vivo

2001 • 65 citations

Immunity to latent viral infection: many skirmishes but few fatalities

2004 • 62 citations

Epileptic seizures, cranial neuralgias and paroxysmal symptoms in remitting and progressive multiple sclerosis

2002 • 61 citations

TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand mediates human neuronal apoptosis: links to HIV-1-associated dementia

2004 • 60 citations

COX-2 Inhibitors Modulate IL-12 Signaling Through JAK-STAT Pathway Leading to Th1 Response in Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis

2006 • 58 citations

Axonal injury in early multiple sclerosis is irreversible and independent of the short-term disease evolution

2005 • 57 citations

Loss of dopaminergic neurons by the induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase‐2 via CD40: Relevance to Parkinson's disease

2005 • 53 citations

EAE in beta-2 microglobulin-deficient mice: axonal damage is not dependent on MHC-I restricted immune responses

2005 • 53 citations

Maximal COX-2 and ppRb expression in neurons occurs during early Braak stages prior to the maximal activation of astrocytes and microglia in Alzheimer's disease

2005 • 52 citations

Nitric oxide and the axonal death cascade

2003 • 42 citations

New directions in MS therapeutics: vehicles of hope

2004 • 36 citations

Presence of B7-2 (CD86) and lack of B7-1 (CD80) on myelin-phagocytosing MHC-II positive rat microglia is associated with non-destructive immunity in vivo

2002 • 12 citations