Dual coding theory and education

The Structure of Scientific Revolutions

1963 • 36,823 citations

The Structure of Scientific Revolutions

1963 • 10,011 citations

Levels of processing: A framework for memory research

1972 • 9,205 citations

The organization of behavior

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A spreading-activation theory of semantic processing.

1975 • 7,571 citations

Cohesion in English

1976 • 6,072 citations

The psychology of sex differences

1975 • 5,698 citations

Strategies of Discourse Comprehension

1985 • 5,263 citations

Mood and memory.

1981 • 5,114 citations

Mental Representations: A Dual Coding Approach

1986 • 5,078 citations

Toward a model of text comprehension and production.

1978 • 4,734 citations

Principles of behavior modification

1969 • 4,667 citations

The Nature of Human Intelligence

1968 • 4,576 citations

Mental Models: Towards a Cognitive Science of Language, Inference, and Consciousness

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Imagery and Verbal Processes

2013 • 4,187 citations

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory

1977 • 4,043 citations

The nature of human intelligence

1967 • 3,990 citations

Learning How to Learn

1984 • 3,971 citations

Mood and memory.

1981 • 3,889 citations

Imagery and Verbal Processes

1972 • 3,252 citations

A schema theory of discrete motor skill learning.

1975 • 3,050 citations

The conditions of learning

1977 • 2,946 citations

Journal on Educational Psychology

2014 • 2,930 citations

Concreteness, imagery, and meaningfulness values for 925 nouns.

1968 • 2,778 citations

Learning How to Learn

1984 • 2,349 citations

The Representation of Meaning in Memory

1975 • 2,092 citations

The achievement motive.

1953 • 1,914 citations

The Achievement Motive.

1954 • 1,865 citations

Dual coding theory: Retrospect and current status.

1991 • 1,846 citations

JOURNAL OF HUMAN MOVEMENT STUDIES

1976 • 1,785 citations

A Bio‐Informational Theory of Emotional Imagery

1979 • 1,703 citations

Psychological testing, 7th ed.

1997 • 1,650 citations

Scripts in memory for text

1979 • 1,595 citations

Correlates, Causes, Effects, and Treatment of Test Anxiety

1988 • 1,537 citations

The Art of Memory

1966 • 1,535 citations

Psychological Testing

1987 • 1,523 citations

Schooling and the Acquisition of Knowledge

1978 • 1,450 citations

Stimulus information as a determinant of reaction time.

1953 • 1,380 citations

Mental Models

1983 • 1,376 citations

Emotions, cognition, and behavior

1984 • 1,348 citations

The use of advance organizers in the learning and retention of meaningful verbal material.

1960 • 1,340 citations

Mental imagery in associative learning and memory.

1969 • 1,324 citations

The Effects of Mental Practice on Motor Skill Learning and Performance: A Meta-analysis

1983 • 1,161 citations

Stories, Scripts, and Scenes: Aspects of Schema Theory

1984 • 1,059 citations

Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children

1983 • 982 citations

High School Dropouts: A Review of Issues and Evidence

1987 • 960 citations

The Role of Speech in the Regulation of Normal and Abnormal Behavior

1961 • 952 citations

The Psychology of Sex Differences

1975 • 943 citations

The cognitive psychology of school learning

1985 • 943 citations

The Role of Speech in the Regulation of Normal and Abnormal Behaviour

1962 • 940 citations

The Occurrence of Clustering in the Recall of Randomly Arranged Associates

1953 • 937 citations

Mind and emotion

1975 • 887 citations

Mind and Body: Psychology of Emotion and Stress

1984 • 776 citations

Schooling and the Acquisition of Knowledge

2017 • 763 citations

Mental models contribute to foregrounding during text comprehension

1987 • 726 citations

The Psychology of Learning and Motivation (Vol. 17)

1985 • 688 citations

Research on Written Composition: New Directions for Teaching

1987 • 684 citations

Handbook of Semantic Word Norms

1979 • 679 citations

Models for Understanding

1989 • 671 citations

Speed of Information-Processing and Intelligence:

1988 • 668 citations

Assessment in special and remedial education

1979 • 661 citations

Effective Teaching in Higher Education

1989 • 631 citations

Metacognition, cognition, and human performance

1985 • 613 citations

MOTOR FUNCTIONS OF THE LEFT HEMISPHERE

1974 • 586 citations

Sex Differences in Mathematical Reasoning Ability: More Facts

1983 • 578 citations

Assessment in special and remedial education

1978 • 577 citations

The role of experience in spatial test performance: A meta-analysis

1989 • 540 citations

How large are cognitive gender differences? A meta-analysis using !w² and d..

1981 • 529 citations

The measurement of readability

2000 • 508 citations

Teaching students with learning problems

1981 • 476 citations

Mnemotechnics in second-language learning.

1975 • 443 citations

Reading rate and retention as a function of the number of propositions in the base structure of sentences

1973 • 433 citations

Gender, Mathematics, and Science

1989 • 425 citations

Cognitive and motivational functions of imagery in human performance.

1985 • 409 citations

Patterning of Cognitive and Somatic Processes in the Self-Regulation of Anxiety: Effects of Meditation versus Exercise

1978 • 404 citations

Measurement of Readability

1963 • 398 citations

Assessing Readability

1974 • 365 citations

Imagery as a relational organizer in associative learning

1970 • 361 citations

Learning and Instruction: An Examination of Four Research Perspectives in Science Education

1988 • 357 citations

Simultaneous and successive synthesis: An alternative model for cognitive abilities.

1975 • 345 citations

Daydreaming : an introduction to the experimental study of inner experience

1966 • 343 citations

Strategies for Increasing Text-Based Interest and Students' Recall of Expository Texts

1988 • 342 citations

The nature and limits of psychological knowledge: Lessons of a century qua "science."

1981 • 330 citations

Psychology of Sex Differences

1978 • 329 citations

The Challenges of Classroom Strategy Instruction

1989 • 318 citations

Attitudes to Science: an update

1984 • 316 citations

Abstractness, imagery, and meaningfulness in paired-associate learning

1965 • 315 citations

Autonomic feedback: The perception of autonomic activity.

1958 • 314 citations

Educational and Psychological Research

2016 • 312 citations

Cognition in emotion: Concept and action.

1985 • 308 citations

A taxonomic study of the vocabulary of emotions.

1987 • 308 citations

Development of a Self-Report Inventory for Assessing Individual Differences in Learning Processes

1977 • 307 citations

Teacher behavior and its effects.

1979 • 305 citations

Educational Psychology: A Cognitive Approach

1987 • 304 citations

The language of emotion

1969 • 298 citations

Individual differences in the Hick paradigm.

1987 • 291 citations

Representational aspects of word imageability and word frequency as assessed through word association.

1989 • 290 citations

Strategies That Improve Children's Memory and Comprehension of Text

1989 • 285 citations

Mnemonic Devices: Classification, Characteristics, and Criteria

1981 • 284 citations

Philosophy of Science, Science and Science Education

1985 • 282 citations

Are men's and women's brains really different?

1987 • 281 citations

Behavior Modification: Principles, Issues, and Applications

1976 • 276 citations

Low-inference classroom teaching behaviors and student ratings of college teaching effectiveness.

1983 • 271 citations

Visual learning, thinking, and communication

1978 • 268 citations

Methods for examining representations of A subject‐matter structure in a student's memory

1974 • 261 citations

Use Your Head

1974 • 259 citations

Teacher behavior and its effects.

1979 • 254 citations

Student Ratings of Instruction

1974 • 239 citations

Can you squeeze a tomato? The role of motor representations in semantic sensibility judgments

1989 • 236 citations

Knowledge structure and problem solving in physics

1982 • 225 citations

Attentional overload and writing performance: Effects of rough draft and outline strategies.

1988 • 222 citations

Lateralized Facial Muscle Response to Positive and Negative Emotional Stimuli

1979 • 220 citations

Role of kinesthetic and spatial-visual abilities in perceptual-motor learning.

1963 • 219 citations

Feminist Criticism of the Social Sciences

1979 • 214 citations

Research in teacher education: A symposium

1971 • 204 citations

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1979 • 204 citations

Perception, Theory and Commitment: The New Philosophy of Science.

1978 • 197 citations

The laboratory in higher science education: Problems, premises and objectives

1988 • 192 citations

A dual-coding approach to bilingual memory.

1980 • 186 citations

Generation and precision of elaboration: Effects on intentional and incidental learning.

1987 • 186 citations

Imagery, Memory and Cognition: Essays in Honor of Allan Paivio

1984 • 184 citations

Imagery ability and the acquisition and retention of movements

1986 • 184 citations

The future of testing: A research agenda for cognitive psychology and psychometrics.

1981 • 184 citations

Spatial visualization and sex differences in quantitative ability

1979 • 173 citations

Dual coding and bilingual memory

1981 • 173 citations

Concreteness and imagery in sentence meaning

1969 • 171 citations

Teacher Anxiety: A Review with Recommendations

1976 • 169 citations

A factor-analytic study of word attributes and verbal learning

1968 • 167 citations

Uncertainty effects on time to access the internal lexicon.

1973 • 165 citations

Cognition and Instruction

1986 • 165 citations

Deep dyslexia, imageability, and ease of predication

1985 • 164 citations

Integrated versus modular theories of number skills and acalculia

1991 • 158 citations

Coding Distinctions and Repetition Effects in Memory

1975 • 156 citations

Factor analysis of a questionnaire on imagery and verbal habits and skills.

1983 • 155 citations

Validity of student evaluation of teaching and the characteristics of successful instructors.

1974 • 151 citations

Neomentalism.

1975 • 148 citations

Object‐naming deficits in developmental dyslexia

1988 • 143 citations

Perception, Theory and Commitment: The New Philosophy of Science

1979 • 143 citations

Validity of students' evaluations of college teaching: A multitrait–multimethod analysis.

1982 • 143 citations

Norms for 204 Literary and 260 Nonliterary Metaphors on 10 Psychological Dimensions

1988 • 142 citations

Differences in approaches to learning: An overview.

1982 • 140 citations

Test anxiety: Deficits in information processing.

1981 • 139 citations

Student Ratings of Instruction: Validation Research

1975 • 139 citations

Learning of adjective-noun paired associates as a function of adjective-noun word order and noun abstractness.

1963 • 138 citations

Cognitive and Affective Learning Strategies

2012 • 134 citations

Persistence in children's reading behavior as a function of N length and attribution retraining.

1976 • 131 citations

Generation of Summaries and Analogies and Analytic and Holistic Abilities

1990 • 131 citations

The Mentally Retarded Child—A Psychological Approach

1966 • 130 citations

The Dominant Action System: An Information-Processing Approach to Consciousness

1978 • 130 citations

Integrative processing of concrete and abstract sentences

1977 • 129 citations

The effectiveness of four mnemonics in ordering recall.

1980 • 129 citations

Scientific Attitudes: a Review

1980 • 127 citations

Pictures in sentences: Understanding without words.

1986 • 127 citations

Bilingual dual-coding theory and semantic repetition effects on recall.

1988 • 127 citations

Mental comparisons involving abstract attributes

1978 • 124 citations

Knowledge About Hand Shaping and Knowledge About Objects

1987 • 123 citations

Survey of study habits and attitutes

1965 • 122 citations

The Commonwealth Teacher-Training Study.

1930 • 121 citations

Arthur Jensen: Consensus and controversy

1988 • 115 citations

Spatial learning strategies : techniques, applications, and related issues

1984 • 114 citations

The Mentally Retarded Child: A Psychological Approach.

1965 • 113 citations

Social Class, Language, and Education.

1970 • 112 citations

Inferring students' cognitive structures and their development using the "ordered tree technique."

1986 • 107 citations

Mapping cognitive structure: A comparison of methods.

1976 • 107 citations

Words and things and images.

1970 • 106 citations

Advances in personality assessment (Vol. 7)

1990 • 106 citations

Do cooperating teachers influence the attitudes of student teachers?

1969 • 104 citations

Testing and cognitive psychology.

1981 • 104 citations

Response competition and/or inhibition in two-choice reaction time

1965 • 101 citations

Cognitive aspects of information processing: I. The familiarity of S-R sets and subsets.

1962 • 100 citations

The Psychology of Written Language: Developmental and Educational Perspectives

1985 • 97 citations

Cognitive and emotional determinants of speech.

1968 • 97 citations

Influence of spatial organization in prose learning.

1981 • 96 citations

Referential processing: Reciprocity and correlates of naming and imaging

1989 • 95 citations

Academic Achievement and Individual Differences in Learning Processes

1979 • 92 citations

Reconceptualizing research on teaching.

1977 • 90 citations

Latency of verbal associations and imagery to noun stimuli as a function of abstractness and generality.

1966 • 90 citations

The role of imagery in memory: On shared and distinctive information.

1987 • 89 citations

The Effects of Reader and Text Characteristics on Imagery Reported During and After Reading

1989 • 89 citations

Recall of meaningful phrases

1972 • 86 citations

The Relationship Between Mental Preparation Strategies and Motor Performance: A Review and Critique

1981 • 86 citations

An Exploratory Study of the Relationships between Reported Imagery and the Comprehension and Recall of a Story

1983 • 84 citations

The Survey of Study Habits and Attitudes: a New Instrument for the Prediction of Academic Success

1954 • 83 citations

Measuring the level of abstraction.

1950 • 83 citations

A reexamination of the role of imagery in learning and memory.

1989 • 81 citations

The assessment of verbal‐imagery learning styles and their effect on the recall of concrete and abstract prose passages by 11‐year‐old children

1981 • 81 citations

Pictures in sentences: Understanding without words.

1986 • 80 citations

Psychology of language

1981 • 78 citations

A Computer Investigation of Verbal Characteristics of Effective Classroom Lecturing

1969 • 74 citations

Mnemonic techniques in second-language learning.

1981 • 73 citations

Effects of a Tree Diagram on Students' Comprehension of Main Ideas in an Expository Text with Multiple Themes

1989 • 73 citations

Knowledge and the university curriculum

1986 • 73 citations

Memory for pictures and words as a function of level of processing: Depth or dual coding?

1977 • 72 citations

Toward a Cognitive Theory of Self-Control

1976 • 72 citations

Effects of Teacher-Constructed Pre- and Post-Graphic Organizer Instruction on Sixth-Grade Science Students’ Comprehension and Recall

1988 • 71 citations

Verbal concept learning as a function of instructions and dominance level.

1956 • 70 citations

Commentary: The Natural Use of Imagery in Story Comprehension and Recall: Replication and Extension

1985 • 70 citations

America's teacher quality problem: Alternatives for reform

1983 • 70 citations

Hierarchical planning disability in the drawings and constructions of a special group of severely aphasic children

1983 • 67 citations

Imaging while reading text: A study of individual differences

1982 • 66 citations

Imagery and language acquisition

1973 • 66 citations

The mind's eye in arts and science

1983 • 66 citations

Construct Validation of the Inventory of Learning Processes

1978 • 65 citations

Behavior Research and Technology in Higher Education

1976 • 64 citations

Abstractness and recall of connected discourse.

1969 • 63 citations

Classroom teaching behaviors related to college teaching effectiveness

1985 • 62 citations

Imagery and synchronic thinking.

1975 • 62 citations

Text variations at the level of the individual sentence and the comprehension of simple expository paragraphs.

1981 • 61 citations

Strategy Instruction Research Comes of Age

1989 • 61 citations

Using Research to Improve Teaching

1988 • 59 citations

A factorial experiment on teacher structuring, soliciting, and reacting.

1979 • 58 citations

The Effects of Instructing Teachers About Good Teaching on the Mathematics Achievement of Fourth Grade Students

1979 • 56 citations

Imagery and organization in the recall of prose

1985 • 55 citations

Tests that discriminate between dyslexic and other learning-disabled boys

1981 • 54 citations

Imagery and verbal associative latencies as a function of imagery ability.

1971 • 54 citations

Effects of concreteness and semantic relatedness on composite imagery ratings and cued recall

1988 • 54 citations

Comprehension of abstract and concrete sentences

1973 • 54 citations

Imagery and comprehension latencies as a function of sentence concreteness and structure

1971 • 54 citations

Imagery and integration in the recall of words.

1973 • 54 citations

Organization and information retrieval.

1983 • 53 citations

A Dual Coding Perspective on Encoding Processes

1987 • 52 citations

The role of imagery in the evaluation of sentences

1973 • 47 citations

EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY

1988 • 45 citations

Characteristics of Young Learning-Disabled Children Classified According to Patterns of Academic Achievement: Auditory-Perceptual and Visual-Perceptual Abilities

1988 • 45 citations

Science processes

1983 • 44 citations

The Influence of Technical Illustrations on Students' Comprehension in Geography

1991 • 42 citations

Associative meaning of concepts in physics.

1964 • 42 citations

Measures and correlates of audience anxiety ("stage fright")1

1959 • 41 citations

Text variations at the level of the individual sentence and the comprehension of simple expository paragraphs.

1981 • 41 citations

Bilingual memory representation: A further test of dual coding theory.

1988 • 41 citations

Retention and Transfer of Motor Skills: A Review for the Practitioner

1981 • 39 citations

Prediction of college majors by personality tests.

1967 • 39 citations

Static Versus Dynamic Imagery

1991 • 38 citations

Stability of Teacher Effects in Junior High Classrooms

1979 • 37 citations

Social Class Language and Education

2006 • 37 citations

Personality and audience influence.

1965 • 36 citations

Children’s learning of all the news that’s fit to picture

1980 • 33 citations

Empirical Validation of the Conceptual Structure of a Test of Science-Related Attitudes

1981 • 32 citations

Advance Organizers: Concrete Versus Abstract

1988 • 31 citations

Imagery and prose: A critical review of research on adults and children

1984 • 31 citations

A Theoretical Account of Encoding and Retrieval Processes in the Use of Imagery-Based Mnemonic Techniques: The Special Case of the Keyword Method

1987 • 31 citations

Memory of Action Events: Some Implications for Memory Theory and for Imagery

1991 • 31 citations

Differences in the cognitive processes of academically successful and unsuccessful test-anxious students.

1986 • 30 citations

Mental association investigated by experiment

1889 • 29 citations

Imagery and associative overlap in short-term memory.

1971 • 29 citations

Elementary Science: A New Scheme of Instruction

1966 • 29 citations

The Role of Imagery

1975 • 26 citations

Observational and theoretical terms in psychology: A cognitive perspective on scientific language.

1989 • 25 citations

Philosophic issues, Division 24, and the future.

1982 • 25 citations

A graduated guidance procedure for teaching self-dressing skills to multihandicapped children

1988 • 25 citations

Early prediction of reading achievement with the Sheppard School Entry Screening Test: A four-year longitudinal study.

1982 • 24 citations

Progress in Experimental Personality Research, vol. 14

1988 • 24 citations

Language, Image, and Emotion

1979 • 23 citations

Do teachers rate science attitude objectives as highly as cognitive objectives?

1981 • 22 citations

Children's picture naming difficulty and errors: Effects of age of acquisition, uncertainty, and name generality

1988 • 22 citations

Qualitative research: An additional research methodology for speech pathology?

1988 • 22 citations

Achievement in Basic Math Skills for Low Performing Students

1988 • 21 citations

Intrahemispheric sex differences in the functional representation of language and praxic functions in normal individuals

1989 • 21 citations

The Arts, Science, and the Study of Exceptionality

1988 • 20 citations

Prediction of Later Cognitive Behavior from Early School Perceptual-Motor, Perceptual, and Cognitive Performances

1979 • 20 citations

A replication study of unique and joint contributions to variance in student achievement.

1980 • 20 citations

Memory for schematic and categorical information: A replication and extension of Rabinowitz and Mandler (1983).

1988 • 19 citations

Variables Influencing the Acquisition of a Generic Teaching Skill

1988 • 19 citations

A Synthesis of Research on the Characteristics of Teacher Educators

1986 • 17 citations

An exploration of two correction procedures used in mastery learning approaches to instruction.

1974 • 17 citations

Concretization and sentence learning.

1974 • 17 citations

Social assumptions as a context for science: Some reflections on psychology and education

1981 • 17 citations

Defineability as an index of word meaning

1972 • 17 citations

Faculty roles and role preferences in ten fields of professional study

1986 • 16 citations

Research on the Supervision of Counselors- and Teachers-in-Training: Linking Two Bodies of Literature

1988 • 16 citations

An Historical Analysis of the Content of Educational Psychology Textbooks 1954-1983

1985 • 15 citations

Association test antonym-response set

1965 • 15 citations

Concreteness, imagery, and semantic categorization

1980 • 15 citations

Predictive validity of an abbreviated version of the printing performance school readiness test

1989 • 14 citations

Experiments in Educational Psychology.

1912 • 13 citations

Expectancy and academic achievement

1984 • 12 citations

Some consequences of violating selection restrictions in concrete and abstract sentences.

1978 • 12 citations

IV.—RESEARCH

1889 • 12 citations

Academic Achievement and Individual in the Learning Processes of Basic Skills Students in the University

1982 • 12 citations

Faculty Reported Use of Research in Teacher Preparation Courses: Six Instructional Scenarios

1984 • 12 citations

Measurement of the drawing ability of two thousand one hundred and seventy-seven children in Indiana City School systems by a supplemented Thorndike scale.

1915 • 11 citations

Conceptual representation of pictures and words: Reply to Clark.

1987 • 11 citations

How to study and teaching how to study.

1909 • 10 citations

Understanding pictures and words: Comment on Potter, Kroll, Yachzel, Carpenter, and Sherman (1986).

1987 • 10 citations

The goals approach to performance objectives

1974 • 9 citations

Regular teacher concerns with mainstreamed learning handicapped children

1979 • 9 citations

Conceptual representation of pictures and words: Reply to Clark.

1987 • 8 citations

Higher Education and High Anxiety

1989 • 8 citations

Depression in free-word-association responses at adolescence.

1988 • 7 citations

Hampered Production of Words as a Characteristic of School Failure

1988 • 7 citations

How to Study and Teaching How to Study

2010 • 6 citations

Comparative judgments of animal intelligence and pleasantness

1980 • 6 citations

Higher Education and High Anxiety: Objectivism, Relativism, and Irony

1989 • 6 citations

Understanding pictures and words: Comment on Potter, Kroll, Yachzel, Carpenter, and Sherman (1986).

1987 • 6 citations

Educational Psychology

1928 • 6 citations

The relationship between adaptive behavior and intelligence for special needs students

1989 • 5 citations

Concreteness and semantic repetition effects in free recall: Evidence for dual-coding theory.

1984 • 5 citations

Experiments in Educational Psychology.

1917 • 5 citations

School Quality and High School Seniors’ Attitudes Toward Academic Coursework

1988 • 4 citations

Reconciliation of Data on Aptitude Test Scores and University Grades of Teachers

1989 • 4 citations

The art of lecturing : some practical suggestions

1957 • 4 citations

A vocabulary study of biology notebooks of fifty representative secondary schools in New York state.

1931 • 4 citations

Synonymity And Concreteness Effects On Free Recall And Free Association: Implications For A Theory Of Semantic Memory

1978 • 4 citations

Teacher Education in Private Colleges and Universities: Scholarship and Teaching

1984 • 4 citations

Teacher Education and Teaching Behavior: Comments on the State-of-the-Research

1974 • 3 citations

Prediction of mediated paired-associate learning.

1970 • 3 citations

Rated associability and episodic memory.

1982 • 3 citations

Verbal Concept Identification: Disentangling The Dominance Effect

1976 • 2 citations

Memorial Effects Of Importance And Taxonomic Frequency In Schematic And Categorical Organizations Of Knowledge

1989 • 2 citations

Teacher Education and Teacher Behavior: Comments on the State of the Research.

1974 • 1 citations

The ART OF LECTURING

1958 • 1 citations